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/#copies 1 store
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%%EndProlog
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%
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setup
2 setdecoding
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1 pagesetup
12 B f
(README)2614 1220 w
10 I f
(Brian W. Kernighan)2 814 1 2473 1480 t
10 R f
(AT&T Bell Laboratories)2 993 1 2383 1680 t
(Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974)4 1267 1 2246 1820 t
( a casual Plan 9)4 641( is written by)3 537( It)1 115(This brief document is intended to help you get started using Plan 9.)12 2777 4 970 2336 t
(user who is not in any way part of the Plan 9 group, and is aimed at ordinary users with a Unix background.)22 4305 1 720 2456 t
10 B f
( Started)1 341(1. Getting)1 447 2 720 2696 t
10 R f
( has read, understood, and performed the instructions in)8 2272(I'm assuming that you or someone you trust)7 1798 2 970 2852 t
( at least looked at the Plan 9 overview)8 1576( also assuming that you have)5 1192( I'm)1 202(the Plan 9 installation procedure.)4 1350 4 720 2972 t
( what Plan 9 is and how it goes about it.)10 1627(paper in Computing Science Technical Report 158, which explains)8 2693 2 720 3092 t
( the paper ``The Use of Name Spaces in Plan 9,'')10 1984(There are also some helpful explanations and examples in)8 2336 2 720 3212 t
( further assuming that you have the Plan 9 manual near to hand,)12 2597( am)1 150( I)1 86(which is also part of the distribution.)6 1487 4 720 3332 t
(and are willing to read manual pages for commands as their names appear here.)13 3175 1 720 3452 t
( terminal on depends on how your Plan 9 system is set up; the)13 2487(How you get started after you turn your)7 1583 2 970 3608 t
( The)1 208( system or a terminal connected to a file server and a CPU server.)13 2655(details are different for a standalone)5 1457 3 720 3728 t
(latter is mostly what I'll talk about.)6 1408 1 720 3848 t
( 9 boots, it runs a very dumb terminal program, so dumb that it doesn't even know how to)18 3628(When Plan)1 442 2 970 4004 t
( much the same way that)5 1005( In)1 136( much of anything.)3 764( won't want to use that for)6 1078( You)1 226(scroll a screen.)2 603 6 720 4124 t
10 CW f
(.profile)4560 4124 w
10 R f
(is executed by the shell on Unix systems, the file)9 1990 1 720 4244 t
10 CW f
(lib/profile)2739 4244 w
10 R f
( on Plan 9 when)4 664(is executed by the shell)4 948 2 3428 4244 t
( The)1 213(you log in.)2 447 2 720 4364 t
10 CW f
(newuser)1413 4364 w
10 R f
(command normally creates a few directories \()6 1870 1 1865 4364 t
10 CW f
(bin)3735 4364 w
10 R f
(,)3915 4364 w
10 CW f
(bin/rc)3972 4364 w
10 R f
(,)4332 4364 w
10 CW f
(lib)4389 4364 w
10 R f
(, and)1 201 1 4569 4364 t
10 CW f
(tmp)4802 4364 w
10 R f
(\),)4982 4364 w
(then sets up a profile)4 832 1 720 4484 t
10 CW f
(lib/profile)1577 4484 w
10 R f
(that looks like this, though with some more frills:)8 1976 1 2262 4484 t
9 CW f
(bind \255a $home/bin/rc /bin)3 1350 1 1008 4654 t
(font = /lib/font/bit/pelm/euro.9.font)2 1998 1 1008 4764 t
(switch\($service\){)1008 4874 w
(case terminal)1 702 1 1008 4984 t
( '\))1 432(prompt=\('term% ' ')2 972 2 1440 5094 t
(exec 8\275)1 378 1 1440 5204 t
(case cpu)1 432 1 1008 5314 t
(bind \255b /mnt/term/mnt/8\275 /dev)3 1566 1 1440 5424 t
( '\))1 486(prompt=\('cpu% ' ')2 918 2 1440 5534 t
(})1008 5644 w
10 R f
(Many of the interesting bits of Plan 9 are implicit in this file.)12 2430 1 720 5824 t
10 B f
(2. Commands)1 614 1 720 6064 t
10 R f
( form on Plan 9; this includes standbys)7 1567(Most of the standard Unix commands exist in almost the same)10 2503 2 970 6220 t
(like)720 6340 w
10 CW f
(cat)900 6340 w
10 R f
(,)1080 6340 w
10 CW f
(ls)1135 6340 w
10 R f
(,)1255 6340 w
10 CW f
(cd)1310 6340 w
10 R f
(,)1430 6340 w
10 CW f
(pwd)1485 6340 w
10 R f
(,)1665 6340 w
10 CW f
(cp)1720 6340 w
10 R f
(,)1840 6340 w
10 CW f
(mv)1894 6340 w
10 R f
(,)2014 6340 w
10 CW f
(diff)2068 6340 w
10 R f
(,)2308 6340 w
10 CW f
(grep)2362 6340 w
10 R f
(,)2602 6340 w
10 CW f
(awk)2656 6340 w
10 R f
( notice minor differences in behav\255)5 1419( You'll)1 315(, and so on.)3 470 3 2836 6340 t
(ior but for the most part you don't have to think about this.)12 2352 1 720 6460 t
10 B f
( rc Shell)2 350(3. The)1 292 2 720 6700 t
10 R f
( uses a different shell, called)5 1146(One big difference: Plan 9)4 1057 2 970 6856 t
10 CW f
(rc)3200 6856 w
10 R f
( running commands interactively, it's)4 1504(. For)1 216 2 3320 6856 t
(almost the same as the Bourne shell, so filename metacharacters like)10 2782 1 720 6976 t
10 CW f
(*)3531 6976 w
10 R f
(and)3620 6976 w
10 CW f
(?)3793 6976 w
10 R f
( same, and simple)3 725(behave the)1 433 2 3882 6976 t
(redirections with)1 684 1 720 7096 t
10 CW f
(>)1439 7096 w
10 R f
(and)1534 7096 w
10 CW f
(>>)1713 7096 w
10 R f
( is simpler)2 439( Quoting)1 389(are the same \(but not redirection of streams by number\).)9 2344 3 1868 7096 t
( and single quotes quote)4 1006(than in the Bourne shell: double quotes and backslash have no special meaning,)12 3314 2 720 7216 t
(October 14, 1992)2 696 1 2532 7680 t
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2 pagesetup
10 R f
(\255 2 \255)2 166 1 2797 480 t
( get a single quote into a quoted string, double the quote:)11 2271(anything. To)1 536 2 720 840 t
9 CW f
(echo '''')1 486 1 1008 1010 t
10 R f
(prints a single quote.)3 833 1 720 1190 t
(For programming,)1 733 1 970 1346 t
10 CW f
(rc)1728 1346 w
10 R f
( shell scripts have to begin with)6 1266( All)1 178(is almost unrelated, which is a nuisance.)6 1609 3 1873 1346 t
9 CW f
(#!/bin/rc)1008 1516 w
10 R f
(Environment variables are set by)4 1314 1 970 1732 t
9 CW f
(var = ')2 378 1 1008 1902 t
9 I f
(anything)1386 1902 w
9 CW f
(')1701 1902 w
10 R f
( can be omitted if)4 751(where the quotes)2 700 2 720 2082 t
10 I f
(anything)2209 2082 w
10 R f
( variables are accessed as)4 1064( Environment)1 585(contains no spaces.)2 794 3 2597 2082 t
10 CW f
($var)720 2202 w
10 R f
( are initialized when your process begins, including)7 2058(; certain variables)2 711 2 960 2202 t
10 CW f
(user)3754 2202 w
10 R f
(\(your name\),)1 515 1 4019 2202 t
10 CW f
(home)4559 2202 w
10 R f
(\(your)4824 2202 w
(home directory\), and)2 834 1 720 2322 t
10 CW f
(service)1579 2322 w
10 R f
(, which is)2 386 1 1999 2322 t
10 CW f
(terminal)2410 2322 w
10 R f
(when you are running on your terminal.)6 1589 1 2915 2322 t
10 B f
( and Search Paths)3 770(4. Directories)1 595 2 720 2562 t
10 R f
( to this is)3 368( Central)1 345(One of the unifying ideas in Plan 9 is that all resources are accessed as file systems.)16 3357 3 970 2718 t
(management of the name space so that you can select and arrange the resources you want to use.)17 3851 1 720 2838 t
(The)970 2994 w
10 CW f
(bind)1150 2994 w
10 R f
(and)1415 2994 w
10 CW f
(mount)1584 2994 w
10 R f
( particular, the command)3 998( In)1 133(commands manipulate the name space.)4 1561 3 1909 2994 t
9 CW f
(bind \255a $home/bin/rc /bin)3 1350 1 1008 3164 t
10 R f
(in the profile binds the directory)5 1350 1 720 3344 t
10 CW f
($home/bin/rc)2107 3344 w
10 R f
(after the directory)2 738 1 2864 3344 t
10 CW f
(/bin)3639 3344 w
10 R f
( a)1 82(, forming)1 384 2 3879 3344 t
10 I f
(union directory.)1 657 1 4383 3344 t
10 R f
(\(More precisely, it makes)3 1050 1 720 3464 t
10 CW f
(/bin)1805 3464 w
10 R f
( shell searches only)3 806( The)1 214(an alias for the union\).)4 937 3 2080 3464 t
10 CW f
(/bin)4071 3464 w
10 R f
(for commands to)2 695 1 4345 3464 t
( convention, your personal shell)4 1299( By)1 172( all the directories that have been unioned together.)8 2083(run, but it searches)3 766 4 720 3584 t
(scripts are placed in)3 795 1 720 3704 t
10 CW f
($home/bin/rc)1540 3704 w
10 R f
(.)2260 3704 w
( in, several directories are bound to)6 1459(When you first log)3 776 2 970 3860 t
10 CW f
(/bin)3239 3860 w
10 R f
(, including)1 437 1 3479 3860 t
10 CW f
(/rc/bin)3950 3860 w
10 R f
(, which contains)2 670 1 4370 3860 t
(shell scripts, and)2 683 1 720 3980 t
10 CW f
(/$cputype/bin)1435 3980 w
10 R f
(, which contains binaries for your current cpu type.)8 2096 1 2215 3980 t
10 CW f
(cputype)4368 3980 w
10 R f
(is the)1 220 1 4820 3980 t
( typically one of)3 679(type of processor you are running on,)6 1542 2 720 4100 t
10 CW f
(68020)2975 4100 w
10 R f
(,)3275 4100 w
10 CW f
(sparc)3334 4100 w
10 R f
(,)3634 4100 w
10 CW f
(mips)3693 4100 w
10 R f
(, or)1 142 1 3933 4100 t
10 CW f
(386)4109 4100 w
10 R f
( you run a)3 429(. When)1 322 2 4289 4100 t
(program like)1 524 1 720 4220 t
10 CW f
(ls)1280 4220 w
10 R f
( you subsequently)2 742( If)1 126( be found and executed.)4 990(, the version for your current cpu type will)8 1782 4 1400 4220 t
(execute the)1 454 1 720 4340 t
10 CW f
(cpu)1202 4340 w
10 R f
(command to access a cpu server, in that process and those started by it,)13 2875 1 1410 4340 t
10 CW f
(cputype)4313 4340 w
10 R f
(will be)1 279 1 4761 4340 t
(the type of the cpu server, and the)7 1352 1 720 4460 t
10 CW f
(ls)2097 4460 w
10 R f
(command you run there will be the right binary for that cpu.)11 2402 1 2242 4460 t
( replaces the search path of)5 1097(If you think about it, you can see that this mechanism of union directories)13 2973 2 970 4616 t
( far as you are concerned,)5 1023( As)1 161(conventional Unix shells.)2 1019 3 720 4736 t
10 I f
(all)2948 4736 w
10 R f
(executable programs are in)3 1077 1 3079 4736 t
10 CW f
(/bin)4181 4736 w
10 R f
(. Try)1 219 1 4421 4736 t
9 CW f
(lc /bin)1 378 1 1008 4906 t
10 R f
(to see the names of all executable programs.)7 1768 1 720 5086 t
10 B f
( File Systems)2 555(5. Interesting)1 591 2 720 5326 t
10 R f
( Plan)1 229( that devices like disks and tapes are part of the file system.)12 2383(Unix users are familiar with the idea)6 1458 3 970 5482 t
( you look at the directory)5 1007( If)1 116(9 carries that idea a lot further.)6 1227 3 720 5602 t
10 CW f
(/dev)3095 5602 w
10 R f
( Try)1 194(, you will see some familiar names.)6 1415 2 3335 5602 t
9 CW f
(cat /dev/time)1 702 1 1008 5772 t
10 R f
( after you have snarfed some text using the button 2 menu item, try)13 2680( Or,)1 180(a couple of times, for example.)5 1239 3 720 5952 t
9 CW f
(cat /dev/snarf)1 756 1 1008 6122 t
10 R f
(Note that some files like)4 977 1 720 6302 t
10 CW f
(cons)1722 6302 w
10 R f
(and)1988 6302 w
10 CW f
(mouse)2158 6302 w
10 R f
(occur more than once.)3 889 1 2484 6302 t
10 CW f
(/dev)3424 6302 w
10 R f
(is a union directory, and these are)6 1350 1 3690 6302 t
( first)1 193( The)1 212(multiple occurrences of the same file.)5 1537 3 720 6422 t
10 CW f
(/dev/mouse)2694 6422 w
10 R f
( and the next)3 531(refers to the current window,)4 1183 2 3326 6422 t
( Try)1 194(one to the enclosing window \(which is probably the whole screen at this point\).)13 3174 2 720 6542 t
9 CW f
(cat /dev/mouse)1 756 1 1008 6712 t
10 R f
(then move the mouse around inside and outside of the current window.)11 2835 1 720 6892 t
(The shell environment is kept in a directory called)8 2008 1 970 7048 t
10 CW f
(/env)3004 7048 w
10 R f
(; each shell environment variable is stored in)7 1796 1 3244 7048 t
( Try)1 194(a file.)1 227 2 720 7168 t
(October 14, 1992)2 696 1 2532 7680 t
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10 R f
(\255 3 \255)2 166 1 2797 480 t
9 CW f
(cat /env/font)1 702 1 1008 830 t
10 R f
(for example.)1 504 1 720 1010 t
( are found in)3 537(Running processes)1 761 2 970 1166 t
10 CW f
(/proc)2303 1166 w
10 R f
(; each process is a directory, and each file in that directory)11 2437 1 2603 1166 t
( example, the)2 537( For)1 190( of the process.)3 607(accesses some aspect)2 851 4 720 1286 t
10 CW f
(status)2931 1286 w
10 R f
(file contains \(all ASCII\) status information)5 1723 1 3317 1286 t
( Try)1 194(about the process.)2 718 2 720 1406 t
9 CW f
(awk '{print $1}' /proc/*/status)3 1674 1 1008 1576 t
10 R f
(to get a list of the names of the running processes.)10 2000 1 720 1756 t
(You might also find it interesting to poke around in)9 2112 1 970 1912 t
10 CW f
(/net)3113 1912 w
10 R f
( network connections are managed as)5 1528(; all)1 159 2 3353 1912 t
( its clients, although)3 809( all of these cases, the service presents a file\255system interface to)11 2565( In)1 135(file systems as well.)3 811 4 720 2032 t
(the implementation behind is not generally a traditional file system.)9 2704 1 720 2152 t
10 B f
( 8\275 Window System)3 867(6. The)1 292 2 720 2392 t
10 R f
(The window system for Plan 9 is called 8\275; the)9 1904 1 970 2548 t
10 CW f
(terminal)2899 2548 w
10 R f
(case in the profile starts 8\275 with the line)8 1623 1 3404 2548 t
9 CW f
(exec 8\275)1 378 1 1008 2718 t
10 R f
( far fewer features than)4 927(8\275 provides much less of the ``flexibility'' and certainly)8 2266 2 720 2898 t
10 CW f
(xterm)3939 2898 w
10 R f
(on X terminals, but)3 775 1 4265 2898 t
(I much prefer it.)3 648 1 720 3018 t
( is that 8\275 treats all text on the screen alike; with the mouse you can)15 2835(The most important difference)3 1235 2 970 3174 t
( can fix up and resubmit commands, fiddle the output of a program or its)14 2961(edit anything you can see, so you)6 1359 2 720 3294 t
( ability to edit the past is liberating to such a degree that once you use)15 2798( This)1 229( it, and so on.)4 543(input and resubmit)2 750 4 720 3414 t
(it, you'll never want to go back to something like)9 2025 1 720 3534 t
10 CW f
(xterm)2776 3534 w
10 R f
( is an implementation of an X server so)8 1618(. \(There)1 346 2 3076 3534 t
(you can run it if you want, but I never have.\))10 1785 1 720 3654 t
( means)1 290( That)1 243( curses.)1 309(8\275 does not provide any of the terminal\255handling mechanisms like termcap or)11 3228 4 970 3810 t
( of\) old favorites like)4 859(that there is no support for \(nor indeed implementation)8 2232 2 720 3930 t
10 CW f
(vi)3840 3930 w
10 R f
(,)3960 3930 w
10 CW f
(emacs)4014 3930 w
10 R f
(, and)1 198 1 4314 3930 t
10 CW f
(ksh)4541 3930 w
10 R f
( my)1 157(. In)1 162 2 4721 3930 t
( need for)2 364(experience, the ability to cut, paste, and edit what's on all the windows on the screen obviates the)17 3956 2 720 4050 t
(many of the mechanisms in these programs, so it's not as big a loss as you might think.)17 3485 1 720 4170 t
( a new window, run 8\275 in it, and everything you do there)12 2318(8\275 can be called recursively: you can make)7 1752 2 970 4326 t
( of,)1 135( does not provide any analog of the virtual window management)10 2604( 8\275)1 178(is insulated from the surroundings.)4 1403 4 720 4446 t
( even a few\) icons, but you can move a window)10 2014(for example, VTWM, nor does it provide zillions of \(or)9 2306 2 720 4566 t
(almost off the screen, and you can hide it and then recall it from a popup menu.)16 3172 1 720 4686 t
( to run when it starts, which most people put into their pro\255)12 2393(You can also give 8\275 a file of commands)8 1677 2 970 4842 t
(file:)720 4962 w
9 CW f
(exec 8\275 \255i lib/windows)3 1188 1 1008 5132 t
10 R f
(Normally this is used to set up windows that you always use:)11 2441 1 720 5312 t
9 CW f
(#!/bin/rc)1008 5482 w
(window ')1 432 1 1008 5592 t
9 I f
(x0 y0 x1 y1)3 409 1 1440 5592 t
9 CW f
(')1849 5592 w
9 I f
(command line)1 508 1 1957 5592 t
(...)1008 5702 w
10 R f
(where)720 5882 w
10 I f
(x0,y0)999 5882 w
10 R f
(and)1248 5882 w
10 I f
(x1,y1)1428 5882 w
10 R f
( \(and)1 214(are the coordinates of the window in question)7 1899 2 1677 5882 t
10 I f
(x)3827 5882 w
10 R f
(increases down the screen\).)3 1132 1 3908 5882 t
(The)720 6002 w
10 CW f
(window)901 6002 w
10 R f
( command)1 419( The)1 205( at the specified place, then runs the command in it.)10 2058(command opens a window)3 1071 4 1287 6002 t
10 CW f
(wloc)720 6122 w
10 R f
( in the right format to be inserted directly in a)10 1900(will tell you the names and locations of all windows)9 2148 2 992 6122 t
( up the windows and programs the way you want them, then run)12 2566(file. Set)1 336 2 720 6242 t
10 CW f
(wloc)3647 6242 w
10 R f
(and snarf its output.)3 794 1 3912 6242 t
10 B f
(7. Fonts)1 364 1 720 6482 t
10 R f
( is a default font,)4 698( There)1 288( it uses for displaying text.)5 1091(One aspect of 8\275 that you can change is the font)10 1993 4 970 6638 t
(but normally the variable)3 1007 1 720 6758 t
10 CW f
(font)1752 6758 w
10 R f
(is set explicitly in the profile:)5 1175 1 2017 6758 t
9 CW f
(font = /lib/font/bit/pelm/euro.9.font)2 1998 1 1008 6928 t
(8\275 \255f $font)2 594 1 1008 7038 t
10 R f
(The font)1 352 1 720 7218 t
10 CW f
(euro.9.font)1108 7218 w
10 R f
(is a collection of almost any character you might find in European languages,)12 3236 1 1804 7218 t
(October 14, 1992)2 696 1 2532 7680 t
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10 R f
(\255 4 \255)2 166 1 2797 480 t
( are other fonts that include oriental lan\255)7 1619( There)1 284( bunch of special characters.)4 1140(including Cyrillic, Greek, and a)4 1277 4 720 840 t
(guages as well, and a variety of sizes.)7 1499 1 720 960 t
(Plan 9 uses the Unicode character set throughout, which means that the system and the various pro\255)16 4070 1 970 1116 t
( if)1 89( So)1 159( bits, or 65K characters.\))4 998( 16)1 129( \(Think)1 326(grams all deal pretty comfortably with a very large character set.)10 2619 6 720 1236 t
( use more than ASCII characters, or run)7 1618(you want to edit files in languages that)7 1567 2 720 1356 t
10 CW f
(grep)3934 1356 w
10 R f
(or)4203 1356 w
10 CW f
(awk)4315 1356 w
10 R f
(over them, it)2 516 1 4524 1356 t
( such characters on standard printers, but they will appear fine)10 2530( may have trouble printing)4 1084( \(You)1 261(just works.)1 445 4 720 1476 t
(on the screen.\))2 584 1 720 1596 t
10 B f
(8. Editing)1 443 1 720 1836 t
10 R f
(The standard Plan 9 editor is called)6 1427 1 970 1992 t
10 CW f
(sam)2425 1992 w
10 R f
( multi\255file editor, it provides regular)5 1463(; it's a particularly good)4 972 2 2605 1992 t
(expression syntax the same as in the venerable)7 1902 1 720 2112 t
10 CW f
(ed)2653 2112 w
10 R f
(\(which also exists\), and you can snarf text from one of)10 2236 1 2804 2112 t
( mouse idioms for)3 743( The)1 211( vice versa.)2 463(its windows and paste it into other 8\275 windows or)9 2061 4 720 2232 t
10 CW f
(sam)4229 2232 w
10 R f
(and)4440 2232 w
10 CW f
(8\275)4615 2232 w
10 R f
(are the)1 274 1 4766 2232 t
( will also edit files on other systems if there is a network connection.)13 2747(same. It)1 341 2 720 2352 t
(By the way, regular expressions have been cleaned up \255\255 all programs support the same regular)15 4070 1 970 2508 t
(expressions, which are pretty close to those found in)8 2094 1 720 2628 t
10 CW f
(egrep)2839 2628 w
10 R f
(on Unix systems.)2 692 1 3164 2628 t
10 B f
( CPU Server)2 537(9. The)1 292 2 720 2868 t
10 R f
( one is meant to run interactive programs like editors on the terminal and)13 3040(In the Plan 9 world view)5 1030 2 970 3024 t
( cpu server, which runs faster and has a higher bandwidth)10 2357(compute\255intensive programs like compilers on a)5 1963 2 720 3144 t
( The)1 207(to the file server.)3 682 2 720 3264 t
10 CW f
(cpu)1636 3264 w
10 R f
(command connects you to a cpu server so your computation runs faster \(in the\255)13 3197 1 1843 3264 t
( quite different from either remote login \(which)7 1913( mechanism is)2 578( The)1 208(ory\), but everything else stays the same.)6 1621 4 720 3384 t
( currently working in\) or network file system access \(which does)10 2639(does not preserve the name space you are)7 1681 2 720 3504 t
( line)1 175( The)1 205(not change the processor\).)3 1047 3 720 3624 t
9 CW f
(bind \255b /mnt/term/mnt/8\275 /dev)3 1566 1 1440 3794 t
10 R f
( and screen\) associated with your)5 1377(in your profile arranges that all the devices \(including mouse, keyboard)10 2943 2 720 3974 t
(terminal are inherited by the cpu server so they continue to work in a cpu window.)15 3294 1 720 4094 t
10 B f
( to Unix Systems)3 708(10. Connecting)1 664 2 720 4334 t
10 R f
( The)1 208( connected by some network to a Unix system.)8 1891(It is highly likely that your Plan 9 system will be)10 1971 3 970 4490 t
(command)720 4610 w
10 CW f
(con)1146 4610 w
10 R f
(connects to another system \(typically Unix\); the command)7 2388 1 1358 4610 t
10 CW f
(rx)3778 4610 w
10 R f
(is rather like the)3 664 1 3929 4610 t
10 CW f
(rsh)4624 4610 w
10 R f
(com\255)4835 4610 w
(mand on Unix systems, for executing a single command on another machine.)11 3082 1 720 4730 t
( in the Plan 9 name)5 834(If the Unix system cooperates, it is also possible to mount a Unix file system)14 3236 2 970 4886 t
( command)1 419( The)1 205(space so that files on the Unix side are accessible from Plan 9.)12 2487 3 720 5006 t
9 CW f
(9fs)1008 5176 w
9 I f
(machine)1224 5176 w
10 R f
( thereafter the root of the target file system is in the Plan 9)13 2392(establishes the connection and mounts the files;)6 1928 2 720 5356 t
(directory at)1 457 1 720 5476 t
10 CW f
(/n/)1202 5476 w
10 I f
(machine)1382 5476 w
10 R f
(.)1720 5476 w
( taken seriously \(no superuser, for example\))6 1802(There is no connection from Unix to Plan 9; security is)10 2268 2 970 5632 t
(and it's hard to provide a satisfactory mechanism.)7 1991 1 720 5752 t
10 B f
( and Recovery)2 610(11. Backup)1 504 2 720 5992 t
10 R f
( every day or so; on our system, it's stored on)10 1853(Normally the state of the Plan 9 file system is recorded)10 2217 2 970 6148 t
( that)1 180( your Plan 9 system is suitably equipped, you should be able to run another service)15 3398( If)1 122(an optical disk.)2 620 4 720 6268 t
( command)1 419( The)1 205(makes the past state of the file system accessible \(read only\).)10 2431 3 720 6388 t
9 CW f
(9fs dump)1 432 1 1008 6558 t
10 R f
(mounts this file system on)4 1051 1 720 6738 t
10 CW f
(/n/dump)1796 6738 w
10 R f
( that point, I can)4 652(. At)1 175 2 2216 6738 t
10 CW f
(cd)3068 6738 w
10 R f
(into the past:)2 517 1 3213 6738 t
9 CW f
(cd /n/dump/1991/0401/usr/bwk)1 1512 1 1008 6908 t
(ls \255l)1 270 1 1008 7018 t
10 R f
( system, so all the normal commands)6 1486( really is a file)4 571( This)1 228(puts me in my directory as it was on April 1, 1991.)11 2035 4 720 7198 t
(work fine; I can)3 649 1 720 7318 t
10 CW f
(diff)1399 7318 w
10 R f
(a file from then with one on some other date, or copy an old version to the present.)17 3371 1 1669 7318 t
(October 14, 1992)2 696 1 2532 7680 t
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10 R f
(\255 5 \255)2 166 1 2797 480 t
(Plan 9 has no backup or recovery programs; this mechanism subsumes them all.)12 3199 1 720 840 t
10 B f
( in Plan 9)3 404(12. Programming)1 774 2 720 1080 t
10 R f
(Most programming in Plan 9 is done in ANSI C, with the usual supporting tools like YACC avail\255)17 4070 1 970 1236 t
( difference of note:)3 776(able. One)1 412 2 720 1356 t
10 CW f
(make)1938 1356 w
10 R f
(has been largely supplanted by)4 1251 1 2208 1356 t
10 CW f
(mk)3489 1356 w
10 R f
( As)1 165( cleaner but different.)3 870(, which is)2 396 3 3609 1356 t
(with the shell, it takes time to internalize the differences.)9 2266 1 720 1476 t
(There are separate C compilers for each supported cpu type \(badly named with a single letter)15 4070 1 970 1632 t
( The)1 210( compiler can produce code for any object type.)8 1943(mnemonic\), but each)2 852 3 720 1752 t
10 CW f
(mkfile)3755 1752 w
10 R f
(normally encapsulates)1 895 1 4145 1752 t
(this.)720 1872 w
( supported, the Plan 9 libraries are not ANSI and the standard ANSI header files)14 3244(Although ANSI C is)3 826 2 970 2028 t
( C programs is different enough that you should read the paper called)12 2863( Compiling)1 487(normally are not found.)3 970 3 720 2148 t
(``How to Use the Plan 9 C Compiler'' before starting.)9 2158 1 720 2268 t
( importing or exporting a C program, you will want to use the ANSI/POSIX environment)14 3671(If you are)2 399 2 970 2424 t
( provide for portability, including a complete set of POSIX\255compatible libraries)10 3218(\(``ape''\), which really does)3 1102 2 720 2544 t
( compiler driver is called)4 998( The)1 205(and some POSIX tools.)3 939 3 720 2664 t
10 CW f
(pcc)2887 2664 w
10 R f
( commands)1 458(. The)1 230 2 3067 2664 t
9 CW f
(bind \255a /bin/ape /bin)3 1134 1 1008 2834 t
(bind \255a /rc/bin/ape /bin)3 1296 1 1008 2944 t
10 R f
(will bind the right files.)4 942 1 720 3124 t
10 B f
(13. Envoi)1 426 1 720 3364 t
10 R f
( often be frustrated because something doesn't)6 1905( you think of it as Unix, you'll)7 1266( If)1 123(Plan 9 is not Unix.)4 776 4 970 3520 t
( you think of it as Plan 9, however, you'll find that most of it works very)16 3112( If)1 129(exist or works differently.)3 1079 3 720 3640 t
( really neat ideas that make things much cleaner than you have seen)12 2897(smoothly, and that there are some)5 1423 2 720 3760 t
(before.)720 3880 w
(October 14, 1992)2 696 1 2532 7680 t
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