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les.!卍51.3SOverviewY%5ThisdoGcumentcontainsanoverviewofthenewstructureandfeaturesofL5ffA͉TU>'ExX.5Itisnotgaself-containeddoGcument,PasitcontainsonlythefeaturesofL5ffA͉TU>'ExX5whichihavechangedsinceversion2.09.Y*oushouldreadthisdoGcumentincon-5junctionUUwithanintroGductiontoL5ffA͉TU>'ExX.]5SectionT2h(ԲcontainsanoverviewofthenewstructureofL5ffA͉TU>'ExXdoGcuments.ItNdescribGesqhowclassesandpackqagesworkandhowclassandpackqageop-NtionscanbGeused.ItliststhestandardpackqagesandclasseswhichcomeNwithUUL5ffA͉TU>'ExX.ҍ5SectionT3h(ԲdescribGesUUthenewcommandsavqailabletoauthorsinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"(.5SectionT4h(ԲshowsUUhowtoproGcessoldL5ffA͉TU>'ExXdocumentswithL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"(.3:so5SectionT6h(Բcontainsadviceondealingwithproblemsyoumayencounterinrun- NningL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"(Ba.OItlistssomeerrormessageswhicharenewinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"+1andNit\describGessomeofthemorecommonproblemsandhowtocurethem,NorUUwhereto ndfurtherinformation.!h51.4SFurtherinformation 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lesltnews*.tex.2Theclass-andpackqage-writer's5guideL雍QATKß'E-X2"+Zlfor(zClassandPackageWritersdescribGesthenewL5ffA͉TU>'ExXfeatures5forwritersofdoGcumentclassesandpackqages;1itisinclsguide.tex._Theguide5L雍QATKß'E-X2"]=F;ont3Sele}'ctionQdescribGestheL5ffA͉TU>'ExXfontselectionschemeforclass-and5packqage-writers;UUitisinfntguide.tex.5W*eDaregraduallyturningthesourcecoGdeforL5ffA͉TU>'ExXintoaL5ffATU>'ExXdoGcument5L雍QATKß'E-X:8thew+pr}'ogram.g^This6doGcumentincludesanindexofL5ffA͉TU>'ExXcommandsand5canUUbGetypesetfromsource2e.tex.5F*orj_moreinformationabGoutTU>'ExXandL5ffA͉TU>'EX,]pleasecontactyourloGcalTU>'ExXUsers5Group,UUortheinternationalTU>'ExXUsersGroup(seepage3).&|F52MLClassesffandpackages~5This3sectiondescribGesthenewstructureofL5ffA͉TU>'ExXdocumentsandthenewtypGes5ofUU le:qclasses'vandp}'ackages.!h52.1SWhatareclassesandpack@ages? ԍ5Themaindi 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i,D}͡ ff ͟Lτ ffΟ1h le-contentsiW ffͤLτ ffΟ1\end{filecontents}H} ff5ff}ō5Thev filecontentsenvironmentv isintendedforbundlingwithinasingledoGcu- 5ment| lethecontentsofpackqages,]options,or|other les.sWhenthedoGcument5 leisrunthroughL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"-,βthebGodyofthisenvironmentiswrittenverbatim5(precededbyacommentline)toa lewhosenameisgivenastheenvironment's5onlyЯargument.EHowever,7ifthat lealreadyexiststhennothinghappGensexcept5forUUaninformationmessage.5OnlysnormalASCIGIstextcharacters(7-bitvisibletext)shouldbeincludedina5filecontents@environment.aAnythingelse,;suchastabcharacters,;form-feeds5orUU8-bitcharacters,shouldnotbGeincludedinafilecontentsenvironment.5T*absandformfeedsproGduceawarning,explainingthattheyareturnedinto5spacesorblanklines,arespGectively*.Whathappensto8-bitcharactersdepends5onUUtheTU>'ExXinstallationandisingeneralunpredictable.5ThefilecontentsenvironmentisusedforincludingL5ffA͉TU>'ExX les.IF*orother5plain7text les(suchasEncapsulatedPostScript les),.youshouldusethe5filecontents*UUenvironmentwhichdoGesnotaddacommentline.5TheseenvironmentsareallowedonlybGefore\documentclass.-Thisensuresthat5anypackqagesthathavebGeenbundledinthedocumentarepresentwhenneeded.!653.2SPreamblecommandsuT5Theֽchangestothepreamblecommandsareintentionallydesignedtomake5L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"]doGcumentsYlookclearlydi erentfromolddocuments.Thecommands5shouldUUbGeusedonlybefore\begin{document}.o@ff/1ͤLτ ffΟ1\documentclassT[hoption-listi0]{hclass-name i3ʟ}[hrelease-date i6]͡ ff5ff/阍5ThisUUcommandreplacestheL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09command\documentstyle.5TheremustbGeexactlyone\documentclasscommandinadocument;Pandit5mustcomeafterthefilecontentsenvironments,sifany*,sbutbGeforeanyother5commands.5Thehoption-listظi;isalistofoptions,eachofwhichmaymoGdifytheformatting5of7Delementswhicharede nedinthehclass-name[i@~v le,oaswellasthoseinall5followingUU\usepackagecommands(seebGelow).5TheOoptionalargumenthr}'elease-date[iDcanbGeusedtospecifytheearliestde-5siredereleasedateoftheclass le;mitshouldcontainadateintheformat5yyyy/mm/dd.ZIf.aversionoftheclassolderthanthisdateisfound,iawarning5isUUissued.10 so5F*orexample, tospGecifyatwo-columnarticle,usingaversionofarticle.cls 5releasedUUafterJune1994,youspGecify:XC,\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}[1994/06/01]o@ff˩1ͤLτ ffΟ1\documentstyleT[hoption-listi0]{hclass-name i3ʟ}͡ ff5ff˩򎎎阍5This[commandisstillsuppGortedforcompatibilitywithold les.JtItisessentially5theSxsameas\documentclassexceptthatitinvokesSxL雍QATKß'E-X}2.09c}'ompatibility5mo}'de."PIt-alsocausesanyoptionsinthehoption-listظi=ݲthatarenotproGcessed5by[theclass letobGeloadedaspackqagesaftertheclasshasbGeenloaded.See5SectionUU4formoredetailsonL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09compatibilitymoGde.@ff U1ͤLτ ffΟ1\usepackageT[hoption-listi0]{hpackage-name i?}[hrelease-date i6]͡ ff5ff U阍5AnyknumbGerof\usepackagecommandsisallowed.L Eachpackqage le(asde-5noted3byhp}'ackage-name[iI )de nesnewelements(ormoGdi esthosede nedin5theclass leloadedbythehclass-name[i=argumentofthe\documentclasscom-5mand).Apackqage lethusextendstherangeofdoGcumentswhichcanbGepro-5cessed.Ѝ5Theӏhoption-listظi>Uargumentӏcancontainalistofoptions,3eachofwhichcan5moGdifyOtheformattingofelementswhicharede nedinthishp}'ackage-name[i5 le.5AsabGove,Khr}'elease-date[iE1cancontaintheearliestdesiredreleasedateofthe5packqage leintheformatyyyy/mm/dd;ifanolderversionofthepackqageis5found,UUawarningisissued.5F*orcexample,toloadthegraphicspackqageforthedvipsdriver,usingaversion5ofUUgraphics.styreleasedafterJune1994,youwrite:XC,\usepackage[dvips]{graphics}[1994/06/01]X5Eachpackqageisloadedonlyonce.NIfthesamepackqageisrequestedmorethan5once,nothinghappGensinthesecondorfollowingattemptunlessthepackqagehas5bGeenArequestedwithoptionsthatwerenotgivenintheoriginal\usepackage.@kIf5such{`extraoptionsarespGeci edthenanerrormessageisproduced.) SeeSection65howUUtoresolvethisproblem.5AsQvwellasproGcessingtheoptionsgiveninthehoption-listظi;Qoofthe\usepackage5command,jeachpackqageproGcessesthehoption-listظi9aofthe\documentclasscom-5mandSaswell.qThismeansthatanyoptionwhichshouldbGeprocessedbyevery5packqage(tobGeprecise,byeverypackqagethatspGeci esanactionforit)can5bGespeci edjustonce,Rinthe\documentclasscommand,ratherthanbGeing5repGeatedUUforeachpackqagethatneedsit.o@ff;?ݟ1ͤLτ ffΟ1\listfiles͡ ff5ff;?ݎ阍5Ifthiscommandisplacedinthepreamblethenalistofthe lesreadin(asa5resultofproGcessingthedocument)willbedisplayedontheterminal(andinthe11 so5log le)attheendoftherun.WherepGossible,ashortdescriptionwillalsobe 5proGduced. 5Warning}:Ucthis#commandwilllistonly leswhichwerereadusingL5ffA͉TU>'ExXcom-New description1995/12/015mands:suchas\input{h le[iN}or\include{h le[i}.BIfthe lewasreadusingthe5primitiveD=TU>'ExXsyntax\input? le(without{}bracesaroundthe lename)5thengDitwillnotbGelisted;'ExXformwiththebracescan5causew.moresevereproblems,pGossiblyleadingtooverwritingimpGortant les,so5alw9aysTputinthebraces.o@ffw1ͤLτ ffΟ1\setcounter{errorcontextlines}T{hnum9ib}͡ ff5ffw阍5TU>'ExXT3introGducedanewprimitive\errorcontextlineswhichcontrolsthefor-5matAdoferrormessages.k!L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"-/providesaninterfacetothisthroughthestan-5dardh\setcountercommand.AsmostL5ffA͉TU>'ExXusersdonotwanthtoseethe5internalVde nitionsofL5ffA͉TU>'ExXcommandseachtimetheymakeanerror,"L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"5setsUUthisto1bydefault. st53.3SDo`cumentstructureaa5ThelbookdoGcumentclassintroGducesnewcommandstoindicatedocumentstruc-5ture.%a@ffD 1ͤLτ ffΟ1\frontmatter͡ ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\mainmatter c ffͤLτ ffΟ1\backmatter c ff5ffD 5TheseNcommandsindicatethebGeginningofthefrontmatter(titlepage, tableof5contents!andprefaces),mainmatter(maintext)andbackmatter(bibliography*,5indexesUUandcolophon).53.4SDe nitionsaa5InL5ffA͉TU>'ExX,_commandscanhavebGothmandatoryandoptionalarguments,for5exampleUUin::.C,\documentclass[11pt]{article}:.5theUU11ptargumentisoptional,whereasthearticleclassnameismandatory*. 5InL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09userscouldde necommandswitharguments,lbutthesehadto5bGeQmandatoryarguments.pWithL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"(E,RZuserscannowde necommandsand5environmentsUUwhichalsohaveoneoptionalargument."(ffY1ͤLτ ffΟ1\newcommandT{hcmdpi`}[hnum9ib][hdefaulti"M]{hde nition9i-}? ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\renewcommandT{hcmdpi`}[hnum9ib][hdefaulti"M]{hde nition9i-}͡ ff5ffYō5TheseIcommandshaveIanew,;second,optionalIargument;thisisusedforde ning5commandswhichthemselvestakeoneoptionalargument. Thisnewargument5isbGestintroducedbymeansofasimple(andhencenotverypractical)example:12 ysoC,\newcommand{\example}[2][YYY]{Mandatoryarg:#2; VOptionalarg:#1.}0͍5Thiscde nes\exampletobGeacommandwithtwocarguments,xreferredtoas 5#1 and#2inthe{hde nitionci1k}|nothingnewsofar.Butbyaddingasecond5optional|argumenttothis\newcommand(the[YYY])|the rstargument(#1)of5theҾnewlyde nedcommand\exampleismadeoptionalwithitsdefaultvqalue5bGeingUUYYY.{5ThusUUtheusageof\exampleiseither:0͍C,\example{BBB}5whichUUprints:rNMandatoryUUarg:qBBB;Optionalarg:YYY.5or:0͍C,\example[XXX]{AAA}5whichUUprints:NMandatoryUUarg:qAAA;Optionalarg:XXX.5ThedefaultvqalueoftheoptionalargumentisYYY.ThisvalueisspGeci edasthe 5[hdefaultظi% ]UUargumentofthe\newcommandthatcreated\example.{5AsUUanothermoreusefulexample,thede nition:0͍C,\newcommand{\seq}[2][n]{\lbrace#2_{0},\ldots,\,#2_{#1}\rbrace}5meansthattheinput$\seq{a}$proGducestheformulafa0|s;:::;UPa 0ercmmi7nq~g,Qwhereas5theUUinput$\seq[k]{x}$proGducestheformulafx0|s;:::;UPxk됸g.{5InUUsummary*,thecommand:rN\newcommandUU{hcmdi.}[hnumci%][hdefaultظi% ]{hde nitionci1k}5de nesGyhcmdi#B toGybGeacommandwithhnumci$Earguments,the rstofwhichis 5optionalUUandhasdefaultvqaluehdefaultظi)1a.5Note# thattherecanonlybGeoneoptionalargumentbut,-*asbefore,-*therecanbe5upUUtonineargumentsintotal."(ff:[1ͤLτ ffΟ1\newenvironmentT{hcmdpi`}[hnum9ib][hdefaulti"M]{hbeg-defi$0}{hend-defi&c}? ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\renewenvironmentT{hcmdpi`}[hnum9ib][hdefaulti"M]{hbeg-defi$0}{hend-defi&c}͡ ff5ff:[ō5L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"_I&also|suppGortsthecreationofenvironments|thathave|oneoptional5argument.-ThusthesyntaxofthesetwocommandshasbGeenextendedinthe5sameUUwayasthatof\newcommand.13gso@ff&1ͤLτ ffΟ1\providecommandT{hcmdpi`}[hnum9ib][hdefaulti"M]{hde nition9i-}͡ ff5ff&阍5This>Atakesthesameargumentsas\newcommand.,Ifhcmdi#/isalreadyde ned 5thentheexistingde nitioniskept;Dbutifitiscurrentlyunde nedthenthe5e ect~ of\providecommandistode nehcmdi!njustasif\newcommandhadbGeen5used.5AllDZtheabGoveDZ ve`de ningcommands'nowhave*-formsthatareusuallytheNewTfeature 1994/12/015bGetterformtousewhende ningcommandswitharguments,оunlessanyofthese5argumentsZisintendedtocontainwholeparagraphsoftext.QMoreover,ifyouever5dos ndyourselfneedingtousethenon-starformthenyoushouldaskwhether5thatargumentwouldnotbGetterbetreatedasthecontentsofasuitablyde ned5environment.5ThekcommandsproGducedbytheabovek ve`de ningcommands'arenowrobust.NewTfeature 1995/12/01! 53.5SBoxes(Q5ThesennextthreecommandsformakingLR-bGoxesallexistedinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09.5TheyUUhavebGeenenhancedintwoways.'(@ffX1ͤLτ ffΟ1\makeboxT[hwidth9id][hposi[]{htexti}* ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\frameboxT[hwidth9id][hposi[]{htexti}&A ffͤLτ ffΟ1\saveboxT{hcmdpi`}[hwidth9id][hposi[]{htexti}͡ ff5ffX 5Onesmallbutfar-reachingchangeforL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2",Disthat,jwithinthehwidthci'L~ar-5gumentonly*,GfourspGeciallengthscanbeused. Thesearealldimensionsofthe5bGoxUUthatwouldbGeproducedbyusingsimply\mbox{htextظi}:N\height itsUUheightabGovethebaseline;N\depth itsUUdepthbGelowthebaseline;N\totalheight theUUsumof\heightand\depth;N\width itsUUwidth.5Thus,2Qto)put`hello'inthecentreofabGoxoftwiceitsnaturalwidth,2Qyouwould 5use:vC,\makebox[2\width]{hello}v5OrUUyoucouldputfsintoasquarebGox,likethis:qǟ9ffZ㎍ff9f㎄ffffffZC,\framebox{\makebox[\totalheight]{\itshapef\/}}5Note>thatitisthetotalwidthoftheframedbGox,Cfincludingtheframe,whichis5setUUto\totalheight.5TheotherchangeisanewpGossibilityforhp}'os!i:'shasbGeenaddedtolandr.5If 8hp}'os!i|vis 8sthenthetextisstretchedthefulllengthofthebGox,8makinguse14so5ofHHany`rubbGerlengths'(includinganyinter-wordspaces)inthecontentsofthe 5bGox.Ifnnosuch`rubbGerlength'ispresent,tan`underfullbGox'willprobablybGe5proGduced.-(ff 1ͤLτ ffΟ1\parboxT[hposi[][hheighti][hinner-posi-Y]{hwidth9id}{htexti} ࡄ ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\begin{minipage}T[hposi[][hheighti][hinner-posi-Y]{hwidth9id}͡ ff͟Lτ ffΟ1htexti> ffͤLτ ffΟ1\end{minipage}< ff5ff %ō5AsjforthebGoxcommandsabove,\height,\width,etc.jmaybeusedinthe5[hheightظi"]UUargumenttodenotethenaturaldimensionsofthebGox.5Thehinner-p}'os!i9?argumentisnewinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2")f1.^Itistheverticalequivqalentto5the hp}'os!i~ argument for\makebox,etc,determining thepGositionofhtextظiwithin5thebGox.LThehinner-p}'os!i6AmaybGeanyoneoft,!b,c,ors,denotingtop,bGottom,5centered,+or`stretched'alignmentrespGectively*.QWhenthehinner-p}'os!i7Yargument5is YnotspGeci ed,8L5ffA͉TU>'ExXgivesitsamevqalueashp}'os!i|(thiscouldbethelatter's5defaultUUvqalue).(a@ffn1ͤLτ ffΟ1\begin{lrbox}T{hcmdpi`}͡ ff ͟Lτ ffΟ1htextin4 ffͤLτ ffΟ1\end{lrbox}4m١ ff5ffnō5This'ExX2.09.1Thetwonewcommands 5areUUtheobviousanalogues.'(@ffW1ͤLτ ffΟ1\settowidthT{hlength-cmdpi3̓}{hlrN'ExX5breakLthepagesinthebGestway*.XL5ffA͉TU>'ExXL2.09hadavqarietyofcommandsfor5this^situation:\clearpage,\pagebreaketc.L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"1@provides,inaddition,5commandsUUwhichcanproGducelongerpagesaswellasshorterones."(ff^1ͤLτ ffΟ1\enlargethispageT{hsize ii} c ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\enlargethispage*T{hsize ii}͡ ff5ff^5Thesecommandsincreasetheheightofapage(fromitsnormalvqalueof5\textheight)lbythespGeci edamounthsize[i ,5arigidlength./zThischangea ects5only7ҲtheUUcurrentpage.5This;canbGeused,@forexample,toallowanextralinetobGe ttedontothepage5or,UUwithanegativelength,toproGduceapageshorterthannormal.5Therstarformalsoshrinksanyverticalwhitespaceonthepageasmuchas5pGossible,UUsoasto tthemaximumamountoftextonthepage.5ThesecommandsdonotchangethepGositionofthefootertext;thus,6ifapageNew description1995/12/015isUUlengthenedtoGofar,themaintextmayoverprintthefoGoter.!⍍53.9SFloatsdR5There=isanewcommand,Bp\suppressfloats,and=anew` oatspGeci er'.iThese5willUUenablepGeopletogainbettercontrolofL5ffA͉TU>'ExX's oatplacementalgorithm.o@ff[1ͤLτ ffΟ1\suppressfloatsT[hplacementi/]͡ ff5ff[阍5This0Vcommandstopsanyfurther oatingenvironmentsfrombGeingplacedon5the-currentpage.PWithanoptionalargument,AcwhichshouldbGeeithertorb16신so5(nothbGoth),ethisrestrictionappliesonlytoputtingfurther oatsatthetoporat 5thebGottom.NAny oatswhichwouldnormallybGeplacedonthispageareplaced5onUUthenextpageinstead.o@ffhF1ͤLτ ffΟ1TheTextra oatloAcationspeci er:1!͡ ff5ffhF阍5This.canbGeused,$alongwithatleastoneofhKh,t,bandp,intheloGcation5optionalUUargumentofa oat.5Ifaa!ispresentthen,ejustforthisparticular oat,wheneveritisproGcessedby5theUU oatmechanismthefollowingareignored:DNallUUrestrictionsonthenumbGerUUof oatswhichcanappear;DNallVjexplicitrestrictionsontheamountofspaceonatextpagewhichmayNbGeUUoccupiedby oatsormustbGeoccupiedbytext.5Themechanismwill,ޤhowever,stillattempttoensurethatpagesarenotoverfull5andUUthat oatsofthesametypGeareprintedinthecorrectorder.5NoteUUthatitspresencehasnoe ectontheproGductionof oatpages.5Ah{!h²spGeci eroverrideshthee ectofany\suppressfloatscommandforthis 5particularUU oat.!653.10ZFontchanging:textuT5The3fontselectionschemeusedinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"/di ersalotfromthatusedin5L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09. Inthissection,wegiveabriefdescriptionofthenewcommands.5AmoredetaileddescriptionwithexamplesisgiveninTheL雍QATKß'E-XComp}'anion,5and%Ktheinterfaceforclass-andpackqage-writersisdescribGedinL雍QATKß'E-X2"-F;ont5Sele}'ction.Fa@ff6G1ͤLτ ffΟ1\rmfamily͡ ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\sffamily͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\ttfamily͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\mdseries͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\bfseries͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\upshape c ffͤLτ ffΟ1\itshape c ffͤLτ ffΟ1\slshape c ffͤLτ ffΟ1\scshape c ff5ff6G@ō5These,arefontcommandswhoseuseisthesameasthecommands\rm,ۛ\bf,etc.5Thedi erenceisthateachcommandchangesjustoneattributeofthefont(the5attributeechangedispartofthename).Oneresultofthisisthat,jforexample,5\bfseries\itshapeproGducesbothachangeofseriesandachangeofshapGe,to5giveUUabGolditalicfont.17sofffM81ͤLτ ffΟ1\textrm{htexti}͡ ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\textsf{htexti}͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\texttt{htexti}͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\textmd{htexti}͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\textbf{htexti}͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\textup{htexti}͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\textit{htexti}͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\textsl{htexti}͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\textsc{htexti}͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\emph{htexti}? ff5ffM8Fō5Theseќareone-argumentcommands;theytakeasanargumentthetextwhich 5istobGetypesetintheparticularfont.DTheyalsoautomaticallyinsertitalic5correctionswhereappropriate;ݢifyoudonotliketheresult,űyoucanaddanitalic5correctionowith\/orremoveoitwith\nocorr.DThe\nocorrshouldalwaysobGe5theUU rstorlastthingwithinthe{htextظi}argument.!u53.11ZFontchanging:math*5MostM1ofthefontsusedwithinmathmoGdedonotneedtobeexplicitlyinvoked;5but/touselettersfromarangeoffonts,thefollowingclassofcommandsis5provided.=(@ffmɟ1ͤLτ ffΟ1\mathrmT{hlettersi }% ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\mathnormalT{hlettersi }͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\mathcalT{hlettersi } ffͤLτ ffΟ1\mathbfT{hlettersi }% ffͤLτ ffΟ1\mathsfT{hlettersi }% ffͤLτ ffΟ1\mathttT{hlettersi }% ffͤLτ ffΟ1\mathitT{hlettersi }% ff5ffmɎ5ō5Theselarealsoone-argumentcommandswhichtakeasanargumenttheletters5whicharetobGetypGesetintheparticularfont._TheargumentisproGcessedin5mathMmoGdesospaceswithinitwillbeignored.o Onlyletters,Ndigitsandaccents5have>'theirfontchanged,uforexample$\mathbf{\tilde?A\times1}$>'proGducesU6x~j5A?ꤸ81O.53.12ZEnsuringmathmo`deo@ff֚1ͤLτ ffΟ1\ensuremathT{hmathN'ExX2.09,/ifyouwantedacommandtoworkbGothinmathmodeandin5textUUmoGde,thesuggestedmethodwastode nesomethinglike:^C,\newcommand{\Gp}{\mbox{$G_p$}}^5Unfortunately*, "the`\mboxstops\Gpchangingsizecorrectlyin(forinstance)5subscriptsUUorafraction.5InUUL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"+TyouUUcande neitthus:18gsoC,\newcommand{\Gp}{\ensuremath{G_p}}5NowUU\Gpwillworkcorrectlyinallcontexts.5ThisfEisbGecausethe\ensuremathdoesnothing,producingsimplyG_p,when 5\GpisusedwithinmathmoGde;Cbutitensuresthatmathmodeisentered(and5exited)UUasrequiredwhen\GpisusedintextmoGde.!653.13ZSettingtextsup`erscriptso@ffzԔ1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textsuperscriptT{htexti}͡ ff5ffzԔ阍5InL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09textualsupGerscriptssuchasfootnotemarkerswereproGducedbyNewTfeature 1995/06/015internally1enteringmathmoGdeandtypGesettingthenumbGerasamathsuper-5script.k2ThisAnormallyloGoked nesincethedigitsinmathfontsarethesameas5those$intextfontswhenComputerMoGdernfontsareused.@bButwhenadi erent5doGcumentkHfont(suchasTimes)isselected,ptheresultsloGokratherstrange.F*or5this+reasonthecommand\textsuperscripthasbGeenintroducedwhichtypGe-5setsitsargumentinthecurrenttextfont,inasupGerscriptpositionandinthe5correctUUsize.53.14ZTextcommands:allenco`dingsuT5One{ofthemaindi erencesbGetween{L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2",and{L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09isthatL5ffATU>'ExX2"New description1994/12/015can?Mdealwithfontsinarbitraryenc}'odings./(A?font?MencoGdingisthesequence5of?charactersinthefont|forexampleaCyrillicfontwouldhaveadi erent5encoGdingUUfromaGreekfont.)5The>twoma8jorfontencoGdingsthatareusedforLatinlanguagessuchasEnglish5orGermanareOT1(DonaldKnuth's7-bitencoGding,XwhichhasbGeenusedduring5mostUUofTU>'ExX'slifetime)andT1(thenew8-bit`Cork'encoGding).5L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09onlysuppGortedtheOT1encoding,$whereasL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2".㺲hassupport5forLbGothOT1andT1built-in.EThenextsectionwillcoverLthenewcommands5which%0areavqailableifyouhaveT1-encoGdedfonts.XThissectiondescribGesnew5commandsUUwhichareavqailableinallencoGdings.5Most7ofthesecommandsprovidecharacterswhichwereavqailableinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.095already*._Forexample\textemdashgivesan`emdash',̿whichwasavqailablein5L5ffA͉TU>'ExXR2.09bytyping---.RqHowever, somefonts(forexampleaGreekfont)may5nothavethe---ligature,H2butyouwillstillbGeabletoaccessanemdashby5typingUU\textemdash.o@ff5 1ͤLτ ffΟ1\r{htexti}͡ ff5ff5 NewTfeature 1994/12/01阍5ThisUUcommandgivesa`ring'accent,forexample`o'canbGetypGed\r{o}.@ff,ß1ͤLτ ffΟ1\SS͡ ff5ff,ÎNewTfeature 1994/12/0119pso5ThisTcommandproGducesaGerman`SS',thatisacapital`'.lThislettercan 5hyphenateUUdi erentlyfrom`SS',soisneededforenteringall-capsGerman.o@ffd1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textcircled{htexti}͡ ff5ffd莎NewTfeature 1994/12/01阍5This@commandisusedtobuild`circledcharacters'suchas\copyright.1F*or5exampleUU\textcircled{a}proGducesUa UV.@ff\R1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textcompwordmark͡ ff5ff\RNewTfeature 1994/12/01阍5This"commandisusedtoseparateletterswhichwouldnormallyligature..F*or5example5`fi'isproGducedwithf\textcompwordmark?i.Notethatthe`f'and5`i'havenotligaturedtoproGduce` '.ThisisrarelyusefulinEnglish(`shelfful'5isΨarareexampleofwhereitmightbGeused)butisusedinlanguagessuchas5German.@ff\R1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textvisiblespace͡ ff5ff\RNewTfeature 1994/12/01阍5ThisqcommandproGducesa`visiblespace'character`JffffJffff'.Thisissometimesused5inUUcomputerlistings,forexample`typGehelloUVffffUVffffworld'."(ffC}1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textemdashT\textendash\textexclamdown\textquestiondown5 ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\textquotedblleftT\textquotedblright\textquoteleft\textquoteright͡ ff5ffC}NewTfeature 1994/12/01ō5These"commandsproGducecharacterswhichwouldotherwisebGeaccessedvia5ligatures:IqǍdligatur}'echar}'acterMc}'ommand ---5|M\textemdashF--J5{M\textendashF!`f<M\textexclamdownF?`mò>M\textquestiondownF``J5\M\textquotedblleftF''J5"M\textquotedblright`f`M\textquoteleft'f'M\textquoteright5The\reasonformakingthesecharactersdirectlyaccessibleissothattheywill5workUUinencoGdingswhichdonothavethesecharacters.o@ff1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textbulletT\textperiodcentered͡ ff5ff鎎NewTfeature 1994/12/01阍5Thesecommandsallowaccesstocharacterswhichwerepreviouslyonlyavqailable5inUUmathmoGde:#dm5mathc}'ommandchar}'acter8textc}'ommandm5\bullet8\textbulletm5\cdot_8\textperiodcentered20!so@ffl/1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textbackslashT\textbar\textless\textgreater͡ ff5ffl/NewTfeature 1995/12/01阍5ThesecommandsallowaccesstoASCIGIcharacterswhichwereonlyavqailablein 5verbatimUUormathmoGde:/G.dz(.mathc}'ommandchar}'acterWtextc}'ommandz(.\backslashnW\textbackslashz(.\mid:XjW\textbarz(.<ںW<W\textlessz(.>ںW>W\textgreater6a@ff1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textasciicircumT\textasciitilde͡ ff5ffNewTfeature 1995/12/015ThesecommandsallowaccesstoASCIGIcharacterswhichwerepreviouslyonly5avqailableUUinverbatim:#G.dxverb}'atimytextc}'ommand^y\textasciicircum~y\textasciitilde*a@ffS1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textregisteredT\texttrademark͡ ff5ffSNewTfeature 1995/12/015Thesecommandsprovidethe`registeredtrademark'(R)and`trademark'(TM)5symbGols.!53.15ZTextcommands:theT1enco`dingbc5TheOT1fontencoGdingis nefortypGesettinginEnglish,buthasproblemswhenNew description1994/12/015typGesettingotherlanguages.TheT1encodingsolvessomeoftheseproblems,5byprovidingextracharacters(suchas`eth'and`thorn'),*anditallowswords5containingEaccentedletterstobGehyphenated(aslongasyouhaveapackqagelike5babelUUwhichallowsfornon-Americanhyphenation).5ThisUsectiondescribGesthecommandsyoucanuseifyouhavetheT1fonts.T*ouse5them,3youЪneedtogettheDCЈfonts,3ortheT1-encoGdedPostScriptfonts,3asused5byBpsnfss.WlAllthesefontsareavqailablebyanonymousftpintheComprehensive5TU>'ExXLArchive,NnandarealsoavqailableonCD-ROMLin4allTKß'E-XTandPrimeTime5F;r}'eeware(bGothUUavqailablefromtheTU>'ExXUsersGroup).5Y*ouUUcanthenselecttheT1fontsbysaying:C,\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}5ThisUUwillallowyoutousethecommandsinthissection.5Note:SincethisdoGcumentmustbGeprocessableonanysiterunninganup-5to-dateaL5ffA͉TU>'ExX,itdoGesnotcontainanycharactersthatarepresentonlyinT1-5encoGded`Cfonts.Thismeansthatthisdocumentcannotshowyouwhatthese5glyphs{&loGoklike!:IfyouwanttoseethemthenrunL5ffA͉TU>'ExXonthedoGcument5fontsmplUUandrespGond`cmr'whenitpromptsyouforafamilyname.21-so@ff5 1ͤLτ ffΟ1\k{htexti}͡ ff5ff5 NewTfeature 1994/12/01阍5ThisUUcommandproGducesan`ogonek'accent.o@ff]1ͤLτ ffΟ1\DHT\DJ\NG\TH\dh\dj\ng\th͡ ff5ff]NewTfeature 1994/12/015TheseUUcommandsproGducecharacters`eth',`dbar',`eng',and`thorn'."(ff'K1ͤLτ ffΟ1\guillemotleftT\guillemotright\guilsinglleft\guilsinglright͡ ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\quotedblbaseT\quotesinglbase\textquotedblY5 ff5ff'KNewTfeature 1994/12/01ō5ThesecommandsproGducevqarioussortsofquotationmark.{nRoughrepresenta- 5tionsUUofthemare:qǸa,,a",a'and"a".!653.16ZLogos"kff-1ͤLτ ffΟ1\LaTeX c ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\LaTeXe͡ ff5ff-5\LaTeX(proGducing`L5ffA͉TU>'ExX')isstillthe`main'logocommand, butifyouneedto5referUUtothenewfeatures,youcanwrite\LaTeXe(proGducing`L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"%S').53.17ZPicturecommands afff1ͤLτ ffΟ1\qbezier[hNpi](hAXkaiX,hAJYi7)(hBXkai,hBYiPd)(hCXkai,hCYil )͡ ff ͤLτ ff d1\bezier{hNpi}(hAXkaiX,hAJYi7)(hBXkai,hBYiPd)(hCXkai,hCYil )͡ ff5fffō5Ther`\qbeziercommandcanbGeusedinpicturemodetodrawaquadratic5Bezier\curvefrompGosition(hAXi9,hA;Y6i)to(hCXix,hCY6iN)withcontrolpGoint5(hBXiԛ,hBY6i02).TheoptionalargumenthNiݨgivesthenumbGerofpointsonthe5curve.5F*orUUexample,thediagram:BǍȀff̎Ȁ45̎ȀОl̎ȁן5 ̎ȃD̎ȅk̎ȇ\d̎Ȋ̎ȍ@V̎Ȑh̎Ȕxz̎Șτ̎ȝ|̎ȢUڄ̎Ȩ̎Ȯ̎ȴ`4v̎Ȼ+˄̎Nu̎̎b̎R̎̈Fb̥̎pn̎Kv̎F.z̎x̎*̎=W̎]ޟ0̎}̎͞&̎Ϳv?̎̎T̎$q̎G.̎jh̎ΎÄ̎αef̎*#̎ᐄ̎̎ED_̎j̎ϑr̎ϸ ̎`_̎ ބ̎.>̎W̎f̎Щ )3̎r욄̎߰̎&t>̎Q8y̎|̎Ѩc’̎Ԩވ̎NO̎.̎[۰̎҈ݢƄ̎ҶjD̎02̎W̎Ct̎sn܍6̎ӣ\W4̎Ӳ!%̎~̎6۶̎hہ̎ԚM̎̎ʄ̎2ڳ̎fڀʄ̎՛N̎̎ڄ̎:|ٺ̎p يr֦̎,Z̎&*(̎&̎KП̎׃~؝ׄ̎׼o̎B,̎-̎g`瘄̎ء׻x̎ǟ׏3̎Pc̎Qҟ8rٍ̎, ̎Uֹ̎̎B?֏܄̎Пfr̎ڽ4>̎n̎9͟ք̎xj̎۸ ՞̎xxR̎7QÄ̎x*,:ܹ̎p|̎Ƅ̎;Լل̎~zԘT̎ßtڄ̎Q&̎G2.̎ދZ ̎EȄ̎Ƕ̎XӦ ̎ߞ Ӆt̎Wd̎*LDք̎qV$΄̎܄̎J楄̎Gք̎ᏏҪ ̎بҌ"̎!xo?̎kdR̎6̎̎J6̎ބ̎ ǻ̎,ѭ̎yѓh̎z:̎`̎`G̎宣/̎f̎LG̎曶Є̎ ҄̎:̟лބ̎狸Х̎HА̎.{#̎hf̎RJ̎$,>̎vƟ+̎ʔ̎̎r̎ܟᗄ̎Pք̎q]ϿN̎ҟϮ^̎ϝք̎sȟώ̎K~ӄ̎"bpZ̎zat̎ҠS΄̎*E̎8 ̎ݣ+̎8Ƅ̎/̎2$̎G`̎ &̎T̎[̄̎ן˄̎̎s̎\ι̎/bΰ̎󎸟Ψ̎폟΢̎MΚ̎`Ε̎\Ύ̎n՟Ή̎϶΄6̎1̎{V̎w ̎Y.t̎ p̎ `n̎kل̎6i̎Mßh̎gF̎g7̎Οf̎Ȁff̎`Ff̎f̎`Ff̎ڀff̎`Ff̎f̎`Ff̎ff̎`Ff̎f̎`Ff̎ff̎`Ff̎f̎`Ff̎ff̎`Ff̎f̎`Ff̎ff̎ȀO line10Ҁ܀5isUUdrawnwith:C,\begin{picture}(50,50) QY\thicklinesQY\qbezier(0,0)(0,50)(50,50)QY\qbezier[20](0,0)(50,0)(50,50)QY\thinlinesQY\put(0,0){\line(1,1){50}}C,\end{picture}22:so5The\beziercommandisthesame,exceptthattheargumenthNiisnotop- 5tional.ItדisprovidedforcompatibilitywiththeL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09bezierdoGcument5styleUUoption.!053.18ZOldcommandso@ff6G1ͤLτ ffΟ1\samepage͡ ff5ff6G阍5The\samepagecommandstillexistsbutisnolongerbGeingmaintained.WThisis5bGecause(hitonlyeverworkederratically;7bitdoGesnotguaranteethattherewillbGe5nozpage-breakswithinitsscopGe;nanditcancausefootnotesandmarginalstobe5wronglyUUplaced.Í5W*e`recommendusing\enlargethispageinconjunctionwithpage-breakcom-5mandsUUsuchas\newpageand\pagebreaktohelpcontrolpagebreaks.@ff-1ͤLτ ffΟ1\SLiTeX͡ ff5ff-阍5Since'ExXnolongerexists,tthelogoisnolongerde nedintheL5ffA͉TU>'EXkernel.5Asuitable2replacementis\textsc{Sli\TeX}._TheSliTU>'ExXlogoisde nedin5L5ffA͉TU>'ExXUU2.09compatibilitymoGde."=}ff1ͤLτ ffΟ1\mhoT\Join\Box\Diamond\leadsto3hg ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\sqsubsetT\sqsupset\lhd\unlhd\rhd\unrhd͡ ff5ff鎎ō5These}symbGolsarecontainedintheL5ffA͉TU>'ExXsymbGolfont,whichwasautomatically5loadedbyL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09. -However,NTU>'ExXhasroGomforonlysixteenmathfont5families;thusy manyusersdiscoveredthattheyranout.Becauseofthis,L5ffA͉TU>'ExX5doGesUUnotloadtheL5ffA͉TU>'ExXsymbolfontunlessyouusethelatexsympackqage.Í5These$xsymbGolsarealsomadeavqailable,XAusingdi erentfonts,XAbytheamsfonts5packqage,whichFalsode nesalargenumbGerFofothersymbols..Itissuppliedby5theUUAmericanMathematicalSoGciety*.5The latexsympackqageisloadedautomaticallyinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09compatibilitymoGde.&¾54MLL++AnTL32EdXff2.09dos3cumentsލ5L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"]PcanproGcess(almost)anyL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09document,0byenteringL雍QATKß'E-X=2.095c}'ompatibility@mode.mNothinghaschanged,yourunL5ffA͉TU>'ExXinthesamewayyou5alwaysUUdid,andyouwillgetmuchthesameresults.5Theoreasonforthe`almost'isthatsomeL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09packqagesmadeuseoflow-5level unsuppGortedfeaturesofL5ffA͉TU>'ExX.[Ifyoudiscoversuchapackqage,youshould5 nds5outifithasbGeenupdatedtoworkwithL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"(߲.fMostpackqageswillstill5workwithL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"(l|theeasiestwayto ndoutwhetherapackqagestillworks5isUUtotryit!5L5ffA͉TU>'ExXN2.09compatibilitymoGdeisacomprehensiveemulationofL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09, but5atthecostoftime.{DoGcumentscanrunupto50%slowerincompatibility23Z}so5moGde>thantheydidunderL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09.WInaddition,Cmanyofthenewfeaturesof 5L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"]areUUnotavqailableinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09compatibilitymoGde.!654.1SWarninguT5This'L雍QATKß'E-XL2.09c}'ompatibilityLmodeisprovidedsolelytoallowyoutoproGcessNew description1995/12/0152.09doGcuments,i.e.documentsthatwerewritten(wehopGe,alongtimeago)for5an|veryoldsystemandthereforecouldbGeprocessedbyusingagenuineantique5L5ffA͉TU>'ExXUU2.09system.5Thisb_moGdeisthereforenotU7intendedtoprovideaccesstotheenhancedfeaturesof5L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"ZS.ThusMitmustnotbGeusedtoprocessnewdocumentswhichmasquerade5asbD2.09doGcuments(i.e.theybeginwith\documentstyle)butwhichcouldnot5bGeprocessedusingthatgenuineantiqueL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09systembGecausetheycontain5someUUnew,L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"(-only*,commandsorenvironments.5T*opreventsuchmisuseofthesystem,andtheconsequenttroubleitcauses5whensuchmisleadinglyencoGdeddocumentsaredistributed,W|theL雍QATKß'E-XR2.095c}'ompatibility8?modeRturnso mostofthesenewfeaturesandcommands.Any5attemptL^tousethemwillgiveyouanerrormessageand, moreover,manyL^of5them simplywillnotwork,+7whilstotherswillproGduceunpredictableresults.`;So5don'tbGothersendingusanybugreportsaboutsuchoccurencessincetheyare5intentional.!654.2SFontselectionproblemsuT5WhenHusingcompatibilitymoGde,K2itispossiblethatyouwill ndproblemswith5font-changing/ecommandsinsomeolddoGcuments.Theseproblemsareoftwo5typGes:DNproGducingUUerrormessages;DNnotUUproGducingthefontchangesyouexpGected.5InScaseoferrormessagesitispGossiblethatthedocument(oranoldstyle le 5used%{therein)containsreferencestooldinternalcommandswhicharenolonger5de ned,UUseeSection6.2formoreinformationifthisisthecase.5OneexampleoftheunexpGectedisifyouuseoneofthenewstyleofmath-moGdeNew description1995/12/015fontUUchangingcommandasfollows:5$\mathbf{xy}A$5Y*ouUUmaywell ndthatthisbGehavesasifyouhadput:5$\bf{xy}A$24iso5everythingUUincludingtheAcomingoutbGold.5L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09allowedsitestocustomizetheirL5ffATU>'ExXinstallation,mwhichresultedin 5doGcuments producingdi erentresultsondi erentL5ffA͉TU>'ExXinstallations.ML5ffATU>'ExX2"5nolongerallowssomuchcustomizationbut,$SforcompatibilitywitholddoGcu-5ments,qJthekloGcalcon guration lelatex209.cfgisloadedeverytimeL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"5entersUUL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09compatibilitymoGde.5F*orexample,ifyoursitewascustomizedtousetheNewF*ontSelectionScheme5(NFSS)CwithWtheoldlfontoption,thenyoucanmakeL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"+dXemulatethisby5creatingUUalatex209.cfg lecontainingthecommands:5\ExecuteOptions{oldlfont}\RequirePackage{oldlfont}5Similarly*,dto,emulateNFSS+ٲwiththenewlfontoption,youcancreatea5latex209.cfgUU lecontaining:5\ExecuteOptions{newlfont}\RequirePackage{newlfont}!654.3SNativemo`deuT5T*oHrunanolddoGcumentfaster,KandusethenewfeaturesofL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"',youshould5tryUUusingL雍QATKß'E-X2",:nativemo}'de.qThisisdonebyreplacingthecommand:N\documentstyle[hoptions!i(",hp}'ackages!i-]{hclass!i }5with:N\documentclass[hoptions!i("]{hclass!i } N\usepackage{latexsym,hp}'ackages!i-}5However,some/doGcumentswhichcanbGeprocessedinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09compatibility5moGdermaynotworkinnativemoGde.SomeL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09packqageswillonlywork5with*L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"-in*2.09compatibilitymoGde.ESomedocumentswillcauseerrors5bGecauseUUofL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"('simprovedUUerrordetectionabilities.5But!mostL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09doGcumentscanbeprocessedbyL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2")u}'snativemoGde5with{theabGove{change.9Again,theeasiestwayto ndoutwhetheryourdoGcu-5mentsUUcanbGeprocessedinnativemodeistotryit!'č55MLLos3calffmodi cations5There_aretwo_commontypGesoflocalmodi cationsthatcanbedoneverysimply*.New description1995/12/015DoAGnotforgetthatdoGcumentsproducedusingsuchmodi cationswillnotbe5usableUUatotherplaces(suchdoGcumentsarecalled`non-pGortable').5OnetypGeofmodi cationistheuseofpersonalcommandsforcommonlyused5symbGolsoorconstructions.[Theseshouldbeputintoapackqage le(forexample,25v=so5one calledmymacros.sty)andloadedbyputting\usepackage{mymacros}in 5theUUdoGcumentpreamble.5AnothertypGeisalocaldocumentclassthatisverysimilartooneofthestandard5classesbutcontainssomestraightforwardmoGdi cationssuchasextraenviron-5ments,Fdi erentvqaluesforsomeparameters,etc.mTheseshouldbGeputintoa5class& le;hereweshalldescribGeasimplemethodofconstructingsucha le5using,asianexample,aclasscalledlarticlethatisverysimilartothearticle5class.5Theclass lecalledlarticle.clsshould(afterthepreliminaryidenti cationNewTfeature 1995/12/015commands)UUstartasfollows:C,\LoadClassWithOptions{article}5This commandshouldbGefollowed bywhateveradditionsandchangesyouwish5toUUmaketotheresultsofreadinginthe learticle.sty.5The&'e ectofusingtheabGove&'\LoadClassWithOptionscommandistoloadthe5standard6class learticlewithwhateveroptionsareaskedforbythedoGcument.5ThusxadoGcumentusingyourlarticleclasscanspGecifyanyoptionthatcouldbGe5spGeci edUUwhenusingthestandardarticleclass;forexample:C,\documentclass[a4paper,twocolumn,dvips]{larticle}'č56MLProblems5ThisosectiondescribGessomeofthethingswhichmaygowrongwhenusing5L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"ZS,UUandwhatyoucandoabGoutit.!656.1SNewerrormessagesuT5L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"]Sʲhas anumbGer ofnewerrormessages.U`Pleasealsonotethatmanyerror5messagesUnowproGducefurtherhelpfulinformationifyoupresshinrespGonseto5theUUerrorprompt.o@ffj1ͤLτ ffΟ1Optionclashforpackagehpackage i+KH.͡ ff5ffj阍5The0namedpackqagehasbGeenloadedtwicewithdi erentoptions.RIfyouenterh5youRwillbGetoldwhattheoptionswere,forexample,ifyourdoGcumentcontained:C,\usepackage[foo]{fred} C,\usepackage[baz]{fred}5thenUUyouwillgettheerrormessage:C,Optionclashforpackagefred.26ߠso5andUUtypinghatthe?promptwillgiveyou:zC,Thepackagefredhasalreadybeenloadedwithoptions: L[foo]C,Therehasnowbeenanattempttoloaditwithoptions:L[baz]C,Addingtheline:L\usepackage[foo,baz]{fred}C,toyourdocumentmayfixthis.C,Trytypingtoproceed.z5The cureis,assuggested,toloadthepackqagewithbGothsetsofoptions.:(Note 5thatsinceL5ffA͉TU>'ExXpackqagescancallotherpackqages,itispGossibletogetapackqage5optionUUclashwithoutexplicitlyrequestingthesamepackqagetwice.o@ff߽ٟ1ͤLτ ffΟ1Commandhcommandpi7тnotprovidedinbaseNFSS.͡ ff5ffَ߽阍5The4yhc}'ommandi8is4ynotprovidedbydefaultinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"(#.fThiserrorisgenerated5byUUusingoneofthecommands:C,\mho\Join\Box\Diamond\leadsto C,\sqsubset\sqsupset\lhd\unlhd\rhd\unrhdz5whichUUarenowpartofthelatexsympackqage.qThecureistoadd:C,\usepackage{latexsym}5inUUthepreambleofyourdoGcument.o@ff]ǟ1ͤLτ ffΟ1LaTeX2ecommandhcommandpi7тinLaTeX2.09document.͡ ff5ff]ǎ阍5Thehc}'ommandi7aisaL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"*commandbutthisisaL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09doGcument.?The 5cure1NistoreplacethecommandbyaL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09command,8ortorundoGcument5inUUnativemoGde,asdescribedinSection4.3.@ffX1ͤLτ ffΟ1NFSSrelease1command\newmathalphabetfound.͡ ff5ffX阍5The!ncommand\newmathalphabetwasusedbytheNewF*ontSelectionScheme5Release1butithasnowbGeenreplacedby\DeclareMathAlphabet,theuseof5whichUUisdescribGedinL雍QATKß'E-X2",:F;ontSele}'ction. #5ThebGestcureistoupdatethepackqagewhichcontainedthe\newmathalphabet5command.P\Findoutifthereisanewreleaseofthepackqage,or(ifyouwrote5thepackqageyourself)consultL雍QATKß'E-X2"+4F;ontUSele}'ction:forthenewsyntaxoffont5commands.5If6thereisnoupGdatedversionofthepackqagethenyoucancurethiserror5byOusingthenewlfontoroldlfontpackqage,jwhichtellsL5ffA͉TU>'ExXwhichversionof5\newmathalphabetUUshouldbGeemulated.5Y*ouOshoulduseoldlfontifthedoGcumentselectsmathfontswithsyntaxsuchas5this:27+soN{\cal?A},UUetc.5UseUUnewlfontifthedoGcument'ssyntaxislikethis:N\cal{A},UUetc.o@ffɟ1ͤLτ ffΟ1Textfor\verbcommandendedbyendofline.͡ ff5ffɎ阍5The=&\verbcommandhasbGeenbegunbutnotendedonthatline.):Thisusu- 5ally;meansthatyouhaveforgottentoputintheend-characterofthe\verb5command.@ff1ͤLτ ffΟ1Illegaluseof\verbcommand.͡ ff5ff阍5Thez,\verbcommandhasbGeenusedinsidetheargumentofanothercommand.5Thisb1hasneverbGeenallowedinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX|oftenproGducingincorrectoutputwithout5anyUUwarning|andsoL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"+TproGducesanerrormessage.!656.2SOldinternalcommandsuT5AnumbGer"ofL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09internalcommandshavebGeenremoved,Tsincetheir5functionalitybisnowprovidedinadi erentway*.dSeeL雍QATKß'E-X2".@"forClassand5Package|WritersO:for}moredetailsofthenew, suppGortedinterfaceforclassand5packqageUUwriters.0&ffvٟ1ͤLτ ffΟ1\tenrmT\elvrm\twlrm...Ww ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\tenbfT\elvbf\twlbf...Ww ffͤLτ ffΟ1\tensfT\elvsf\twlsf...Ww ffE͟LτEff1...v;sEff5ffvَ(5ThesecommandsprovidedaccesstotheseventyfontspreloadedbyL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09.5Incontrast,L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"-Lnormallypreloadsatmostfourteenfonts,whichsavesa5lot1offontmemory;butaconsequenceisthatanyL5ffA͉TU>'ExX lewhichusedthe5abGoveUUcommandstodirectlyaccessfontswillnolongerwork.5TheirUUusewillusuallyproGduceanerrormessagesuchas:C,!Undefinedcontrolsequence. C,l.5\tenrm5The-cureforthisistoupGdatethedocumenttousethenewfont-changingcom-5mandsUUprovidedbyL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"(;thesearedescribGedinL雍QATKß'E-X2",:F;ontSele}'ction.5IfthisisnotpGossiblethen,ܩasalastresort,youcanusetherawfontspackqage,5which[PloadstheseventyL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09fontsandprovidesdirectaccesstothem5usingtheoldcommands.SThistakesbGothtimeandmemory*.Ifyoudonotwish5to?9loadallseventy?9fonts,Cyoucanselectsomeofthembyusingtheonlyoption5toUUrawfonts.qF*orexample,toloadonlytenrmandtenbfyouwrite:28soC,\usepackage[only,tenrm,tenbf]{rawfonts}5TherawfontspackqageisdistributedaspartoftheL5ffA͉TU>'ExXtoGolssoftware,$see 5SectionUU2.4.p獍56.3SOld les5OneofthemorecommonmistakesinrunningL5ffA͉TU>'ExXistoreadinoldversions5ofpackqagesinsteadofthenewversions.$Ifyougetanincomprehensibleerror5messagefromastandardpackqage,makesureyouareloadingthemostrecent5version1ofthepackqage.eY*oucan ndoutwhichversionofthepackqagehasbGeen5loadedUUbyloGokinginthelog leforalinelike:C,Package:fred1994/06/01v0.01Fred'spackage.5Y*oucanusethehr}'elease-date[i@Poptionsto\documentclassand\usepackageto5makeTNsurethatyouaregettingasuitablyrecentcopyofthedoGcumentclassor5packqage.@XThisisusefulwhensendingadoGcumenttoanothersite,whichmay5haveUUout-of-datesoftware.p獍56.4SWheretogoformorehelp5If]'ExX,loGokintheinstallationguide leswhichcomewiththe5distribution.7P5IfUUthisdoGesn'thelp,contactyourloGcalL5ffA͉TU>'ExXguruorlocalL5ffA͉TU>'ExXmailinglist.5Ifyouthinkyou'vediscoveredabugthenpleaserepGortit!|First,Kyoushould 5 ndoutiftheproblemiswithathird-partypackqageorclass.5Iftheproblem5isj/causedbyapackqageorclassotherthanthoselistedinSection2thenplease5repGort\]theproblemtotheauthorofthepackqageorclass,nottotheL5ffA͉TU>'ExX35pro8jectUUteam.7P5IfJthebugreallyiswithcoreL5ffA͉TU>'ExXthenyoushouldcreateashort,self-c}'ontained5doGcument whichexhibitstheproblem.8Y*oushouldrunar}'ecent(lessthanayear5old)jversionofL5ffA͉TU>'ExXonthe leandthenrunL5ffATU>'ExXonlatexbug.tex.aThis5willpcreateanerrorrepGortwhichyoushouldsend,togetherwiththesample5doGcument'ExXbugsaddresswhichcanbGefoundinthe le5latexbug.texUUorbugs.txt.$u57MLEnjoy!k5W*e#certainlyhopGeyouwillenjoyusingthenewstandardL5ffA͉TU>'ExXbut,ifthisis5notpGossible,wehopethatyouwillenjoysuccessandful llmentasaresultof5theUUdoGcumentswhichitwillhelpyoutocreate.5Ifyou ndthatthecontributionofL5ffA͉TU>'ExXtoyourlifeissuchthatyouwould5like4tosuppGorttheworkofthepro8jectteam,lthenpleasereadSection1.2and5discoverUUpracticalwaysUUtodothis.29so5References5[1]D;MichelRGoGossens,6F*rankMittelbachandAlexanderSamarin.5TheL雍QATKß'E-X D;Comp}'anion.nAddison-W*esley,UUReading,Massachusetts,UU1994.5[2]D;Donald]E.Knuth.TheTKß'E-Xb}'ook.Addison-W*esley,_Reading,Massachusetts,D;1986.nRevisedUUtocoverUUTU>'ExX3,1991.5[3]D;LeslieeLampGort.L雍QATKß'E-X:ADo}'cumentPreparationSystem.Addison-W*esley,D;Reading,UUMassachusetts,secondedition,1994.30; 1j cmti90 cmsy9.ow cmss9-t}\cmti7,ߤN cmtt9+o cmr9* cmmi10 0ercmmi7K`y cmr10ٓRcmr7O line10