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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "open 3"
.TH open 3 "2002-11-24" "perl v5.8.0" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide"
.SH "NAME"
open \- perl pragma to set default PerlIO layers for input and output
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
.Vb 3
\&    use open IN  => ":crlf", OUT => ":bytes";
\&    use open OUT => ':utf8';
\&    use open IO  => ":encoding(iso-8859-7)";
.Ve
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    use open IO  => ':locale';
.Ve
.PP
.Vb 3
\&    use open ':utf8';
\&    use open ':locale';
\&    use open ':encoding(iso-8859-7)';
.Ve
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    use open ':std';
.Ve
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
Full-fledged support for I/O layers is now implemented provided
Perl is configured to use PerlIO as its \s-1IO\s0 system (which is now the
default).
.PP
The \f(CW\*(C`open\*(C'\fR pragma serves as one of the interfaces to declare default
\&\*(L"layers\*(R" (also known as \*(L"disciplines\*(R") for all I/O. Any \fIopen()\fR,
\&\fIreadpipe()\fR (aka qx//) and similar operators found within the lexical
scope of this pragma will use the declared defaults.
.PP
With the \f(CW\*(C`IN\*(C'\fR subpragma you can declare the default layers
of input streams, and with the \f(CW\*(C`OUT\*(C'\fR subpragma you can declare
the default layers of output streams.  With the \f(CW\*(C`IO\*(C'\fR  subpragma
you can control both input and output streams simultaneously.
.PP
If you have a legacy encoding, you can use the \f(CW\*(C`:encoding(...)\*(C'\fR tag.
.PP
if you want to set your encoding layers based on your
locale environment variables, you can use the \f(CW\*(C`:locale\*(C'\fR tag.
For example:
.PP
.Vb 9
\&    $ENV{LANG} = 'ru_RU.KOI8-R';
\&    # the :locale will probe the locale environment variables like LANG
\&    use open OUT => ':locale';
\&    open(O, ">koi8");
\&    print O chr(0x430); # Unicode CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A = KOI8-R 0xc1
\&    close O;
\&    open(I, "<koi8");
\&    printf "%#x\en", ord(<I>), "\en"; # this should print 0xc1
\&    close I;
.Ve
.PP
These are equivalent
.PP
.Vb 2
\&    use open ':utf8';
\&    use open IO => ':utf8';
.Ve
.PP
as are these
.PP
.Vb 2
\&    use open ':locale';
\&    use open IO => ':locale';
.Ve
.PP
and these
.PP
.Vb 2
\&    use open ':encoding(iso-8859-7)';
\&    use open IO => ':encoding(iso-8859-7)';
.Ve
.PP
The matching of encoding names is loose: case does not matter, and
many encodings have several aliases.  See Encode::Supported for
details and the list of supported locales.
.PP
Note that \f(CW\*(C`:utf8\*(C'\fR PerlIO layer must always be specified exactly like
that, it is not subject to the loose matching of encoding names.
.PP
When \fIopen()\fR is given an explicit list of layers they are appended to
the list declared using this pragma.
.PP
The \f(CW\*(C`:std\*(C'\fR subpragma on its own has no effect, but if combined with
the \f(CW\*(C`:utf8\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`:encoding\*(C'\fR subpragmas, it converts the standard
filehandles (\s-1STDIN\s0, \s-1STDOUT\s0, \s-1STDERR\s0) to comply with encoding selected
for input/output handles.  For example, if both input and out are
chosen to be \f(CW\*(C`:utf8\*(C'\fR, a \f(CW\*(C`:std\*(C'\fR will mean that \s-1STDIN\s0, \s-1STDOUT\s0, and
\&\s-1STDERR\s0 are also in \f(CW\*(C`:utf8\*(C'\fR.  On the other hand, if only output is
chosen to be in \f(CW\*(C`:encoding(koi8r)\*(C'\fR, a \f(CW\*(C`:std\*(C'\fR will cause only the
\&\s-1STDOUT\s0 and \s-1STDERR\s0 to be in \f(CW\*(C`koi8r\*(C'\fR.  The \f(CW\*(C`:locale\*(C'\fR subpragma
implicitly turns on \f(CW\*(C`:std\*(C'\fR.
.PP
The logic of \f(CW\*(C`:locale\*(C'\fR is as follows:
.IP "1." 4
If the platform supports the langinfo(\s-1CODESET\s0) interface, the codeset
returned is used as the default encoding for the open pragma.
.IP "2." 4
If 1. didn't work but we are under the locale pragma, the environment
variables \s-1LC_ALL\s0 and \s-1LANG\s0 (in that order) are matched for encodings
(the part after \f(CW\*(C`.\*(C'\fR, if any), and if any found, that is used 
as the default encoding for the open pragma.
.IP "3." 4
If 1. and 2. didn't work, the environment variables \s-1LC_ALL\s0 and \s-1LANG\s0
(in that order) are matched for anything looking like \s-1UTF\-8\s0, and if
any found, \f(CW\*(C`:utf8\*(C'\fR is used as the default encoding for the open
pragma.
.PP
If your locale environment variables (\s-1LANGUAGE\s0, \s-1LC_ALL\s0, \s-1LC_CTYPE\s0, \s-1LANG\s0)
contain the strings '\s-1UTF\-8\s0' or '\s-1UTF8\s0' (case\-insensitive matching),
the default encoding of your \s-1STDIN\s0, \s-1STDOUT\s0, and \s-1STDERR\s0, and of
\&\fBany subsequent file open\fR, is \s-1UTF\-8\s0.
.PP
Directory handles may also support PerlIO layers in the future.
.SH "NONPERLIO FUNCTIONALITY"
.IX Header "NONPERLIO FUNCTIONALITY"
If Perl is not built to use PerlIO as its \s-1IO\s0 system then only the two
pseudo-layers \f(CW\*(C`:bytes\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`:crlf\*(C'\fR are available.
.PP
The \f(CW\*(C`:bytes\*(C'\fR layer corresponds to \*(L"binary mode\*(R" and the \f(CW\*(C`:crlf\*(C'\fR
layer corresponds to \*(L"text mode\*(R" on platforms that distinguish
between the two modes when opening files (which is many DOS-like
platforms, including Windows).  These two layers are no-ops on
platforms where \fIbinmode()\fR is a no\-op, but perform their functions
everywhere if PerlIO is enabled.
.SH "IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS"
.IX Header "IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS"
There is a class method in \f(CW\*(C`PerlIO::Layer\*(C'\fR \f(CW\*(C`find\*(C'\fR which is
implemented as \s-1XS\s0 code.  It is called by \f(CW\*(C`import\*(C'\fR to validate the
layers:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&   PerlIO::Layer::->find("perlio")
.Ve
.PP
The return value (if defined) is a Perl object, of class
\&\f(CW\*(C`PerlIO::Layer\*(C'\fR which is created by the C code in \fIperlio.c\fR.  As
yet there is nothing useful you can do with the object at the perl
level.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\*(L"binmode\*(R" in perlfunc, \*(L"open\*(R" in perlfunc, perlunicode, PerlIO,
encoding