.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man v1.34, Pod::Parser v1.13 .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sh \" Subsection heading .br .if t .Sp .ne 5 .PP \fB\\$1\fR .PP .. .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. | will give a .\" real vertical bar. \*(C+ will give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to .\" do unbreakable dashes and therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' .\" expand to `' in nroff, nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' 'br\} .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.Sh), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .if \nF \{\ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . nr % 0 . rr F .\} .\" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .hy 0 .if n .na .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "Storable 3" .TH Storable 3 "2002-11-24" "perl v5.8.0" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide" .SH "NAME" Storable \- persistence for Perl data structures .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" .Vb 3 \& use Storable; \& store \e%table, 'file'; \& $hashref = retrieve('file'); .Ve .PP .Vb 1 \& use Storable qw(nstore store_fd nstore_fd freeze thaw dclone); .Ve .PP .Vb 3 \& # Network order \& nstore \e%table, 'file'; \& $hashref = retrieve('file'); # There is NO nretrieve() .Ve .PP .Vb 5 \& # Storing to and retrieving from an already opened file \& store_fd \e@array, \e*STDOUT; \& nstore_fd \e%table, \e*STDOUT; \& $aryref = fd_retrieve(\e*SOCKET); \& $hashref = fd_retrieve(\e*SOCKET); .Ve .PP .Vb 3 \& # Serializing to memory \& $serialized = freeze \e%table; \& %table_clone = %{ thaw($serialized) }; .Ve .PP .Vb 2 \& # Deep (recursive) cloning \& $cloneref = dclone($ref); .Ve .PP .Vb 5 \& # Advisory locking \& use Storable qw(lock_store lock_nstore lock_retrieve) \& lock_store \e%table, 'file'; \& lock_nstore \e%table, 'file'; \& $hashref = lock_retrieve('file'); .Ve .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The Storable package brings persistence to your Perl data structures containing \s-1SCALAR\s0, \s-1ARRAY\s0, \s-1HASH\s0 or \s-1REF\s0 objects, i.e. anything that can be conveniently stored to disk and retrieved at a later time. .PP It can be used in the regular procedural way by calling \f(CW\*(C`store\*(C'\fR with a reference to the object to be stored, along with the file name where the image should be written. .PP The routine returns \f(CW\*(C`undef\*(C'\fR for I/O problems or other internal error, a true value otherwise. Serious errors are propagated as a \f(CW\*(C`die\*(C'\fR exception. .PP To retrieve data stored to disk, use \f(CW\*(C`retrieve\*(C'\fR with a file name. The objects stored into that file are recreated into memory for you, and a \fIreference\fR to the root object is returned. In case an I/O error occurs while reading, \f(CW\*(C`undef\*(C'\fR is returned instead. Other serious errors are propagated via \f(CW\*(C`die\*(C'\fR. .PP Since storage is performed recursively, you might want to stuff references to objects that share a lot of common data into a single array or hash table, and then store that object. That way, when you retrieve back the whole thing, the objects will continue to share what they originally shared. .PP At the cost of a slight header overhead, you may store to an already opened file descriptor using the \f(CW\*(C`store_fd\*(C'\fR routine, and retrieve from a file via \f(CW\*(C`fd_retrieve\*(C'\fR. Those names aren't imported by default, so you will have to do that explicitly if you need those routines. The file descriptor you supply must be already opened, for read if you're going to retrieve and for write if you wish to store. .PP .Vb 2 \& store_fd(\e%table, *STDOUT) || die "can't store to stdout\en"; \& $hashref = fd_retrieve(*STDIN); .Ve .PP You can also store data in network order to allow easy sharing across multiple platforms, or when storing on a socket known to be remotely connected. The routines to call have an initial \f(CW\*(C`n\*(C'\fR prefix for \fInetwork\fR, as in \f(CW\*(C`nstore\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`nstore_fd\*(C'\fR. At retrieval time, your data will be correctly restored so you don't have to know whether you're restoring from native or network ordered data. Double values are stored stringified to ensure portability as well, at the slight risk of loosing some precision in the last decimals. .PP When using \f(CW\*(C`fd_retrieve\*(C'\fR, objects are retrieved in sequence, one object (i.e. one recursive tree) per associated \f(CW\*(C`store_fd\*(C'\fR. .PP If you're more from the object-oriented camp, you can inherit from Storable and directly store your objects by invoking \f(CW\*(C`store\*(C'\fR as a method. The fact that the root of the to-be-stored tree is a blessed reference (i.e. an object) is special-cased so that the retrieve does not provide a reference to that object but rather the blessed object reference itself. (Otherwise, you'd get a reference to that blessed object). .SH "MEMORY STORE" .IX Header "MEMORY STORE" The Storable engine can also store data into a Perl scalar instead, to later retrieve them. This is mainly used to freeze a complex structure in some safe compact memory place (where it can possibly be sent to another process via some \s-1IPC\s0, since freezing the structure also serializes it in effect). Later on, and maybe somewhere else, you can thaw the Perl scalar out and recreate the original complex structure in memory. .PP Surprisingly, the routines to be called are named \f(CW\*(C`freeze\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`thaw\*(C'\fR. If you wish to send out the frozen scalar to another machine, use \&\f(CW\*(C`nfreeze\*(C'\fR instead to get a portable image. .PP Note that freezing an object structure and immediately thawing it actually achieves a deep cloning of that structure: .PP .Vb 1 \& dclone(.) = thaw(freeze(.)) .Ve .PP Storable provides you with a \f(CW\*(C`dclone\*(C'\fR interface which does not create that intermediary scalar but instead freezes the structure in some internal memory space and then immediately thaws it out. .SH "ADVISORY LOCKING" .IX Header "ADVISORY LOCKING" The \f(CW\*(C`lock_store\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`lock_nstore\*(C'\fR routine are equivalent to \&\f(CW\*(C`store\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`nstore\*(C'\fR, except that they get an exclusive lock on the file before writing. Likewise, \f(CW\*(C`lock_retrieve\*(C'\fR does the same as \f(CW\*(C`retrieve\*(C'\fR, but also gets a shared lock on the file before reading. .PP As with any advisory locking scheme, the protection only works if you systematically use \f(CW\*(C`lock_store\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`lock_retrieve\*(C'\fR. If one side of your application uses \f(CW\*(C`store\*(C'\fR whilst the other uses \f(CW\*(C`lock_retrieve\*(C'\fR, you will get no protection at all. .PP The internal advisory locking is implemented using Perl's \fIflock()\fR routine. If your system does not support any form of \fIflock()\fR, or if you share your files across \s-1NFS\s0, you might wish to use other forms of locking by using modules such as LockFile::Simple which lock a file using a filesystem entry, instead of locking the file descriptor. .SH "SPEED" .IX Header "SPEED" The heart of Storable is written in C for decent speed. Extra low-level optimizations have been made when manipulating perl internals, to sacrifice encapsulation for the benefit of greater speed. .SH "CANONICAL REPRESENTATION" .IX Header "CANONICAL REPRESENTATION" Normally, Storable stores elements of hashes in the order they are stored internally by Perl, i.e. pseudo\-randomly. If you set \&\f(CW$Storable::canonical\fR to some \f(CW\*(C`TRUE\*(C'\fR value, Storable will store hashes with the elements sorted by their key. This allows you to compare data structures by comparing their frozen representations (or even the compressed frozen representations), which can be useful for creating lookup tables for complicated queries. .PP Canonical order does not imply network order; those are two orthogonal settings. .SH "FORWARD COMPATIBILITY" .IX Header "FORWARD COMPATIBILITY" This release of Storable can be used on a newer version of Perl to serialize data which is not supported by earlier Perls. By default, Storable will attempt to do the right thing, by \f(CW\*(C`croak()\*(C'\fRing if it encounters data that it cannot deserialize. However, the defaults can be changed as follows: .IP "utf8 data" 4 .IX Item "utf8 data" Perl 5.6 added support for Unicode characters with code points > 255, and Perl 5.8 has full support for Unicode characters in hash keys. Perl internally encodes strings with these characters using utf8, and Storable serializes them as utf8. By default, if an older version of Perl encounters a utf8 value it cannot represent, it will \f(CW\*(C`croak()\*(C'\fR. To change this behaviour so that Storable deserializes utf8 encoded values as the string of bytes (effectively dropping the \fIis_utf8\fR flag) set \f(CW$Storable::drop_utf8\fR to some \f(CW\*(C`TRUE\*(C'\fR value. This is a form of data loss, because with \f(CW$drop_utf8\fR true, it becomes impossible to tell whether the original data was the Unicode string, or a series of bytes that happen to be valid utf8. .IP "restricted hashes" 4 .IX Item "restricted hashes" Perl 5.8 adds support for restricted hashes, which have keys restricted to a given set, and can have values locked to be read only. By default, when Storable encounters a restricted hash on a perl that doesn't support them, it will deserialize it as a normal hash, silently discarding any placeholder keys and leaving the keys and all values unlocked. To make Storable \f(CW\*(C`croak()\*(C'\fR instead, set \&\f(CW$Storable::downgrade_restricted\fR to a \f(CW\*(C`FALSE\*(C'\fR value. To restore the default set it back to some \f(CW\*(C`TRUE\*(C'\fR value. .IP "files from future versions of Storable" 4 .IX Item "files from future versions of Storable" Earlier versions of Storable would immediately croak if they encountered a file with a higher internal version number than the reading Storable knew about. Internal version numbers are increased each time new data types (such as restricted hashes) are added to the vocabulary of the file format. This meant that a newer Storable module had no way of writing a file readable by an older Storable, even if the writer didn't store newer data types. .Sp This version of Storable will defer croaking until it encounters a data type in the file that it does not recognize. This means that it will continue to read files generated by newer Storable modules which are careful in what they write out, making it easier to upgrade Storable modules in a mixed environment. .Sp The old behaviour of immediate croaking can be re-instated by setting \&\f(CW$Storable::accept_future_minor\fR to some \f(CW\*(C`FALSE\*(C'\fR value. .PP All these variables have no effect on a newer Perl which supports the relevant feature. .SH "ERROR REPORTING" .IX Header "ERROR REPORTING" Storable uses the \*(L"exception\*(R" paradigm, in that it does not try to workaround failures: if something bad happens, an exception is generated from the caller's perspective (see Carp and \f(CW\*(C`croak()\*(C'\fR). Use eval {} to trap those exceptions. .PP When Storable croaks, it tries to report the error via the \f(CW\*(C`logcroak()\*(C'\fR routine from the \f(CW\*(C`Log::Agent\*(C'\fR package, if it is available. .PP Normal errors are reported by having \fIstore()\fR or \fIretrieve()\fR return \f(CW\*(C`undef\*(C'\fR. Such errors are usually I/O errors (or truncated stream errors at retrieval). .SH "WIZARDS ONLY" .IX Header "WIZARDS ONLY" .Sh "Hooks" .IX Subsection "Hooks" Any class may define hooks that will be called during the serialization and deserialization process on objects that are instances of that class. Those hooks can redefine the way serialization is performed (and therefore, how the symmetrical deserialization should be conducted). .PP Since we said earlier: .PP .Vb 1 \& dclone(.) = thaw(freeze(.)) .Ve .PP everything we say about hooks should also hold for deep cloning. However, hooks get to know whether the operation is a mere serialization, or a cloning. .PP Therefore, when serializing hooks are involved, .PP .Vb 1 \& dclone(.) <> thaw(freeze(.)) .Ve .PP Well, you could keep them in sync, but there's no guarantee it will always hold on classes somebody else wrote. Besides, there is little to gain in doing so: a serializing hook could keep only one attribute of an object, which is probably not what should happen during a deep cloning of that same object. .PP Here is the hooking interface: .ie n .IP """STORABLE_freeze""\fR \fIobj\fR, \fIcloning" 4 .el .IP "\f(CWSTORABLE_freeze\fR \fIobj\fR, \fIcloning\fR" 4 .IX Item "STORABLE_freeze obj, cloning" The serializing hook, called on the object during serialization. It can be inherited, or defined in the class itself, like any other method. .Sp Arguments: \fIobj\fR is the object to serialize, \fIcloning\fR is a flag indicating whether we're in a \fIdclone()\fR or a regular serialization via \fIstore()\fR or \fIfreeze()\fR. .Sp Returned value: A \s-1LIST\s0 \f(CW\*(C`($serialized, $ref1, $ref2, ...)\*(C'\fR where \f(CW$serialized\fR is the serialized form to be used, and the optional \f(CW$ref1\fR, \f(CW$ref2\fR, etc... are extra references that you wish to let the Storable engine serialize. .Sp At deserialization time, you will be given back the same \s-1LIST\s0, but all the extra references will be pointing into the deserialized structure. .Sp The \fBfirst time\fR the hook is hit in a serialization flow, you may have it return an empty list. That will signal the Storable engine to further discard that hook for this class and to therefore revert to the default serialization of the underlying Perl data. The hook will again be normally processed in the next serialization. .Sp Unless you know better, serializing hook should always say: .Sp .Vb 5 \& sub STORABLE_freeze { \& my ($self, $cloning) = @_; \& return if $cloning; # Regular default serialization \& .... \& } .Ve .Sp in order to keep reasonable \fIdclone()\fR semantics. .ie n .IP """STORABLE_thaw""\fR \fIobj\fR, \fIcloning\fR, \fIserialized, ..." 4 .el .IP "\f(CWSTORABLE_thaw\fR \fIobj\fR, \fIcloning\fR, \fIserialized\fR, ..." 4 .IX Item "STORABLE_thaw obj, cloning, serialized, ..." The deserializing hook called on the object during deserialization. But wait: if we're deserializing, there's no object yet... right? .Sp Wrong: the Storable engine creates an empty one for you. If you know Eiffel, you can view \f(CW\*(C`STORABLE_thaw\*(C'\fR as an alternate creation routine. .Sp This means the hook can be inherited like any other method, and that \&\fIobj\fR is your blessed reference for this particular instance. .Sp The other arguments should look familiar if you know \f(CW\*(C`STORABLE_freeze\*(C'\fR: \&\fIcloning\fR is true when we're part of a deep clone operation, \fIserialized\fR is the serialized string you returned to the engine in \f(CW\*(C`STORABLE_freeze\*(C'\fR, and there may be an optional list of references, in the same order you gave them at serialization time, pointing to the deserialized objects (which have been processed courtesy of the Storable engine). .Sp When the Storable engine does not find any \f(CW\*(C`STORABLE_thaw\*(C'\fR hook routine, it tries to load the class by requiring the package dynamically (using the blessed package name), and then re-attempts the lookup. If at that time the hook cannot be located, the engine croaks. Note that this mechanism will fail if you define several classes in the same file, but perlmod warned you. .Sp It is up to you to use this information to populate \fIobj\fR the way you want. .Sp Returned value: none. .Sh "Predicates" .IX Subsection "Predicates" Predicates are not exportable. They must be called by explicitly prefixing them with the Storable package name. .ie n .IP """Storable::last_op_in_netorder""" 4 .el .IP "\f(CWStorable::last_op_in_netorder\fR" 4 .IX Item "Storable::last_op_in_netorder" The \f(CW\*(C`Storable::last_op_in_netorder()\*(C'\fR predicate will tell you whether network order was used in the last store or retrieve operation. If you don't know how to use this, just forget about it. .ie n .IP """Storable::is_storing""" 4 .el .IP "\f(CWStorable::is_storing\fR" 4 .IX Item "Storable::is_storing" Returns true if within a store operation (via STORABLE_freeze hook). .ie n .IP """Storable::is_retrieving""" 4 .el .IP "\f(CWStorable::is_retrieving\fR" 4 .IX Item "Storable::is_retrieving" Returns true if within a retrieve operation (via STORABLE_thaw hook). .Sh "Recursion" .IX Subsection "Recursion" With hooks comes the ability to recurse back to the Storable engine. Indeed, hooks are regular Perl code, and Storable is convenient when it comes to serializing and deserializing things, so why not use it to handle the serialization string? .PP There are a few things you need to know, however: .IP "\(bu" 4 You can create endless loops if the things you serialize via \fIfreeze()\fR (for instance) point back to the object we're trying to serialize in the hook. .IP "\(bu" 4 Shared references among objects will not stay shared: if we're serializing the list of object [A, C] where both object A and C refer to the \s-1SAME\s0 object B, and if there is a serializing hook in A that says freeze(B), then when deserializing, we'll get [A', C'] where A' refers to B', but C' refers to D, a deep clone of B'. The topology was not preserved. .PP That's why \f(CW\*(C`STORABLE_freeze\*(C'\fR lets you provide a list of references to serialize. The engine guarantees that those will be serialized in the same context as the other objects, and therefore that shared objects will stay shared. .PP In the above [A, C] example, the \f(CW\*(C`STORABLE_freeze\*(C'\fR hook could return: .PP .Vb 1 \& ("something", $self->{B}) .Ve .PP and the B part would be serialized by the engine. In \f(CW\*(C`STORABLE_thaw\*(C'\fR, you would get back the reference to the B' object, deserialized for you. .PP Therefore, recursion should normally be avoided, but is nonetheless supported. .Sh "Deep Cloning" .IX Subsection "Deep Cloning" There is a Clone module available on \s-1CPAN\s0 which implements deep cloning natively, i.e. without freezing to memory and thawing the result. It is aimed to replace Storable's \fIdclone()\fR some day. However, it does not currently support Storable hooks to redefine the way deep cloning is performed. .SH "Storable magic" .IX Header "Storable magic" Yes, there's a lot of that :\-) But more precisely, in \s-1UNIX\s0 systems there's a utility called \f(CW\*(C`file\*(C'\fR, which recognizes data files based on their contents (usually their first few bytes). For this to work, a certain file called \fImagic\fR needs to taught about the \fIsignature\fR of the data. Where that configuration file lives depends on the \s-1UNIX\s0 flavour; often it's something like \fI/usr/share/misc/magic\fR or \&\fI/etc/magic\fR. Your system administrator needs to do the updating of the \fImagic\fR file. The necessary signature information is output to \&\s-1STDOUT\s0 by invoking \fIStorable::show_file_magic()\fR. Note that the \s-1GNU\s0 implementation of the \f(CW\*(C`file\*(C'\fR utility, version 3.38 or later, is expected to contain support for recognising Storable files out\-of\-the\-box, in addition to other kinds of Perl files. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Here are some code samples showing a possible usage of Storable: .PP .Vb 1 \& use Storable qw(store retrieve freeze thaw dclone); .Ve .PP .Vb 1 \& %color = ('Blue' => 0.1, 'Red' => 0.8, 'Black' => 0, 'White' => 1); .Ve .PP .Vb 1 \& store(\e%color, '/tmp/colors') or die "Can't store %a in /tmp/colors!\en"; .Ve .PP .Vb 3 \& $colref = retrieve('/tmp/colors'); \& die "Unable to retrieve from /tmp/colors!\en" unless defined $colref; \& printf "Blue is still %lf\en", $colref->{'Blue'}; .Ve .PP .Vb 1 \& $colref2 = dclone(\e%color); .Ve .PP .Vb 3 \& $str = freeze(\e%color); \& printf "Serialization of %%color is %d bytes long.\en", length($str); \& $colref3 = thaw($str); .Ve .PP which prints (on my machine): .PP .Vb 2 \& Blue is still 0.100000 \& Serialization of %color is 102 bytes long. .Ve .SH "WARNING" .IX Header "WARNING" If you're using references as keys within your hash tables, you're bound to be disappointed when retrieving your data. Indeed, Perl stringifies references used as hash table keys. If you later wish to access the items via another reference stringification (i.e. using the same reference that was used for the key originally to record the value into the hash table), it will work because both references stringify to the same string. .PP It won't work across a sequence of \f(CW\*(C`store\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`retrieve\*(C'\fR operations, however, because the addresses in the retrieved objects, which are part of the stringified references, will probably differ from the original addresses. The topology of your structure is preserved, but not hidden semantics like those. .PP On platforms where it matters, be sure to call \f(CW\*(C`binmode()\*(C'\fR on the descriptors that you pass to Storable functions. .PP Storing data canonically that contains large hashes can be significantly slower than storing the same data normally, as temporary arrays to hold the keys for each hash have to be allocated, populated, sorted and freed. Some tests have shown a halving of the speed of storing \*(-- the exact penalty will depend on the complexity of your data. There is no slowdown on retrieval. .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" You can't store \s-1GLOB\s0, \s-1CODE\s0, \s-1FORMLINE\s0, etc.... If you can define semantics for those operations, feel free to enhance Storable so that it can deal with them. .PP The store functions will \f(CW\*(C`croak\*(C'\fR if they run into such references unless you set \f(CW$Storable::forgive_me\fR to some \f(CW\*(C`TRUE\*(C'\fR value. In that case, the fatal message is turned in a warning and some meaningless string is stored instead. .PP Setting \f(CW$Storable::canonical\fR may not yield frozen strings that compare equal due to possible stringification of numbers. When the string version of a scalar exists, it is the form stored; therefore, if you happen to use your numbers as strings between two freezing operations on the same data structures, you will get different results. .PP When storing doubles in network order, their value is stored as text. However, you should also not expect non-numeric floating-point values such as infinity and \*(L"not a number\*(R" to pass successfully through a \&\fInstore()\fR/\fIretrieve()\fR pair. .PP As Storable neither knows nor cares about character sets (although it does know that characters may be more than eight bits wide), any difference in the interpretation of character codes between a host and a target system is your problem. In particular, if host and target use different code points to represent the characters used in the text representation of floating-point numbers, you will not be able be able to exchange floating-point data, even with \fInstore()\fR. .PP \&\f(CW\*(C`Storable::drop_utf8\*(C'\fR is a blunt tool. There is no facility either to return \fBall\fR strings as utf8 sequences, or to attempt to convert utf8 data back to 8 bit and \f(CW\*(C`croak()\*(C'\fR if the conversion fails. .PP Prior to Storable 2.01, no distinction was made between signed and unsigned integers on storing. By default Storable prefers to store a scalars string representation (if it has one) so this would only cause problems when storing large unsigned integers that had never been coverted to string or floating point. In other words values that had been generated by integer operations such as logic ops and then not used in any string or arithmetic context before storing. .Sh "64 bit data in perl 5.6.0 and 5.6.1" .IX Subsection "64 bit data in perl 5.6.0 and 5.6.1" This section only applies to you if you have existing data written out by Storable 2.02 or earlier on perl 5.6.0 or 5.6.1 on Unix or Linux which has been configured with 64 bit integer support (not the default) If you got a precompiled perl, rather than running Configure to build your own perl from source, then it almost certainly does not affect you, and you can stop reading now (unless you're curious). If you're using perl on Windows it does not affect you. .PP Storable writes a file header which contains the sizes of various C language types for the C compiler that built Storable (when not writing in network order), and will refuse to load files written by a Storable not on the same (or compatible) architecture. This check and a check on machine byteorder is needed because the size of various fields in the file are given by the sizes of the C language types, and so files written on different architectures are incompatible. This is done for increased speed. (When writing in network order, all fields are written out as standard lengths, which allows full interworking, but takes longer to read and write) .PP Perl 5.6.x introduced the ability to optional configure the perl interpreter to use C's \f(CW\*(C`long long\*(C'\fR type to allow scalars to store 64 bit integers on 32 bit systems. However, due to the way the Perl configuration system generated the C configuration files on non-Windows platforms, and the way Storable generates its header, nothing in the Storable file header reflected whether the perl writing was using 32 or 64 bit integers, despite the fact that Storable was storing some data differently in the file. Hence Storable running on perl with 64 bit integers will read the header from a file written by a 32 bit perl, not realise that the data is actually in a subtly incompatible format, and then go horribly wrong (possibly crashing) if it encountered a stored integer. This is a design failure. .PP Storable has now been changed to write out and read in a file header with information about the size of integers. It's impossible to detect whether an old file being read in was written with 32 or 64 bit integers (they have the same header) so it's impossible to automatically switch to a correct backwards compatibility mode. Hence this Storable defaults to the new, correct behaviour. .PP What this means is that if you have data written by Storable 1.x running on perl 5.6.0 or 5.6.1 configured with 64 bit integers on Unix or Linux then by default this Storable will refuse to read it, giving the error \&\fIByte order is not compatible\fR. If you have such data then you you should set \f(CW$Storable::interwork_56_64bit\fR to a true value to make this Storable read and write files with the old header. You should also migrate your data, or any older perl you are communicating with, to this current version of Storable. .PP If you don't have data written with specific configuration of perl described above, then you do not and should not do anything. Don't set the flag \- not only will Storable on an identically configured perl refuse to load them, but Storable a differently configured perl will load them believing them to be correct for it, and then may well fail or crash part way through reading them. .SH "CREDITS" .IX Header "CREDITS" Thank you to (in chronological order): .PP .Vb 13 \& Jarkko Hietaniemi \& Ulrich Pfeifer \& Benjamin A. Holzman \& Andrew Ford \& Gisle Aas \& Jeff Gresham \& Murray Nesbitt \& Marc Lehmann \& Justin Banks \& Jarkko Hietaniemi (AGAIN, as perl 5.7.0 Pumpkin!) \& Salvador Ortiz Garcia \& Dominic Dunlop \& Erik Haugan .Ve .PP for their bug reports, suggestions and contributions. .PP Benjamin Holzman contributed the tied variable support, Andrew Ford contributed the canonical order for hashes, and Gisle Aas fixed a few misunderstandings of mine regarding the perl internals, and optimized the emission of \*(L"tags\*(R" in the output streams by simply counting the objects instead of tagging them (leading to a binary incompatibility for the Storable image starting at version 0.6\-\-older images are, of course, still properly understood). Murray Nesbitt made Storable thread\-safe. Marc Lehmann added overloading and references to tied items support. .SH "AUTHOR" .IX Header "AUTHOR" Storable was written by Raphael Manfredi \fI\fR Maintenance is now done by the perl5\-porters \fI\fR .PP Please e\-mail us with problems, bug fixes, comments and complaints, although if you have complements you should send them to Raphael. Please don't e\-mail Raphael with problems, as he no longer works on Storable, and your message will be delayed while he forwards it to us. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" Clone.