; TeX output 1996.08.19:2258fj :?NG cmbx12TaGexinfo*ffmxlZNj cmbx12ZTVexinfoiY 52K`y 3 cmr10ThefGNUDoMcumen!tationFeormat Editionf2.21,forTeexinfoVersionThree9#Junef1995D HNff cmbx12HbyffRobs3ertJ.ChassellandRichardM.Stallman̉iYԍfCop!yrightc;!", 3 cmsy10 e]1988,1990,1991,1992,1993,1995FereeSoft!wareFoundation, Inc.'ThisfisthesecondeditionoftheTeexinfodoMcumen!tation,andfisconsisten!twithversion2of`3Ki lecon!tainingtextand@-commandsK(wordspreceded[b!yan`@')thattellthetypMesettingandformattingprogramswhattoِdo.w[Yeouma!yeditaTexinfo lewithan!ytexteditor;%butitisespMeciallycon!venient touseGNU EmacssincethateditorhasaspMecialmode,&called (Ɖff=  1NoteXthatthe rstsyllableof\Teexinfo"ispronouncedlik!e\spMeck",not\hex".thelikeisamatterofconvention,SVnotarequirement.The`Up',-`Previous',and`Next'pMoin!tersofanodecanpoin!ttoanyother Ȱff=  2InsomedoMcumen!ts,Ythe rstchildhasno`Previous'pMointer.|XOccasionallye,thehlastc!hildhasthenoMdenameofthenextfollowinghigherlevelnoMdeasfits`Next'pMoin!ter.!Chapterf1:Ov!erviewofTeexinfom.4f]noMdes,and&amen!ucancontainanyothernoMdes.Thus,thenoMdestructure canbMean!ydirectedgraph.9Butitisusuallymorecomprehensibletofollowa!structurethatcorrespMondstothestructureofc!haptersandsectionsinaprin!tedfbMookorreport.9In[additiontomen!usandto`Next',<`Previous',and[`Up'pMointers,bMookissimilartoan!yothertypMeset,printedwork:qJitcanha!veatitlepage,cop!yrightpage,tableofcon!tents,andpreface,asw!ellasc!hapters,numbMeredworunn!umberedwsectionsandsubsections,pageheaders,crossfreferences,foMotnotes,andindices.YeouCcanuseTexinfotowriteabMookCwithoutev!erhavingtheintentionoficon!vertingitintoon-lineinformation.}YeoucanuseTexinfoforwritingZff=  3Yeoucanalsousethetexi2roffprogramify!oudonothaveT,[wEB X;sinceTeexinfo=isdesignedforusewithT,[wEB X,texi2roffisnotdescribMedhere.texi2rofffispartofthestandardGNUdistribution..ˍChapterf1:Ov!erviewofTeexinfom.5f]a7prin!tednovel,andeventowriteaprintedmemo,althoughthislatter applicationfisnotrecommendedsinceelectronicmailissom!uchfeasier.ꍑT,[wEB XisageneralpurpMoset!ypesettingprogram.Teexinfopro!videsa lecalled|`texinfo.tex'thatcon!tainsinformation(de nitionsormacross)thatT,[wEB Xuseswhenitt!ypMesetsaTeexinfo le.(`texinfo.tex'tellsT,[wEXho!wtocon!verttheTeexinfo@-commandstoT,[wEB XFcommands,ҋwhic!hT,[wEXFcanthenproMcess"tocreatethet!ypesetdocumen!t.)q`texinfo.tex'containsthespMeci- cationsfforprin!tingadoMcument.Most] often,kdoMcumen!tsareprintedon8.5inchby11inchpages(2167mmb!yl2807mm;/nthisisthedefaultsize),butyoucanalsoprintfor7inchby9.25inc!hpages(1787mmby2357mm;the@smallbooksize)oronEuropMeanA4esizepapMer(@afourpaper).2(SeeSection19.10[Prin!ting\Small"Books],pagef147.Also,seeSection19.11[Prin!tingonA4PapMer],page147.)By;c!hangingtheparametersin`texinfo.tex',aVyoucanchangethesizeofotheprin!teddoMcument.Inaddition,youcanchangethestyleinwhichthemprin!teddoMcumentisformatted;јforexample,youcanchangethesizesandW/fon!tsused,gtheamountofindentationforeachparagraph,gthedegreetowhic!hBwordsarehyphenated,:andthelike.BqBychangingthespMeci cations,y!ouOcanmakeabMookOlookdigni ed,`oldandserious,orligh!t-hearted,youngandfc!heerye.T,[wEB Xܸisfreelydistributable.ItiswritteninadialectofP!ascalcalledWEBandcanbMecompiledeitherinP!ascalor(byusingaconversionprogramthatcomesqwiththeT,[wEB X-distribution)inC.(Seesection\T,[wEX-MoMde"inTheGNUfEmacsMan!ualnR,forinformationabMoutT,[wEB X.)T,[wEB Xisv!erypMowerfulandhasagreatmanyfeatures.}BecauseaTeexinfo le&m!ustbMeabletopresentinformationbMothonacharacter-onlyterminalinInfoformandinat!ypMesetbook,=theformattingcommandsthatTeexinfosuppMortsfarenecessarilylimited.SeefAppMendixJ[Ho!wtoObtainT,[wEB X],page211.mH1.3K߆Tff cmtt12K@H-commandsꍑIn^aTeexinfo le,lthecommandsthattellT,[wEB X^vho!wtotypMesettheprintedman!ualt\andtellmakeinfoandtexinfo-format-bufferhowtocreateanInfo leareprecededb!y`@';١theyarecalled@-commands. DSFeorexample,@nodeisthecommandtoindicateanoMdeand@chapteristhecommandtoindicatefthestartofac!hapter.ꍑd4 & 3 cmb10Pleasehnote:~_Allthe@-commands, withtheexceptionofthe@TeX{} dcommand,fm!ustbMewrittenentirelyinlowercase.The͊Teexinfo@-commandsareastrictlylimitedsetofconstructs.SIThestrictalimitsmak!eitpMossibleforTeexinfo lestobeunderstoodbothb!yT,[wEB Xand=b!ythecoMdethatconvertsthemintoInfo les.YeoucandisplayInfo les 3 cmmi10:1::l)dWeriteIacommandsuc!has@code{sample-coMde}whereveryouwish(butdusuallyp|withinasen!tence)withitsargument,sample-coMde inthisex-dample,fbMet!weenthebraces.(@codemarkstextasbMeingcode.)dWeriteacommandsuc!has@exampleatthebMeginningofalineofitsdo!wn;swriteothebMody-textoonfollowinglines;sandwritethematchingd@endG9command,ZB@endfexampleinthiscase,atthebMeginningofalineofdits&o!wnafterthebMody-text.^(@example&:1::@endfexample&indentsanddt!ypMesetsfbody-textasanexample.)sAs ageneralrule,4acommandrequiresbracesifitminglesamongothertext;butyitdoMesnotneedbracesifitstartsalineofitso!wn.Thenon-alphabeticcommands,fsuc!has@:,areexceptionstotherule;theydonotneedbraces.As\y!ougainexpMeriencewithTeexinfo,+youwillrapidlylearnhowtowritethedi eren!tcommands:fwthedi erentwaystowritecommandsmakeiteasiertowriteandreadTeexinfo lesthanifallcommandsfollo!wedexactlythesamesyn!tax.ò(FeorWdetailsabMout@-commandsyntax,gseeAppMendixIW[@-CommandSyn!tax],fpage209.)H1.4GeneralMSyntacticConventionsAllasci>Kiprin!tingcharactersexcept`@',`{'and`}'canappMearinaTeexinfo leKandstandforthemselv!es.`@'istheescapMecharacterwhichintroMduces Uff=  4The-_w!ordargumentj_comesfromthewayitisusedinmathematicsanddoMesntnotrefertoadisputationbet!weennttwopMeople;{itreferstothein-formationpresen!tedtothecommand.AccordingtotheOxfordEnglishDictionary,C'thew!ordderivesfromtheLatinfortomakeclear,C'prove;th!usitcametomean`theevidenceo eredasproMof',@whichistosaye,`the5informationo ered',iwhic!hledtoitsmathematicalmeaning.KInitsotherthreadofderivdDation,0bthew!ordcametomean`toassertinaman-ner]againstwhic!hothersmaymakecounterassertions',whichledtothemeaningfof`argumen!t'asadisputation.JChapterf1:Ov!erviewofTeexinfom.7f]commands.p`{' and`}'shouldbMeusedonlytosurroundargumen!tstocertain commands.Teo3oputoneofthesespMecialc!haractersintothedoMcument,Vputanf`@'c!haracterinfrontofit,likethis:`@@',`@{',and`@}'.GItZiscustomaryinT,[wEB XYtousedoubledsingle-quotec!haracterstobMeginandendquotations: ``"and ''..Thiscon!ventionshouldbMefollo!wedinTTeexinfo les.T,[wEB XTcon!vertsTdoubledsingle-quotec!haracterstoleft-andrigh!t-handdoubledquotationmarks,&\likethis",&andInfoconvertsdoubledsingle-quotefc!haracterstoasci>Kidouble-quotes: ``and f''Ktto f"d.UsetXthreeh!yphensinarow,~[`---',fortXadash|likethis..InT,[wEB X,asingleorRLev!enadoublehyphenproMducesaprinteddashthatisshorterthantheusualt!ypMesetdash.Inforeducesthreehyphenstotwofordisplayonthescreen.TeoGprev!entaparagraphfrombMeingindentedintheprintedmanual,@putthefcommand@noindentonalineb!yitselfbMeforetheparagraph.Ifφy!oumarko aregionoftheTeexinfo lewiththe@iftexand@endfiftexthatregion,SYy!oucanusecertaincommandsbMorrowedfromPlainT,[wEB X>|thaty!ouPcannotuseinInfo.+Likewise,ifyoumarko aregionwiththe@ifinfoandX@endfifinfocommands,hythatregionwillappMearonlyintheInfo le;rinthatregion,;y!oucanuseInfocommandsthatyoucannotuseinT,[wEB X.(SeeChapterf18[Conditionals],page135.)GdCaution:Do#[notusetabsinaTeexinfo le! TT,[wEB X"usesvdDariable- dwidthcVfon!ts,pwhichmeansthatitcannotprede neatabtoworkindallcircumstances.AConsequen!tlye,1T,[wEB Xmtreatstabslikesinglespaces,dandfthatisnotwhattheyloMoklik!e.dTeoTa!voidthisproblem,$TeexinfomoMdecausesGNUSEmacstoinsertdm!ultiplefspaceswhenyoupresstheTABkeye.dAlso,,3y!oupcanrununtabifyinEmacstoconverttabsinaregiondtofm!ultiplespaces.snH1.5CommentsGYeou Scanwritecommen!tsinaTexinfo lethatwillnotappMearineither theInfo leortheprin!tedmanualbyusingthe@commentcommand(whichma!yibMeabbreviatedto@c).'SuchcommentsareforthepMersonwhoreadstheTeexinfo le.Allthetextonalinethatfollo!wseither@commentor@cisacommen!t;therestofthelinedoMesnotappearineithertheInfo leortheprin!tedmanual.(Often,nyoucanwritethe@commentor@cinthemiddleofaline,wandlonlythetextthatfollo!wsafterthe@commentor@ccommanddoMesnotLjappMear;Xbutsomecommands,suc!has@settitleand@setfilename,w!ork@1onawholeline.>Yeoucannotuse@commentor@cinalinebMeginningwithfsuc!hacommand.)Y8Chapterf1:Ov!erviewofTeexinfom.8f]Yeoucanwritelongstretc!hesoftextthatwillnotappMearineithertheInfo le"ortheprin!tedmanualbyusingthe@ignoreand@endfignorecommands.Weriteeac!hofthesecommandsonalineofitsown,startingeachcommandatvithebMeginningoftheline.MTeextbet!weenvitheset!wovicommandsdoesnotappMear`intheprocessedoutput.Yeoucanuse@ignoreand@endfignoreforwritinggcommen!ts.Often,@ignoreand@endfignoreisusedtoencloseapart"aofthecop!yingpMermissionsthatappliestotheTeexinfosource leofadoMcumen!t,fbutnottotheInfoorprintedversionofthedoMcument.# H1.6WhatMaTfexinfoFileMustHaveBy"con!vention,thenamesofTeexinfo lesendwithoneoftheextensions`.texinfo',(`.texi',ord`.tex'.|ThelongerextensionispreferredsinceitdescribMesk moreclearlytoah!umanreaderthenatureofthe le.TheshorterextensionsfareforopMeratingsystemsthatcannothandlelong lenames.IniIordertobMemadein!toaprintedmanualandanInfo le,uaTeexinfo lem!ustfbMeginwithlineslikethis::d\inputtexinfo d@setfilenameinfo- le-named@settitlename-of-man!ual)The,Pcon!tentsofthe lefollowthisbMeginning,andthenyoumustendaTeexinfof lewithalinelik!ethis:d@byeThe`\inputftexinfo'linetellsT,[wEB Xtousethe`texinfo.tex' le,Xwhic!htellsXT,[wEB Xho!wtotranslatetheTeexinfo@-commandsintoT,[wEB XtypMesettingcommands.(Noteatheuseofthebac!kslash,o`\';xthisiscorrectforT,[wEB X.)The`@setfilename'@ linepro!videsanamefortheInfo leandthe`@settitle'linespMeci esatitleforthepageheaders(orfooters)oftheprin!tedmanual.TheT@byelineattheendofthe leonalineofitso!wntellstheformattersthatfthe leisendedandtostopformatting.Usuallye,y!ouX|willnotusequitesuchaspareformat,butwillincludemoMden?settingandstart-of-headerandend-of-headerlinesatthebeginningoffaTeexinfo le,lik!ethis::d\inputtexinfo>@c-*-texinfo-*- d@c%**startofheaderd@setfilenameinfo- le-named@settitlename-of-man!uald@c%**endofheaderBIn0the rstline,He`-*-texinfo-*-'causesEmacstoswitc!hintoTeexinfomoMdewhenfy!oueditthe le. gChapterf1:Ov!erviewofTeexinfom.9f]The!)@clineswhic!hsurroundthe`@setfilename'and`@settitle'lines areoptional,kbuty!ouneedtheminordertorunT,[wEB XorInfoonjustpartofthe0 le.(SeeSection3.2.2[StartofHeader],Hbpage30,formoreinformation.)Feurthermore,0y!ouwillusuallyprovideaTeexinfo lewithatitlepage,indices,`andwthelik!e. RButtheminimum,`whichcanbMeusefulforshortdoMcumen!ts,D,is$justthethreelinesatthebeginningandtheonelineattheend.됍H1.7SixMPartsofaTfexinfoFileGenerallye,,a8Texinfo lecon!tainsmorethantheminimalbMeginningandend|itfusuallycon!tainssixparts:uȍ1.Header9Thei,Header2Unamesthe le,tellsT,[wEB Xhwhic!hde nitions' leto9use,fandpMerformsother\housek!eeping"tasks.됍2.SummaryfDescriptionandCop!yright9TheSummaryDescriptionandCop!yrightLsegmentdescribMesthe9doMcumen!tandcontainsthecopyrightnoticeandcopyingpMer-9missions^fortheInfo le.Thesegmen!tmustbMeenclosedbe-9t!ween<@ifinfoand@endfifinfocommandssothattheformat-9tersfplaceitonlyintheInfo le.3.TitlefandCop!yright9TherTitleandCop!yrightsegmentrcontainsthetitleandcopy-9righ!tSpagesandcopyingpMermissionsfortheprintedmanual.9The\segmen!tmustbMeenclosedbet!ween\@titlepageand@end9titlepagecommands.TThetitleandcop!yrightpageappMearonly9inftheprin!tedmanual&.4.`Teop'fNoMdeandMasterMen!u9TheMasterMen!ucontainsacompletemenuofallthenoMdesin9thewholeInfo le.3ItappMearsonlyintheInfo le,Binthe`Teop'9noMde.5.BoMdy9ThenBoMdy^ofthedocumen!tmaybMestructuredlikeatraditional9bMookforencyclopMediaoritma!ybefreeform.6.End9The0Endfcon!tainscommandsforprintingindicesandgenerating9theStableofcon!tents,ԽandSthe@byecommandonalineofitso!wn.ZzH1.8AMShortSampleTfexinfoFileHere_zisacompletebutv!eryshortTeexinfo le,;in6parts. The rstthreeMpartsofthe le,_from`\inputftexinfo'throughto`@endtitlepage',loMok+morein!timidatingthantheyare. mMostofthematerialisstandardbMoilerplate;xwhenay!ouwriteamanual,osimplyinsertthenamesforyourownman!ualfinthissegment.(SeeChapter3[BeginningaFile],page28.) rRChapterf1:Ov!erviewofTeexinfo10f]In%thefollo!wing,thesampletextisindentednR;commentsonitarenot.The complete_ le,mwithoutan!ycomments,misshowninAppMendixC_[SampleTeex-infofFile],page184.!ʾQN # cmbx12QPartM1:yHeaderCThefheaderdoMesnotappearineithertheInfo leortheprin!tedfoutput.ItsetsvdDariousparameters,includingthenamefoftheInfo leandthetitleusedintheheader.Õd\inputtexinfo>@c-*-texinfo-*- d@c%**startofheaderd@setfilenamesample.infod@settitleSampleDocumentd@c%**endofheaderd@setchapternewpageoddn QPartM2:ySummaryDescriptionandCopyrightThefsummarydescriptionandcop!yrightfsegmentdoMesnotappMearfintheprin!teddocumen!t.Õd@ifinfo dThisisashortexampleofacompleteTexinfofile.dCopyright@copyright{}1990FreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.d@endifinfoUQPartM3:yTitlepageandCopyrightTheftitlepagesegmen!tdoMesnotappearintheInfo le.d@titlepage d@sp10d@commentThetitleisprintedinalargefont.d@center@titlefont{SampleTitle}6d@cThefollowingtwocommandsstartthecopyrightpage. d@paged@vskip0ptplus1fillldCopyright@copyright{}1990FreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.d@endtitlepage }Chapterf1:Ov!erviewofTeexinfo11f]QPartM4:y`Tģop'NoideandMasterMenuz Thef`Teop'noMdecon!tainsthemastermenufortheInfo le. Sincefaprin!tedmanualusesatableofcontentsratherthanafmen!u,themastermenuappMearsonlyintheInfo le. d@nodeTop,(=FirstChapter,(dir),(dir) d@commentnode-name,next,9|previous,up$d@menu d*FirstChapter::ThefirstchapteristhegVonlychapterinthissample.d*ConceptIndex::Thisindexhastwoentries.d@endmenub3wQPartM5:yTheBoidyoftheDocumentThe"bModysegmen!tcontainsallthetextofthedoMcument,=Fbutnottheindicesor$tableofcon!tents.}rThis$exampleillustratesanoMdeandac!haptercontaininganfen!umeratedlist. d@nodeFirstChapter,ConceptIndex,Top,"}Top d@commentnode-name,Rnext,9|previous,upd@chapterFirstChapterd@cindexSampleindexentry6dThisisthecontentsofthefirstchapter. d@cindexAnothersampleindexentrydHereisanumberedlist. d@enumerated@itemdThisisthefirstitem.d@itemdThisistheseconditem.d@endenumerateu/dThe@code{makeinfo}and@code{texinfo-format-buffer} dcommandstransformaTexinfofilesuchasthisintodanInfofile;and@TeX{}typesetsitforaprinteddmanual. ]Chapterf1:Ov!erviewofTeexinfo12f]QPartM6:yTheEndoftheDoicumentTherendsegmen!tcontainscommandsbMothforgeneratinganindexinanode and,gunn!umbMeredchapterofitsownandforgeneratingthetableofcontents;andfitcon!tainsthe@byecommandthatmarkstheendofthedoMcument.d@nodeConceptIndex,, TFirstChapter,Top d@commentnode-name,next, Tprevious,"}upd@unnumberedConceptIndex*/d@printindexcp d@contentsd@bye?EQQTheMResultsHerefiswhatthecon!tentsfofthe rstc!hapterofthesampleloMoklike:! PdThisfisthecon!tentsfofthe rstc!hapter.dHerefisan!umbMeredflist.J1.+\Thisfisthe rstitem.J2.+\Thisfistheseconditem.dTheDmakeinfoandtexinfo-format-buffercommandstransform da8Teexinfo lesuc!hasthisintoanInfo le;!andT,[wEB XtypMesetsitfordafprin!tedmanual.! H1.9AcknowledgementsRic!hardpM.StallmanwroteEdition1.0ofthismanual.vhRobMertfJ.Chassell revisedfandextendedit,startingwithEdition1.1.OurpthanksgoouttoallwhohelpMedimpro!vepthisw!ork,3particularlytoFerancoisfPinardPv'and0Da!vidfD.ZuhnL,"who0tirelesslyrecordedandrepMortedmistak!es@andobscurities;bourspMecialthanksgotoMelissafWeeisshaus^hforherfrequen!tandoftentediousreviewsofnearlysimilareditions.Ourmistakesarefouro!wn.Pleasefsendsuggestionsandcorrectionsto:dIn!ternetfaddress: , bug-texinfo@prep.ai.mit.eduPleasefincludetheman!ual'seditionnumbMerinyourmessages. ܍Chapterf2:UsingTeexinfoMoMdeŝ13f]2 QUsingMTaGexinfoMo=de3Yeouuma!yeditaTexinfo lewithan!ytexteditoryouchoMose. A_Teexinfo leIisnodi eren!tfromanyotherasci>Ki le.9However,rLGNUI[EmacscomeswithaspMecialmode,0calledTeexinfomode,0thatpro!videsEmacscommandsandftoMolstohelpeasey!ourwork.This:c!hapterdescribMesfeaturesofGNUEmacs'Teexinfomodebutnotan!yfeaturesoftheTeexinfoformattinglanguage.pIfy!ouarereadingthismanualstraigh!tTthroughfromthebMeginning,youmaywanttoskimthroughthisc!hapterbrie yandcomebacktoitafterreadingsucceedingchapterswhichdescribMeftheTeexinfoformattinglanguageindetail.TeexinfofmoMdepro!videsspecialfeaturesforw!orkingwithTeexinfo les:dInsertffrequen!tlyused@-commands.L捍dAutomaticallyfcreate@nodelines.dSho!wfthestructureofaTeexinfosource le.dAutomaticallyfcreateorupMdatethe`Next', d`Previous',fand`Up'pMoin!tersofanode.dAutomaticallyfcreateorupMdatemen!us.dAutomaticallyfcreateamastermen!u.dFeormatfapartorallofa leforInfo.dT!ypMesetfandprintpartorallofa le.L捑P!erhapscthetwomosthelpfulfeaturesarethoseforinsertingfrequentlyusedf@-commandsandforcreatingnoMdepoin!tersandmenus.؍H2.1TheMUsualGNUEmacsEditingCommandsInfmostcases,stheusualTeextmoMdecommandsw!orkthesameinTexinfomoMdeastheydoinTeextmode.jTeexinfomodeaddsneweditingcommandsandПtoMolstoGNUЕEmacs'generalpurposeeditingfeatures.\Themajordif-ferencelconcerns lling.ʶInTeexinfomoMde,xotheparagraphseparationvdDariableandsyn!taxtablearerede nedsothatTeexinfocommandsthatshouldbMeonqrlinesoftheiro!wnarenotinadvertentlyincludedinparagraphs.?Thus,theM-q(fill-paragraph)commandwillre llaparagraphbutnotmixanindexingfcommandonalineadjacen!ttoitintotheparagraph.In+addition,DmTeexinfomoMdesetsthepage-delimitervdDariabletothevalueofo.texinfo-chapter-level-regexp;b!ydefault,z9thisisaregularexpressionmatc!hing{thecommandsforchaptersandtheirequivdDalents,suchasappMen-dices.WithcthisvdDalueforthepagedelimiter,1y!oucanjumpfromchaptertitleto&hc!haptertitlewiththeC-xf](forward-page)andC-x[(backward-page)commandsbandnarro!wtoachapterwiththeC-xfp(narrow-to-page)com-mand.n(Seesection\P!ages"inTheGNUEmacsManualnR,bfordetailsabMoutthefpagecommands.)Chapterf2:UsingTeexinfoMoMdeŝ14f]Yeouoma!ynameaTexinfo leho!weveroyouwish,nbuttheconventionisto endaTeexinfo lenamewithoneofthethreeextensions`.texinfo',`.texi',or4`.tex'.FA#longerextensionispreferred,'sinceitisexplicit,butashorterextensionima!ybMenecessaryforoperatingsystemsthatlimitthelengthof le names.GNU Emacsautomaticallyen!tersTeexinfomoMdewhenyouvisita le!zwitha`.texinfo'or`.texi'extension.Also,<Emacsswitc!hestoTeexinfomoMdewheny!ouvisita lethathas`-*-texinfo-*-'inits rstline. Ifev!er`nyouareinanothermoMdeandwishtoswitchtoTeexinfomoMde,nltype`nM-xtexinfo-mode.Lik!eUallotherEmacsfeatures,youcancustomizeorenhanceTeexinfomoMde"asy!ouwish.SInparticular,B thekeybindingsareveryeasytochange.Thefk!eybindingsdescribMedherearethedefaultorstandardones.KH2.2InsertingMFfrequentlyUsedCommandsTeexinfo rmoMdepro!videscommandstoinsertvdDariousfrequentlyused@-commandsmin!tothebu er.Yeoucanusethesecommandstosavekeystrokes.Theinsertcommandsarein!vokedbytypingC-ctwiceandthenthe rstletterfofthe@-command:?C-cfC-ccM-xftexinfo-insert-@code9Insertf@code{}andputthecursorbMet!weenfthebraces.~>C-cfC-cdM-xftexinfo-insert-@dfn9Insertf@dfn{}andputthecursorbMet!weenfthebraces.C-cfC-ceM-xftexinfo-insert-@end9Insertlj@endandattempttoinsertthecorrectfollo!wingword,9suc!h as`example'or`table'. (ThiscommanddoMesnothandle9nestedϵlistscorrectlye, butinsertsthew!ordappropriatetothe9immediatelyfprecedinglist.)C-cfC-ciM-xftexinfo-insert-@item9Insert|@itemandputthecursoratthebMeginningofthenext9line.C-cfC-ckM-xftexinfo-insert-@kbd9Insertf@kbd{}andputthecursorbMet!weenfthebraces.C-cfC-cnM-xftexinfo-insert-@node9Insert@nodeandacommen!tlinelistingthesequenceforthe9`Next',^P`Previous',andLJ`Up'noMdes.Lea!veLJpointLJafterthe@node..Chapterf2:UsingTeexinfoMoMdeŝ15f]C-cfC-co M-xftexinfo-insert-@noindent9Insert@noindentandputthecursoratthebMeginningofthe9nextfline.[򍍍C-cfC-csM-xftexinfo-insert-@samp9Insertf@samp{}andputthecursorbMet!weenfthebraces.C-cfC-ctM-xftexinfo-insert-@table9Insert@tablefollo!wedbyaSPCandleavethecursorafterthe9SPC.C-cfC-cvM-xftexinfo-insert-@var9Insertf@var{}andputthecursorbMet!weenfthebraces.C-cfC-cxM-xftexinfo-insert-@example9Insert'@exampleandputthecursoratthebMeginningofthenext9line.C-cfC-c{M-xftexinfo-insert-braces9Insertf{}andputthecursorbMet!weenfthebraces.C-cfC-c}C-cfC-c]M-xfup-list9Mo!vefrombMet!weenapairofbracesforw!ardpasttheclosing9brace.T!ypingaC-cfC-c]iseasierthant!ypingC-cC-c},owhic!h9is,4ho!wever,moregmnemonic;hencethet!wogkeybindings.҈(Also,9y!oufcanmoveoutfrombMetweenbracesbytypingC-f.)-Teoputacommandsuc!has@code{:1:: c};C7aroundanexistingword,:pMositionthecursorinfron!tofthewordandtypMeC-uf1C-cC-cc.kThismakesiteasytoXeditexistingplaintext.ThevdDalueofthepre xargumen!ttellsEmacshowman!y~XwordsfollowingpMointtoincludebMetweenbraces|1foroneword,T2fort!wowords,nandsoon.Useanegativeargumenttoenclosethepreviousw!ordorwords.\IfyoudonotspMecifyapre xargument,Emacsinsertsthe@-commandstringandpMositionsthecursorbet!weenthebraces.Thisfeaturew!orksFonlyforthose@-commandsthatopMerateonawordorwordswithinonefline,suc!has@kbdand@var.Thisssetofinsertcommandsw!ascreatedafteranalyzingthefrequencywithwhic!hdi erent@-commandsareusedintheGNUEmacsManualG6andthe_GDBCMan!ual.Ifyouwishtoaddyourowninsertcommands,,youcanbindkak!eybMoardmacrotoakeye,useabbreviations,orextendthecoMdein`texinfo.el'.iChapterf2:UsingTeexinfoMoMdeŝ16f]C-cfC-cC-dc(texinfo-start-menu-description)isaninsertcommand thatbw!orksdi erentlyfromtheotherinsertcommands.HItinsertsanoMde'ssectioncorc!haptertitleinthespaceforthedescriptioninamenuentryline.(Amen!u_entryhasthreeparts,theentryname,thenoMdename,andthedescription.Only"8thenoMdenameisrequired,structureofthecurren!tchapter.%Inthiscase,yyoucanmarko theregionmChapterf2:UsingTeexinfoMoMdeŝ17f]ofaKthebu erthaty!ouareinterestedinbyusingtheC-xfnnaK(narrow-to- region)commandandtexinfo-show-structurewillw!orkononlythatregion.Teo'seethewholebu eragain,VuseC-xfnw-l(widen).(Seesection\Narro!wing" inTheGNU EmacsManualnR,?formoreinformationabMoutthenarro!wingfcommands.)In:~additiontopro!vidingthetexinfo-show-structurecommand,_Teex-infoomoMdesetsthevdDalueofthepagedelimitervariabletomatc!hthechapter-lev!el@-commands.ThisenablesyoutousetheC-xf](forward-page)andC-xf[H(backward-page)commandstomo!veHforwardandbackwardbychap-ter,x|andmtousetheC-xfp(narrow-to-page)commandtonarro!wtoachap-ter.ZSee:section\P!ages"inTheGNU8EmacsManualnR,/formoreinformationabMoutfthepagecommands.ϯH2.4Ups3datingMNodesandMenusTeexinfo&moMdepro!videscommandsforautomaticallycreatingorupdatingmen!uszandnoMdepoin!ters.ZThecommandsarecalled\update"commandsbMecauseuGtheirmostfrequen!tuseisforupdatingaTeexinfo leaftery!ouhavew!orked.onit;Fbuty!oucanusethemtoinsertthe`Next',3`Previous',and.`Up'pMoin!tersEintoan@nodelinethathasnoneandtocreatemenusina lethathasfnone.If"y!oudonotusetheupMdatingcommands,youneedtowritemenusandnoMdefpoin!tersbyhand,whichisatedioustask.YeoufcanusetheupMdatingcommandsdtofinsertorupMdatethe`Next',`Previous',and`Up'poin!tersofanode,QdtofinsertorupMdatethemen!uforasection,anddtofcreateamastermen!uforaTeexinfosource le.QYeouscanalsousethecommandstoupMdateallthenodesandmen!usina regionforinawholeTeexinfo le.TheupMdatingcommandsw!orkonlywithconventionalTeexinfo les,whicharestructuredhierarc!hicallylikebMooks.MInsuch les,astructuringcommandlinem!ustfollowcloselyaftereach@nodeline,exceptforthe`Teop'@nodeline.(AUstructuringWcommandline;^isalinebMeginningwith@chapter,@section,orfothersimilarcommand.)Yeou]+canwritethestructuringcommandlineonthelinethatfollo!wsimmediately@afteran@nodelineorelseonthelinethatfollo!wsafterasingle@comment)_lineorasingle@ifinfoline.0Yeoucannotin!terpMosemorethanoneline!bMet!weenthe@nodelineandthestructuringcommandline;Mandyoumayin!terpMosefonlyan@commentlineoran@ifinfoline.Commandswhic!hworkonawholebu errequirethatthe`Teop'noMdebefollo!wedbyanoMdewithan@chapterorequivdDalent-levelcommand.ONotethat/themen!uupMdatingcommandswillnotcreateamainormastermenuChapterf2:UsingTeexinfoMoMdeŝ18f]for+aTeexinfo lethathasonly@chapter-lev!elnoMdes!nThemenuupMdating commands onlycreatemen!uswithinnoMdesforlowerlevelnoMdes.X Teocreateafmen!uofchapters,youmustprovidea`Teop'noMde.7"Themen!uupMdatingcommandsremovemenuentriesthatrefertootherInfo? lessincetheydonotrefertonoMdeswithinthecurren!tbu er.gThisis ade ciencye.Ratherthanusemen!uentries,%pyoucanusecrossreferencestorefertootherInfo les.NoneoftheupMdatingcommandsa ectcrossreferences.TeexinfoOmoMdehas v!eupdatingcommandsthatareusedmostoften:Rt!woareforupMdatingthenodepoin!tersormenuofasinglenoMde(oraregion);4twoarevBforupMdatingev!erynodepoin!terandmenuina le;ۤandone,thetexinfo-master-menu\qcommand,isforcreatingamastermen!uforacomplete le,and}zoptionallye,forupMdatingev!erynodeandmen!uinthewholeTeexinfo le.Theftexinfo-master-menucommandistheprimarycommand:nDC-cfC-umM-xftexinfo-master-menu9CreateNorupMdateamastermen!uthatincludesalltheother9men!us(incorpMoratingthedescriptionsfrompre-existingmenus,9iffan!y).9With~anargumen!t(pre xargument,C-u,ifinteractive), rst9createorupMdateallthenodesandalltheregularmen!usinthe9bu erbMeforeconstructingthemastermen!u.o(SeeSection3.59[The` TeopNoMdeandMasterMen!u],vpage40,formoreabMouta9masterfmen!u.)9Feor ~texinfo-master-menutow!ork,'DtheTexinfo lem!usthave9af`Teop'noMdeandatleastonesubsequen!tnode.9Aftercextensiv!elyeditingaTeexinfo le,qyoucantypMethefollow-9ing:"OWC-uM-xtexinfo-master-menu 9orOWC-uC-cC-um9This*upMdatesallthenodesandmen!uscompletelyandallatonce.nDTheEothermajorupMdatingcommandsdosmallerjobsandaredesigned for thepMersonwhoupdatesnodesandmen!usasheorshewritesaTeexinfo le. ȍThefcommandsare:C-cfC-uC-nM-xftexinfo-update-node9Insertuthe`Next', `Previous',andu`Up'pMoin!tersforthenodethat9pMoin!t iswithin(i.e.,forthe@nodelineprecedingpoin!t).Ifthe9@nodeӜlinehaspre-existing`Next',`Previous',orӜ`Up'pMoin!tersinͣChapterf2:UsingTeexinfoMoMdeŝ19f]9it,=dthe#$oldpMoin!tersareremovedandnewonesinserted.Withan 9argumen!tCT(pre xargument,jC-u,ifCTinteractive),thisCTcommand9upMdatesall@nodelinesintheregion(whic!histhetextbet!ween9pMoin!tfandmark).ʍC-cfC-uC-mM-xftexinfo-make-menu9CreateorupMdatethemen!uinthenodethatpoin!tiswithin.9Withpanargumen!t(C-uaspre xargument,2ifinteractive),2the9commandmak!esorupMdatesmenusforthenoMdeswhichareeither9withinforapartoftheregion.r卑9Whenev!ertexinfo-make-menuupMdatesanexistingmenu,the9descriptionsofromthatmen!uareincorpMoratedintothenewmenu.9ThisZisdoneb!ycopyingdescriptionsfromtheexistingmenuto9theJen!triesinthenewmenuthathavethesamenoMdenames.~If9thenoMdenamesaredi eren!t,+thedescriptionsarenotcopiedto9thefnewmen!u.C-cfC-uC-eM-xftexinfo-every-node-update9InsertorupMdatethe`Next',M`Previous',and`Up'poin!tersfor9ev!eryfnoMdeinthebu er.C-cfC-uC-aM-xftexinfo-all-menus-update9CreateorupMdateallthemen!usinthebu er.mWithanargument9(C-u=aspre xargumen!t,R*ifinteractive),R* rstinsertorupMdateall9thefnoMdepoin!tersbeforew!orkingonthemenus.r卑9IfRamastermen!uexists, thetexinfo-all-menus-updatecom-9mand~upMdatesit;!butthecommanddoesnotcreateanewmas-9termen!uifnonealreadyexists.(Usethetexinfo-master-menu9commandfforthat.)9WhenT^w!orkingonadoMcumentthatdoMesnotmeritamaster9men!u,fyoucantypMethefollowing:卑OWC-uC-cC-uC-a 9orOWC-uM-xtexinfo-all-menus-update9ThisfupMdatesallthenodesandmen!us.ʍThe4texinfo-column-for-descriptionvdDariablespMeci esthecolumnto whic!h|menudescriptionsareindented.Bydefault,thevdDalueis32althoughitisASoftenusefultoreduceittoaslo!was24.,YeoucansetthevdDariablewiththeM-xfedit-optionscommand(seesection\EditingVeariableValues"inTheGNUoIEmacsoWMan!ualnR)orwiththeM-xfset-variablecommand(seesection\ExaminingfandSettingVeariables"inTheGNUEmacsMan!ualnR).ظChapterf2:UsingTeexinfoMoMdeŝ20f]Also,thetexinfo-indent-menu-descriptioncommandma!ybMeusedto inden!tiexistingmenudescriptionstoaspMeci edcolumn.Finallye,!ifyouwish,y!ouncanusethetexinfo-insert-node-linescommandtoinsertmissing@nodeElinesin!toa le. (SeeSection2.4.2[OtherUpMdatingCommands],pagef21,formoreinformation.)6Q2.4.1d(UpidatingMRequirements]TeouusetheupMdatingcommands,y!oumustorganizetheTeexinfo lehi-erarc!hicallyJwithchapters,sections,subsections,andJthelike.RWhenyouconstruct(thehierarc!hy(oftheman!ual,Hzdonot`jumpdown'morethanonelev!el&atatime:youcanfollowthe`Teop'noMdewithachapter,@3butnotwithasection;7y!oucanfollowachapterwithasection,jbutnotwithasubsection.Ho!wever,%youmay`jumpup'anynumbMeroflevelsatonetime|forexample,fromfasubsectiontoac!hapter.]Eac!h@nodeline, withtheexceptionofthelineforthe`Teop'noMde,m!ustbMefollo!wed byalinewithastructuringcommandsuchas@chapter,,"@section,orf@unnumberedsubsec.Eac!h @nodeline/structuring-commandlinecombinationmustloMokeitherlik!efthis:d@nodeRComments, TMinimum,Conventions,Overview d@comment Tnode-name,next,previous,upd@sectionComments*8ˍorflik!ethis(withoutthe@commentline):d@nodeComments,Minimum,Conventions,Overview d@sectionCommentsIn2thisexample,`Commen!ts'isthenameofbMoththenodeandthesection. ThemnextnoMdeiscalled`Minim!um'andthepreviousnodeiscalled`Con-v!entions'. The v`Comments'sectioniswithinthe`Overview'noMde,$whichisspMeci ed5b!ythe`Up'poin!ter._(Insteadofan@commentline,Y\youcanwriteanf@ifinfoline.)Ifua lehasa`Teop'noMde,iitm!ustbecalled`top'or`Top'andbethe rstnoMdefinthe le.TheYmen!uupMdatingcommandscreateamenuofsectionswithinachapter,a@men!uofsubsectionswithinasection,Handsoon.{Thismeansthatyoumustha!vefa`Teop'noMdeify!ouwantamenuofchapters.Inciden!tallye,ItheUmakeinfocommandwillcreateanInfo leforahi-erarc!hicallyorganizedTeexinfo lethatlacks`Next',`Previous'and`Up'pMoin!ters.@Thus,+ifyoucanbMesurethatyourTeexinfo lewillbMeformat-ted,withmakeinfo,D|y!ouhavenoneedforthe`upMdatenode'commands.(SeeChapter`20[CreatinganInfoFile],Ξpage150,formoreinformationabMout^Chapterf2:UsingTeexinfoMoMdeŝ21f]makeinfo.) 7Ho!wever,bMoth:makeinfoandthetexinfo-format-:1::com- mandsfrequirethaty!ouinsertmenusinthe le.@Q2.4.2d(OtherMUpidatingCommandsjInZadditiontothe v!emajorupMdatingcommands,]Teexinfomodepossessessev!eralflessfrequentlyusedupMdatingcommands:`M-xftexinfo-insert-node-lines9InsertO@nodelinesbMeforethe@chapter,Q@section,andOother9sectioningexample,Srthefollo!wingmarksawholebu erasaregionand9insertsf@nodelinesandtitlesthroughout:갍OWC-xhC-uM-xtexinfo-insert-node-lines9(NotethatthiscommandinsertstitlesasnoMdenamesin@node9lines;?thectexinfo-start-menu-descriptioncommand(see9Section2.2[Inserting],fpage14)insertstitlesasdescriptionsin9men!u{entries, adi erentaction.5However, inbMothcases,y!ou9needftoedittheinsertedtext.)`M-xftexinfo-multiple-files-update9UpMdate1nodesandmen!usinadocumen!tbuiltfromseveralsep-9arate7 les. OWithC-uasapre xargumen!t,createandin-9sertamastermen!uintheouter le. JBWithanumericpre x9argumen!t,suchasC-uf2, rstupMdateallthemen!usandall9theE`Next',]<`Previous',and`Up'pMoin!tersofalltheincluded9 lesbMeforecreatingandinsertingamastermen!uintheouter9 le. Thetexinfo-multiple-files-updatecommandisde-9scribMed+intheappendixon@include les. -SeeSectionE.29[texinfo-multiple-files-update],fpage189.M-xftexinfo-indent-menu-description9Inden!teverydescriptioninthemenufollowingpMointtothespMec-9i edcolumn.Yeoucanusethiscommandtogiv!eyourselfmore9space3gfordescriptions.Withanargumen!t(C-uaspre xargu-9men!t,:ifinteractive),thetexinfo-indent-menu-description9command%inden!tseverydescriptionineverymenuintheregion.MChapterf2:UsingTeexinfoMoMdeŝ22f]9Ho!wever,this7commanddoMesnotinden!tthesecondandsubse- 9quen!tflinesofamulti-linedescription.OdM-xftexinfo-sequential-node-update9InsertSthenamesofthenoMdesimmediatelyfollo!wingandpre-9cedingthecurren!tnoMdeasthe`Next'or`Previous'poin!ters9regardlessofthosenoMdes'hierarc!hicallevel.EThismeansthat9theY`Next'noMdeofasubsectionma!ywellbMethenextchap-9ter.+Sequen!tiallyorderednoMdesareusefulfornovelsandother9doMcumen!ts6commandasecondtimeaftersortingthera!windex les9withOlthetexindexcommand.(Usuallye,yy!oudonotformatan9index6wheny!ouformataregion,Monlywhenyouformatabu er.9No!wWthatthetexi2dvicommandexists,thereisnolittleneed9forfthiscommand.)Chapterf2:UsingTeexinfoMoMdeŝ24f]C-cfC-tC-p M-xftexinfo-tex-print9Prin!tthe le(orthepartofthe le)previouslyformattedwith9texinfo-tex-bufferfortexinfo-tex-region.|Feortexinfo-tex-regionortexinfo-tex-buffertow!ork,8the lemuststartصwitha`\inputftexinfo'lineandm!ustincludean@settitleline.MThe le7m!ustendwith@byeonalinebyitself.(Whenyouusetexinfo-tex-region,=y!ou6Fmustsurroundthe@settitlelinewithstart-of-headerandend-of-headerflines.)SeeHChapter19[Feormat/Prin!tHardcopy],page140,foradescriptionofthefotherT,[wEB Xrelatedcommands,suc!hastex-show-print-queue.S㍍H2.7TfexinfoMMos3deSummaryIn8%TeexinfomoMde,eac!hsetofcommandshasdefaultkeybindingsthatbMeginktwiththesamek!eys.-Allthecommandsthatarecustom-createdforTeexinfofmoMdebeginwithC-c.Thek!eysaresomewhatmnemonic.QInsertMCommandsTheinsertcommandsarein!vokedbytypingC-ctwiceandthenthe rstletterdofthe@-commandtobMeinserted.2(Itmigh!tmakemoresensemnemon-icallyftouseC-cC-i,for`custominsert',butC-cC-cisquic!ktotypMe.)dC-cC-cc(=Insert`@code'. dC-cC-cd(=Insert`@dfn'.dC-cC-ce(=Insert`@end'.dC-cC-ci(=Insert`@item'.dC-cC-cn(=Insert`@node'.dC-cC-cs(=Insert`@samp'.dC-cC-cv(=Insert`@var'.dC-cC-c{(=Insertfbraces.dC-cC-c]dC-cC-c}(=Mo!vefoutofenclosingbraces.dC-cC-cC-dRInsertfanoMde'ssectiontitle qinfthespaceforthedescriptionqinfamen!uentryline.2KQShowMStructureTheXtexinfo-show-structurecommandisoftenusedwithinanarro!wed region.dC-cC-s3Listfalltheheadings. pChapterf2:UsingTeexinfoMoMdeŝ25f]QTheMMasterUpidateCommandJThetexinfo-master-menucommandcreatesamastermen!u;4andcanbMe usedftoupMdateev!erynodeandmen!uina leaswell.dC-cC-um dM-xtexinfo-master-menuqCreateforupMdateamastermen!u.*/dC-uC-cC-um>WithfC-uasapre xargumen!t, rst qcreateforupMdateallnodesandregularqmen!us,fandthencreateamastermenu.6QUpidateMPointersThe(upMdatepoin!tercommandsareinvokedbytypingC-cfC-uandtheneithernlC-nfortexinfo-update-nodeorC-efortexinfo-every-node-update.dC-cC-uC-nRUpMdatefanode. dC-cC-uC-eRUpMdatefev!erynodeinthebu er..QUpidateMMenusIn!vokehtheupMdatemen!ucommandsbytypingC-cfC-uandtheneitherC-mRfortexinfo-make-menuorC-afortexinfo-all-menus-update. *TeoupMdateebothnodesandmen!usatthesametime,eprecedeC-cfC-uC-awithC-u.dC-cC-uC-mRMak!eforupMdateamenu.dC-cC-uC-aRMak!eforupMdateall qmen!usfinabu er.dC-uC-cC-uC-aWithfC-uasapre xargumen!t, q rstfcreateorupMdateallnodesandqthenfcreateorupMdateallmen!us.6QFģormatMforInfoTheInfoformattingcommandsthatarewritteninEmacsLisparein-v!oked˅bytypingC-cfC-eandtheneitherC-rforaregionorC-bforthewholefbu er.JThe!InfoformattingcommandsthatarewritteninC!xandbasedonthemakeinfoprogramarein!vokedbytypingC-cfC-mandtheneitherC-rforaregionforC-bforthewholebu er.Chapterf2:UsingTeexinfoMoMdeŝ26f] @c-*-texinfo-*- d@c%**startofheaderd@setfilenamename-of-info- led@settitlename-of-man!uald@setchapternewpageoddd@c%**endofheaderd@ifinfodThisfiledocuments:1::dCopyrighty!earcopyright-ownerdPermissionisgrantedto:1:: d@endifinfo'!Chapterf3:BeginningaTeexinfoFileb29f*]d@c TThistitlepageillustratesonlyoneofthe d@c Ttwomethodsofformingatitlepage.d@titlepage d@titlename-of-man!ual-when-printedd@subtitlesubtitle-if-an!yd@subtitlesecond-subtitled@authorauthorC/d@c TThefollowingtwocommands d@c Tstartthecopyrightpage.d@paged@vskip0ptplus1fillldCopyright@copyright{}y!earcopyright-ownerdPublishedby:1::dPermissionisgrantedto:1:: d@endtitlepaged@nodeTop,Overview,(dir),(dir)d@ifinfodThisdocumentdescribes:1::dThisdocumentappliestoversion:1::doftheprogramnamed:1::d@endifinfod@menu d*Copying::9|Yourrightsandfreedoms.d*FirstChapter::Gettingstarted:1::d*SecondChapter::P{L:1::!-:1::!-:1::d@endmenu\/d@nodeFirstChapter,SecondChapter,top,"}top d@commentnode-name,Rnext,?@c-*-texinfo-*- d@setfilenamesample.infod@settitleSampleDocument(orfelselik!ethis:d\inputtexinfo>@c-*-texinfo-*- d@c%**startofheaderd@setfilenamesample.infod@settitleSampleDocumentd@c%**endofheaderL Q3.2.1d(TheMFirstLineofaTģexinfoFileEv!eryTeexinfo lethatistobMethetop-levelinputtoT,[wEB XmustbMegin withfalinethatloMokslik!ethis:d\inputtexinfo>@c-*-texinfo-*-`Thisflineserv!estwofunctions:1.dWhenkthe leisproMcessedb!yT,[wEB X,the\inputftexinfocommandtellsdT,[wEB X -to loadthemacrosneededforproMcessingaTeexinfo le. DThesedare:)ina lecalled`texinfo.tex',whic!hisusuallyloMcatedinthed`/usr/lib/tex/macros'mdirectorye.T,[wEB XJusesthebac!kslash,78`\',tommarkdthebMeginningofacommand,justasTeexinfouses@.CThe`texinfo.tex'd lecausestheswitc!hfrom`\'to`@';bMeforetheswitchoMccurs,T,[wEB Xre-dquiresf`\',whic!hiswhyitappMearsatthebeginningofthe le.2.dWhenthe leiseditedinGNUEmacs,@the`-*-texinfo-*-'moMdespec-di cationftellsEmacstouseTeexinfomoMde."Q3.2.2d(StartMofHeader`荑Werite{astart-of-headerlineonthesecondlineofaTexinfo le.:Follo!wthestart-of-headerlinewith@setfilenameand@settitlelinesand,optionallye,withothercommandlines,;suc!has@smallbookor@footnotestyle;andthenfb!yanend-of-headerline(seeSection3.2.7[EndofHeader],page34).With`theselines,ny!oucanformatpartofaTeexinfo leforInfoortypMesetpartfforprin!ting.6jChapterf3:BeginningaTeexinfoFileb31f]Afstart-of-headerlineloMokslik!ethis:4d@c%**startofheadera4ThejoMddstringofc!haracters, +`%**',isjtoensurethatnoothercomment isfacciden!tallytakenforastart-of-headerline.#Q3.2.3d(T߆T # cmtt12T@setfilenamea4In,ordertobMemadein!toanInfo le,N(aTeexinfo lemustcontainalinethatfloMokslik!ethis:d@setfilenameinfo- le-namea4Werite the@setfilenamecommandatthebMeginningofalineandfollo!witonthesamelineb!ytheInfo lename.Donotwriteanythingelseontheline;an!ythingOdonthelineafterthecommandisconsideredpartofthe lename,fincludingacommen!t.The@setfilenamelinespMeci esthenameoftheInfo letobegener-ated.ThisnameshouldbMedi eren!tfromthenameoftheTeexinfo le.Thecon!ventionڴistowriteanamewitha`.info'extension,toproMduceanInfo lefnamesuc!has`texinfo.info'.SomeBopMeratingsystemscannothandlelong lenames.jYeoucanrunin!toa9problemev!enwhenthe lenameyouspMecifyisitselfshortenough.UThisoMccursRYbecausetheInfoformatterssplitalongInfo lein!toshortindirectsub les,ۥandjnamethemb!yappMending`-1',`-2',:1::,`-10',`-11',andsoon,Uto2theoriginal lename.(SeeSection20.7[TeagFilesandSplitFiles],page155.)Thesub lename`texinfo.info-10',Gforexample,istoMolongforsomeVsystems;NsotheInfo lenameforthisdoMcumen!tisactually`texinfo'ratherfthan`texinfo.info'.The,Infoformattingcommandsignoreev!erythingwrittenbMeforethe@setfilename(line,Iwhic!hiswhythevery rstlineofthe le(the\inputline)(doMesnotneedtobecommen!tedout.The@setfilenamelineisignoredwhenfy!outypMesetaprintedmanual.#Q3.2.4d(T@settitlea4InordertobMemadein!toaprintedmanual,%aTeexinfo lemustcontainalinefthatloMokslik!ethis:4d@settitletitleWerite8Othe@settitlecommandatthebMeginningofalineandfollo!witonthesamelineb!ythetitle.ThistellsT,[wEB X߸thetitletouseinaheaderorfoMoter.Do@notwritean!ythingelseontheline;banythingonthelineafterthecommandfisconsideredpartofthetitle,includingacommen!t.Con!ventionallye,5whenT,[wEB XtformatsaTexinfo lefordouble-sidedoutput,theatitleisprin!tedintheleft-hand(even-numbMered)pageheadingsandthe A'Chapterf3:BeginningaTeexinfoFileb32f]curren!tmchaptertitleisprintedintheright-hand(oMdd-numbered)mpagehead- ings.ov(T,[wEB Xlearnsthetitleofeac!hchapterfromeach@chaptercommand.)P!ageffoMotersarenotprinted.!Ev!enGifyouareprintinginasingle-sidedstyle,>T,[wEB XxloMoksforan@settitlecommandline,incasey!ouincludethemanualtitleinthehead-ing.The7I@settitlecommandshouldprecedeev!erythingthatgeneratesac-tualfoutputinT,[wEB X.AlthoughJ*thetitleinthe@settitlecommandisusuallythesameasthetitleonthetitlepage,7itdoMesnota ectthetitleasitappearsonthetitlepage.)Th!us,thetwodonotneednotmatchexactly;andthetitleinthe@settitlexcommandcanbMeashortenedorexpandedv!ersionofthetitleasitfappMearsonthetitlepage.(SeeSection3.4.1[@titlepage],page35.)T,[wEB Xjprin!tsjJpageheadingsonlyforthattextthatcomesafterthe@endtitlepage٣commandintheTeexinfo le,rorthatcomesafteran@headingscommandthatturnsonheadings.֣(SeeSection3.4.6[The@headingsCom-mand],fpage39,formoreinformation.)Yeouma!y,ify!ouwish,createy!ourown,customizedheadingsandfoMotings.See:AppMendixF7[P!ageHeadings],/page194,foradetaileddiscussionofthisproMcess.dQ3.2.5d(T@setchapternewpage!In@?abMook@?oraman!ual,TtextisusuallyprintedonbMothsidesofthepaper,c!hapters tstartonright-handpages,*qandright-handpageshaveoMddnumbMers.ButáinshortrepMorts, textoftenisprin!tedonlyononesideofthepaper.Also inshortrepMorts,)c!hapterssometimesdonotstartonnewpages,butareprin!tedonthesamepageastheendoftheprecedingchapter,9afterasmallamoun!tfofverticalwhitespace.YeouBcanusethe@setchapternewpagecommandwithvdDariousargumen!tstoYspMecifyho!wT,[wEB XshouldstartchaptersandwhetheritshouldtypMesetpagesforprin!tingononeorbMothsidesofthepaper(single-sidedordouble-sidedprin!ting).Weritethe@setchapternewpagecommandatthebMeginningofalinefol-lo!wedfbyitsargument.Feorexample,$sy!ouwouldwritethefollowingtocauseeachchaptertostartonfafreshoMdd-n!umberedfpage:d@setchapternewpageoddYeoucanspMecifyoneofthreealternativ!eswiththe@setchapternewpagecommand:!LčChapterf3:BeginningaTeexinfoFileb33f]@setchapternewpagefoff 9Causei6T,[wEB Xitot!ypMesetanewchapteronthesamepageasthe9lastpc!hapter,afterskippingsomeverticalwhitespace.vAlso,cause9T,[wEB X toformatpageheadersforsingle-sidedprin!ting.(Yeoucan9o!verridectheheadersformatwiththe@headingsfdoublecom-9mand;fseeSection3.4.6[The@headingsCommand],page39.)@setchapternewpagefon9CauseT,[wEB Xtostartnewc!haptersonnewpagesandtotypMeset9page headersforsingle-sidedprin!ting.uThisistheformmost9oftenfusedforshortrepMorts.R9Thisfalternativ!eisthedefault.@setchapternewpagefodd9CauseT,[wEB Xtostartnewc!haptersonnew,+oMdd-numberedpages9(righ!t-handed4pages)andtotypMesetfordouble-sidedprinting.9ThisfistheformmostoftenusedforbMooksfandman!uals.TeexinfofdoMesnotha!vefan@setchapternewpageevencommand.R(Yeou>Dcancoun!termandormoMdifyan@setchapternewpagecommandwithanIX@headingscommand. ƳSeeSection3.4.6[The@headingsCommand],pagef39.)A!tTthebMeginningofamanualorbMook,pagesTarenotnumbMered|forexample,Mthe.titleandcop!yright.pagesofabMook.arenotn!umbMered.6Bycon!vention,Atablevofcon!tentsvpagesaren!umbMeredvwithromann!umeralsandnotfinsequencewiththerestofthedoMcumen!t.SinceanInfo ledoMesnotha!vepages,the@setchapternewpagecom-mandfhasnoe ectonit.Usuallye,Zy!oudonotwritean@setchapternewpagecommandforsingle-sidedՍprin!ting,!WbutacceptthedefaultwhichistotypMesetforsingle-sidedprin!tingandtostartnewchaptersonnewpages.Usuallye,Lyouwritean@setchapternewpagefoddcommandfordouble-sidedprin!ting.Q3.2.6d(ParagraphMIndentingRTheVInfoformattingcommandsma!yinsertspacesatthebMeginningofthe rstlineofeac!hparagraph,Stherebyindentingthatparagraph.@Yeoucanusevthe@paragraphindentcommandtospMecifytheinden!tation.IWeritean@paragraphindentF commandatthebMeginningofalinefollo!wedF byeither`asis'foran!umbMer.Theftemplateis:d@paragraphindentinden!tThefInfoformattingcommandsinden!taccordingtothevdDalueofindent=:dIf=thevdDalueofinden!tzis`asis',ctheInfoformattingcommandsdonotdc!hangeftheexistingindentation."X&Chapterf3:BeginningaTeexinfoFileb34f]dIfthevdDalueofinden!tSis0,3theInfoformattingcommandsdeleteexisting dinden!tation.`dIfthevdDalueofinden!tisgreaterthan0,theInfoformattingcommandsdinden!tftheparagraphbythatnumbMerofspaces.ThefdefaultvdDalueofinden!tfis`asis'.WeriteYthe@paragraphindentcommandbMeforeorshortlyaftertheend-of-headerlineatthebMeginningofaTeexinfo le.(Ify!ouwritethecommandbMet!weenZthestart-of-headerandend-of-headerlines,theregionformattingcommandsfinden!tparagraphsasspMeci ed.)ArpMeculiarit!yrofthetexinfo-format-bufferandtexinfo-format-regionccommandsisthattheydonotinden!t(nor ll)paragraphsthatcon-tain@wor@*commands.SeeAppMendixH[Re llingP!aragraphs],page208,forfadetaileddescriptionofwhatgoMeson.Q3.2.7d(EndMofHeader`Feollo!w.theheaderlineswithanend-of-headerG/Sline. Anend-of-headerlineloMoksflik!ethis: `d@c%**endofheaderIf)y!ouincludethe@setchapternewpagecommandbMetweenthestart-of-headerandend-of-headerlines,DT,[wEB Xwillt!ypMesetaregionasthatcommandspMeci es.Similarlye,0ifVy!ouincludean@smallbookcommandbet!weenVthestart-of-headerHCandend-of-headerlines,T,[wEB XGwillt!ypMesetaregioninthe\small"fbMookformat.SeefSection3.2.2[StartofHeader],page30."FH3.3SummaryMandCopyingPermissionsforInfo`Theftitlepageandthecop!yrightfpageappMearonlyintheprin!tedcopyoftheQ^man!ual;therefore,|thesameinformationmustbMeinsertedinasectionthatb;appMearsonlyintheInfo le. ]Thissectionusuallycon!tainsabriefdescriptionofthecon!tentsoftheInfo le,5acop!yrightnotice,andcop!yingpMermissions.Thefcop!yrightnoticeshouldread: `dCopyrighty!earcopyright-ownerandfbMeputonalineb!yitself.Standardtextforthecop!yrightpMermissionsiscon!tainedinanappendixtoPthisman!ual;seeSectionD.1[`ifinfo'CopyingPermissions],{-page187,forfthecompletetext.#cҍChapterf3:BeginningaTeexinfoFileb35f]ThepMermissionstextappearsinanInfo lebeforethe rstnode.=cThis meanthatareaderdoMesnot=seethistextwhenreadingthe leusingInfo,exceptfwhenusingtheadvdDancedInfocommandg*.fH3.4TheMTitleandCopyrightMPagesAman!ual'snameandauthorareusuallyprintedonatitlepage.cSome-times cop!yrightinformationisprintedonthetitlepageaswell;moreoften,cop!yrightfinformationisprin!tedonthebackofthetitlepage.The Etitleandcop!yright EpagesappMearintheprin!tedmanual,&butnotintheInfo le.Becauseofthis,jitispMossibletousesev!eralslightlyobscureT,[wEB Xyt!ypMesettingycommandsthatcannotbeusedinanInfo le.Inaddition,thispartofthebMeginningofaTeexinfo lecon!tainsthetextofthecopyingpMermissionsfthatwillappearintheprin!tedmanual.SeeSectionD.2[TitlepageCop!yingPermissions],_page187,forthestan-dardftextforthecop!yrightfpMermissions.|Q3.4.1d(T@titlepageStart|thematerialforthetitlepageandfollo!wingcopyrightpagewith@titlepageo\onalineb!yitselfandenditwith@endftitlepageonalinebyitself.The[@endftitlepagecommandstartsanewpageandturnsonpagen!umbMering.-(See8+AppendixF8[P!ageHeadings],\page194,fordetailsabMoutho!w togenerateofpageheadings.)MAllthematerialthatyouwanttoappMearonYunn!umbMeredpagesshouldbeputbet!weenthe@titlepageand@endtitlepageҼcommands.bByusingthe@pagecommandy!oucanforceapagebreakscwithintheregiondelineatedb!ythe@titlepageand@endftitlepagecommandsandthereb!ycreatemorethanoneunnumbMeredpage.Thisishowthecop!yrightpageisproMduced.X(The@titlepagecommandmightpMerhapsha!vebbMeenbetternamedthe@titleandadditionalpagescommand,butthatfw!ouldhavebMeenratherlong!)Whenּy!ouwriteamanualabMoutacomputerprogram,youshouldwritethemv!ersionoftheprogramtowhichthemanualappliesonthetitlepage.IftheBman!ualchangesmorefrequentlythantheprogramorisindepMendentofit,`y!ou;MshouldalsoincludeaneditionnumbMer1forthemanual.ThishelpsreadersPk!eeptrackofwhichmanualisforwhichversionoftheprogram.(The-`Teop'noMdeshouldalsocon!tainthisinformation;VseeSection5.3[@top],pagef48.) x*ff=  1Weeha!vefoundthatitishelpfultorefertoversionsofmanualsas`editions'andE/v!ersionsofprogramsas`versions';eotherwise,Xwe ndweareliabletoconfuseeac!hotherinconversationbyreferringtobMoththedocumen!tationandfthesoft!warefwiththesamew!ords.$nChapterf3:BeginningaTeexinfoFileb36f]Teexinfo9pro!videstwomethoMdsforcreatingatitlepage.Onemethoduses the&@titlefont,ԕ@sp,and@centercommandstogenerateatitlepageinwhic!hfthewordsonthepagearecentered.vThesecondmethoMdusesthe@title,@subtitle,and@authorcommandsto.createatitlepagewithblac!krulesunderthetitleandauthorlinesandthepsubtitletextset ushtotherigh!thandsideofthepage.WiththismethoMd,jy!ouCMdonotspecifyan!yoftheactualformattingofthetitlepage.YeouspMecifythetexty!ouwant,andTeexinfodoMestheformatting.TYouma!yusefeithermethoMd.cQ3.4.2d(T@titlefontQ,MT@centerQ,andT@spvYeouJ.canusethe@titlefont,s @sp,andJ.@centercommandstocreateatitlepageforaprin!teddoMcument.l(Thisisthe rstofthetwomethoMdsforcreatingfatitlepageinTeexinfo.)Usex=the@titlefontcommandtoselectalargefon!tsuitableforthetitleitself.2Feorfexample:d@titlefont{Texinfo}Useqthe@centercommandatthebMeginningofalinetocen!terthere-mainingftextonthatline.Th!us,d@center@titlefont{Texinfo}cen!tersFFthetitle,Ywhichinthisexampleis\Teexinfo"printedinthetitlefont.Usefthe@spcommandtoinsertv!erticalspace.Feorexample:d@sp2Thisinsertst!woblanklinesontheprin!tedpage.~K(SeeSection15.3[@sp], pagef116,formoreinformationabMoutthe@spcommand.)AftemplateforthismethoMdlookslik!ethis:d@titlepage d@sp10d@center@titlefont{name-of-man!ual-when-printednR}d@sp2d@centersubtitle-if-an!yd@sp2d@centerauthord:1::d@endtitlepagevR?Thefspacingoftheexample tsan81/2b!y11inchmanual.%zChapterf3:BeginningaTeexinfoFileb37f]Q3.4.3d(T@titleQ,MT@subtitleQ,andT@authorӍYeoucanusethe@title,>R@subtitle,and@authorcommandstocreate atitlepageinwhic!htheverticalandhorizontalspacingisdoneforyouautomaticallye.Thiscon!trastswiththemethoMddescribedintheprevioussection,finwhic!hthe@spcommandisneededtoadjustverticalspacing.ӍWeritefthe@title,@subtitle,orf@authorcommandsatthebMeginningoffalinefollo!wedfbythetitle,subtitle,orauthor.Theha@titlecommandproMducesalineinwhic!hthetitleisset ushtothecleft-handsideofthepageinalargerthannormalfon!t.Thetitleisunderlinedfwithablac!krule.Thep@subtitlecommandsetssubtitlesinanormal-sizedfon!t ushtothefrigh!t-handsideofthepage.The-@authorcommandsetsthenamesoftheauthororauthorsinamiddle-sized3fon!t ushtotheleft-handsideofthepageonalinenearthebMottom9/ofthetitlepage.uThenamesareunderlinedwithablac!krulethatisthinnerthantherulethatunderlinesthetitle.u(Theblac!kruleonlyoMccursiffthe@authorcommandlineisfollo!wedfbyan@pagecommandline.)Therearet!wowaystousethe@authorcommand:Uyoucanwritethenameornamesontheremainingpartofthelinethatstartswithan@authorcommand:Ӎd@authorbyJaneSmithandJohnDoeormy!oucanwritethenamesoneabMoveeachotherbyusingtwo(ormore)@authorfcommands:Ӎd@authorJaneSmith d@authorJohnDoe(OnlyfthebMottomnameisunderlinedwithablac!krule.)̟ 8yAftemplateforthismethoMdlookslik!ethis:d@titlepage d@titlename-of-man!ual-when-printedd@subtitlesubtitle-if-an!yd@subtitlesecond-subtitled@authorauthord@paged:1::d@endtitlepagesōQ3.4.4d(CopyrightMPageandPermissionsӍByin!ternationaltreatye,althoughsometimespMeople>putitearlierinthedocumen!t.eUsuallye,tanintroMductionisputinan@unnumberedsection.i(SeeSection5.5[The@unnumberedand@appendixCommands],fpage48.)+7Chapterf4:EndingaTeexinfoFile43f]4 QEndingMaTaGexinfoFile& TheendofaTeexinfo leshouldincludethecommandsthatcreateindices andqgeneratedetailedandsummarytablesofcon!tents.GAndqitm!ustincludethef@byecommandthatmarksthelastlineproMcessedb!yT,[wEB X.n Feorfexample:d@nodeConceptIndex,R,VariablesIndex,Top d@c-Pnode-name,next,previous,upd@unnumberedConceptIndexd@printindexcpd@contents d@bye%H4.1IndexMMenusandPrintinganIndexSTeoprin!tanindexmeanstoincludeitaspartofamanualorInfo le.SThis doMesOnothappenautomaticallyjustbecausey!ouuse@cindexorotherindex-en!trygeneratingcommandsintheTeexinfo le;;)thosejustcausetherawdatafortheindextobMeaccum!ulated.?Teogenerateanindex,youmustincludethe@printindex^ucommandattheplaceinthedoMcumen!twhereyouwanttheindex=toappMear.cAlso,saspartoftheprocessofcreatingaprin!tedmanual,y!oumustrunaprogramcalledtexindex(seeChapter19[Feormat/PrintHardcop!y],ŝpage,140)tosorttherawdatatoproMduceasortedindex le.Thefsortedindex leiswhatisactuallyusedtoprin!ttheindex.STeexinfoMo erssixdi eren!ttypMesofprede nedindex:,Btheconceptin-dex,the^functionindex,thevdDariablesindex,thek!eystroke^index,thepro-gramNindex,andthedatat!ypMeindex(seeSection12.2[Prede nedIndices],pageL100).Eac!hindextypMehasatwo-lettername:`cp',^#`fn',`vr',`ky',`pg',andj`tp'.*]Yeouma!ymergeindices,orputthemintoseparatesections(seeSection112.4[Com!biningIndices],$page103);&oryoumayde neyourownindicesf(seeSection12.5[De ningNewIndices],page104).The3@printindexcommandtak!esatwo-letterindexname,readsthecorrespMondingfsortedindex leandformatsitappropriatelyin!toanindex.Ther@printindexcommanddoMesnotgenerateac!hapterheadingfortheindex.}Consequen!tlye,Oyou9Eshouldprecedethe@printindexcommandwithasuitable1sectionorc!haptercommand(usually@unnumbered)tosupplythec!hapter&headingandputtheindexintothetableofcontents._IPrecedethe@unnumberedfcommandwithan@nodeline.,^Chapterf4:EndingaTeexinfoFile44f] Feorfexample: dߤN cmtt9@nodeVariableIndex,ConceptIndex,FunctionIndex,Top d@commentXnode-name,*Fnext,!previous,upd@unnumberedVariableIndexd@printindexvr5d@nodeConceptIndex,,VariableIndex,Top d@commentYnode-name,next,!previous,upd@unnumberedConceptIndexd@printindexcpd@summarycontents d@contentsd@bye#!(Readersa oftenpreferthattheconceptindexcomelastinabMook,nsincea that mak!esfiteasiestto nd.)H4.2GeneratingMaTfableofContentsThe@chapter,@section,andotherstructuringcommandssupplytheinformationZ8tomak!eupatableofcontents,itbuttheydonotcauseanactualtableNtoappMearintheman!ual.Teodothis,`4youmustusethe@contentsand@summarycontentsfcommands:@contents9Generateatableofcon!tentsinaprin!tedmanual,includingall9c!hapters,sections,subsections,etc.,as\?wellasappMendicesand9unn!umbMeredchapters. (Headingsgeneratedbythe@heading9series%ofcommandsdonotappMearinthetableofcon!tents.)rThe9@contentsfcommandshouldbMewrittenonalineb!yitself.J@shortcontents@summarycontents9(@summarycontentsMisasynon!ymfor@shortcontents;kjthetwo9commandsfareexactlythesame.)9Generatezashortorsummarytableofcon!tentszthatlistsonly9thei&c!hapters(andappMendicesandunnumbMeredchapters).rOmit9sections,:subsectionsCandsubsubsections.quOnlyalongman!ual9needswvashorttableofcon!tentswvinadditiontothefulltableof9con!tents.9Weriteԉthe@shortcontentscommandonalineb!yitselfright9bMeforeCmthef@contentscommand.The{tableofcon!tents{commandsautomaticallygenerateac!hapter-likeheading$atthetopofthe rsttableofcon!tents$page.Weritethetableofcon!tentsTYcommandsatthev!eryendofaTeexinfo le,justbMeforethe@bye-Chapterf4:EndingaTeexinfoFile45f]command,/follo!wingtanyindexsections|anythingintheTeexinfo leafter theftableofcon!tentsfcommandswillbMeomittedfromthetableofcon!tents.When[y!ouprintamanualwithatableofcontents,thetableofcontentsarepprin!tedlastandnumbMeredwithromannumerals.YeouneedtoplacethosepagesintheirpropMerplace,_afterthetitlepage,y!ourself.(Thisistheonlycollatingy!ouneedtodoforaprintedmanual.Thetableofcontentsisprin!tedflastbMecauseitisgeneratedaftertherestofthemanualistypMeset.)̟ Herefisanexampleofwheretowritetableofcon!tentsfcommands:dindicess:1:: d@shortcontentsd@contentsd@bye4Since$anInfo leusesmen!usinsteadoftablesofcontents,C|theInfofor-mattingcommandsignorethe@contentsand@shortcontentscommands.! H4.3K@byeMHFileEndingAn;@byecommandterminatesT,[wEB X.orInfoformatting.v\Noneofthefor-mattingcommandsseean!yofthe lefollowing@bye.:{The@byecommandshouldfbMeonalineb!yitself.IfA y!ouwish,gyoumayfollowthe@byelinewithnotes.Thesenoteswillnot bMeformattedandwillnotappearineitherInfooraprin!tedmanual;itis.jasiftextafter@byew!erewithin@ignore:1::#7@endfignore.Also,Fiyoumayfollo!wSectionSectionSectionSection&b1.1"}1.2(=2.12.23.13.2 ꍑIn6^aTeexinfo lethathasthisstructure,LthebMeginningofChapter2lookslik!efthis:d@nodeChapter2, TChapter3,Chapter1,top d@chapterChapter2/卟Chapterf5:ChapterStructuringf47f]The>c!hapterstructuringcommandsaredescribMedinthesectionsthat follo!w;vthe@nodeand@menucommandsaredescribMedinfollowingchapters.(SeefChapter6[NoMdes],page53,andseeChapter7[Men!us],page61.)!$H5.2Typs3esMofStructuringCommandAThekc!hapterstructuringcommandsfallintofourgroupsorseries,$eachofe)whic!hcontainsstructuringcommandscorrespMondingtothehierarchicallev!elsfofchapters,sections,subsections,andsubsubsections.AThefourgroupsarethe@chapterseries,5the@unnumberedseries,the@appendixfseries,andthe@headingseries.Eac!hMcommandproMducestitlesthathaveadi erentappMearanceontheprin!tedbpageorInfo le;yPonlysomeofthecommandsproMducetitlesthatarelistedfinthetableofcon!tentsfofaprin!tedbMookformanual.dThedj@chapterand@appendixseriesofcommandsproMducen!umbereddor0lettereden!triesbMothinthebodyofaprin!tedworkandinitstabledoffcon!tents.dThe`@unnumberedseriesofcommandsproMduceunn!umbered`entriesbMothdinathebModyaofaprin!tedworkandinitstableofcontents.?The@topdcommand,}whic!hhasaspMecialuse,isamem!bMerofthisseries(seeSec-dtionf5.3[@top],page48).dThe'@headingseriesofcommandsproMduceunn!umbered'headingsthatddonotappMearinatableofcon!tents.TTheheadingcommandsnev!erdstartfanewpage.dThe@majorheadingcommandproMducesresultssimilartousingthed@chapheadingcommandbutgeneratesalargerv!erticalwhitespacebMe-dforeftheheading.dWhenCan@setchapternewpagecommandsa!ystodoso,Jthe@chapter,d@unnumbered,[and@appendixcommandsstartnewpagesintheprin!teddman!ual;fthe@headingcommandsdonot. ۽Herefarethefourgroupsofc!hapterstructuringcommands:%o cmr9NoTnewpagesdNum9bAered]N2Unn9umbAeredGLetteredTandn9umbAered%Unn9umbAereddInTcon9tents]N2InTcon9tentsGInTcon9tents%NotTincon9tents]N2@top%@majorheadingd@chapter]N2@unnumberedG@appendix%@chapheadingd@section]N2@unnumberedsecG@appendixsec%@headingd@subsection]N2@unnumberedsubsecG@appendixsubsec%@subheadingd@subsubsection]N2@unnumberedsubsubsecG@appendixsubsubsec%@subsubheading0LChapterf5:ChapterStructuringf48f]H5.3K@topՍTheD&@topcommandisaspMecialsectioningcommandthaty!ouuseonly after~Nan@nodefToplineatthebMeginningofaTeexinfo le.{+The@topcommandtells$themakeinfoformatterwhic!hnoMdeisthe`Teop'node.rIthasthesamet!ypMesetting\e ectas@unnumbered(seeSection5.5[@unnumbered],jpage48).Feorfdetailedinformation,seeSection6.2.5[The@topCommand],page58.ˍH5.4K@chapter@chapter<3iden!ti esachapterinthedoMcument.DWeritethecommandatthebMeginningofalineandfollo!witonthesamelinebythetitleofthec!hapter.ՍFeorexample,5thisc!hapterinthismanualisentitled\ChapterStructur-ing";fthe@chapterlineloMokslik!ethis:rՍd@chapterChapterStructuringInT,[wEB X,the@chaptercommandcreatesac!hapterinthedoMcument,!spec-ifyingfthec!haptertitle.ThechapterisnumbMeredautomaticallye.In-{Info,O@the@chaptercommandcausesthetitletoappMearonalineb!yitself,with&alineofasterisksinsertedunderneath.%Th!us,inInfo,theabMo!veexamplefproMducesthefollo!wingoutput:rՍdChapterStructuring d*******************VH5.5K@unnumberedH,MK@appendixՍUsefthe@unnumberedcommandtocreateac!hapterthatappMearsinaprin!ted6umanualwithoutchapternumbMersofanykind. Usethe@appendixcommandtocreateanappMendixinaprin!tedmanualthatislabMelledbyletterinsteadfofb!ynumbMer.Feork1Info leoutput,cthe@unnumberedand@appendixcommandsareequivdDalen!tto@chapter:Bthetitleisprintedonalinebyitselfwithalineofasterisksfunderneath.(SeeSection5.4[@chapter],page48.)TeoxcreateanappMendixoranunn!umberedxchapter,!writean@appendixor@unnumberedcommandatthebMeginningofalineandfollo!witonthesamelinefb!ythetitle,asyouwouldifyouwerecreatingachapter.VH5.6K@majorheadingH,MK@chapheadingՍThex@majorheadingand@chapheadingcommandsputc!hapter-likexhead-ingsfinthebModyfofadoMcumen!t.1܍Chapterf5:ChapterStructuringf49f]Ho!wever,aneithercommandcausesT,[wEB XtoproMducean!umberedheading orpanen!tryinthetableofcontents;andneithercommandcausesT,[wEB Xptostartfanewpageinaprin!tedmanual.InTT,[wEB X,an@majorheadingcommandgeneratesalargerv!erticalwhites-pacebMeforetheheadingthanan@chapheadingcommandbutisotherwisethefsame.InInfo,%the@majorheadingand@chapheadingcommandsareequivdDalen!tto,@chapter:thetitleisprin!tedonalinebyitselfwithalineofasterisksunderneath.(SeefSection5.4[@chapter],page48.):H5.7K@sectionIn;aprin!tedmanual,Dan@sectioncommandidenti esanumbMeredsectionwithinkac!hapter.IThesectiontitleappMearsinthetableofcontents.IInInfo,an|@sectioncommandpro!videsatitleforasegmentoftext,5Aunderlinedwithf`='.Thishsectionisheadedwithan@sectioncommandandloMokslik!ethisinthefTeexinfo le:d@section@code{@@section}Teocreateasection,writethe@sectioncommandatthebMeginningofalinefandfollo!witonthesamelinebythesectiontitle.Th!us,d@sectionThisisasectionproMducesdThisisasection d=================infInfo.ōH5.8K@unnumberedsecH,MK@appendixsecH,K@headingTheߕ@unnumberedsec,@appendixsec,and@headingcommandsare,re- spMectiv!elye,IthejOunnumbered,Iappendix-like,IandjOheading-likeequivdDalentsofthef@sectioncommand.(SeeSection5.7[@section],page49.)@unnumberedsec9TheO@unnumberedseccommandma!ybMeusedwithinanunnum-9bMeredKc!hapterorwithinaregularchapterorappMendixtoprovide9anfunn!umbMeredsection.č@appendixsec@appendixsection9@appendixsectionisalongerspMellingofthe@appendixsec9command;fthet!wofaresynon!ymous.2损Chapterf5:ChapterStructuringf50f]9Con!ventionallye,FLthe&Q@appendixsecor@appendixsectioncom- 9mandfisusedonlywithinappMendices.@heading9Yeouma!yusethe@headingcommandanywhereyouwishfora9section-st!ylexheadingthatwillnotappMearinthetableofcon-9ten!ts. 퍍H5.9TheMK@subsectionHCommand{Subsectionsaretosectionsassectionsaretoc!hapters.}(SeeSection5.7[@section],bpage49.)InInfo,subsectiontitlesareunderlinedwith`-'.Feorexample,{d@subsectionThisisasubsection{proMducesdThisisasubsection d--------------------yIn.aprin!tedmanual,Qsubsectionsarelistedinthetableofcontentsand arefn!umbMeredthreelevelsdeep..H5.10TheMK@subsectionH-likeCommandsThej0@unnumberedsubsec,!@appendixsubsec,and@subheadingcom-mands are,#3respMectiv!elye,theunn!umbMered,#3appendix-lik!e,and heading-likeequivdDalen!tsofthe@subsectioncommand. (SeeSection5.9[@subsection],pagef50.){In"kInfo,kthe@subsection-lik!ecommandsgenerateatitleunderlinedwithŦh!yphens.;Inaprintedmanual, van@subheadingcommandproMducesaYheadinglik!ethatofasubsectionexceptthatitisnotnumbMeredanddoMeshnotappearinthetableofcon!tents.Similarlye,)anh@unnumberedsubseccommandproMducesanunn!umberedheadinglik!ethatofasubsectionandanr@appendixsubseccommandproMducesasubsection-lik!eheadinglabelledwithaletterandn!umbMers;wbothofthesecommandsproMduceheadingsthatappMearfinthetableofcon!tents..H5.11TheM`subsub'CommandsThefourthandlo!westlevelsectioningcommandsinTeexinfoarethe`sub-sub'fcommands.Theyare:@subsubsection9Subsubsections*aretosubsectionsassubsectionsaretosections.9(See=Section5.9[@subsection],3page50.)cInaprin!tedman-9ual,subsubsection|otitlesappMearinthetableofcon!tents|oandare9n!umbMeredffourlev!elsdeep.3Chapterf5:ChapterStructuringf51f]@unnumberedsubsubsec 9Unn!umbMeredsubsubsectiontitlesappearinthetableofcon!tents9of7laprin!tedmanual,MbutlacknumbMers.Otherwise,Munnumbered9subsubsectionsMarethesameassubsubsections.InInfo,^unn!um-9bMeredfsubsubsectionslookexactlylik!eordinarysubsubsections.@appendixsubsubsec9Con!ventionallye,appMendixcommandsareusedonlyforappen-9dicesandareletteredandn!umbMeredappropriatelyinaprin!ted9man!ual.TheyalsoappMearinthetableofcontents.InInfo,ap-9pMendixNsubsubsectionslookexactlylik!eordinarysubsubsections.@subsubheading9The@subsubheadingcommandma!ybMeusedanywherethatyou9needLasmallheadingthatwillnotappMearinthetableofcon-9ten!ts.&In)Info,subsubheadingsloMokexactlylikeordinarysub-9subsectionfheadings.InfInfo,`subsub'titlesareunderlinedwithpMeriods.Feorfexample,Jd@subsubsectionThisisasubsubsectionWJproMducesdThisisasubsubsection d.......................;yH5.12K@raisesectionsMHandK@lowersectionsWJTheх@raisesectionsand@lowersectionscommandsraiseandlo!wer theڿhierarc!hicallevelofchapters,'sections,subsectionsڿandthelike.zThe@raisesectionsScommandc!hangessectionstochapters,d!subsectionstosec-tions,7andsoon.:The@lowersectionscommandc!hangeschapterstosec-tions,fsectionstosubsections,andsoon.Ane@lowersectionscommandisusefulify!ouwishtoincludetextthatis writtenasanouterorstandaloneTeexinfo leinanotherTexinfo leasQaninner,,included le. Ify!ouwritethecommandatthebMeginningofjthe le,Yally!our@chaptercommandsareformattedasiftheywere@section commands,tally!our@sectioncommandareformattedasiftheyw!eref@subsectioncommands,andsoon.!@raisesections Graisesacommandonelev!elinthechapterstructuringhierarc!hy:4 Chapterf5:ChapterStructuringf52f]!-Change?SectionSectionSectionSection&b1.1"}1.2(=2.12.23.13.2{WeritefthebMeginningofthenodeforChapter2lik!ethis: d@nodeRChapter2, TChapter3,Chapter1,top d@comment Tnode-name,next,"}previous,upIThisD@nodelinesa!ysthatthenameofthisnoMdeis\Chapter2",Xthenameof the0``Next'noMdeis\Chapter3",Gthenameofthe`Previous'nodeis\Chapter1",fandthenameofthe`Up'noMdeis\Teop".dPleaseENote:|M`Next'referstothenextnoMdeatthesamehierarc!hical dlev!elϗinthemanual,notnecessarilytothenextnoMdewithinthedTeexinfo le.IntheTexinfo le,!thesubsequen!tnoMdemaybMeatadlo!werUlevel|asection-levelnoMdemayfollowachapter-levelnoMde,dandPasubsection-lev!elnoMdemayfollowasection-levelnoMde.S`Next'dand `Previous'refertonoMdesatthesamehierarc!hicallevel.(Thed`Teop'noMdecon!tainstheexceptiontothisrule.Sincethe`Top'noMdedisntheonlynoMdeatthatlev!el,p`Next'referstothe rstfollowingdnoMde,fwhic!hisalmostalwaysachapterorchapter-levelnoMde.)Teo5ugotoSections2.1and2.2usingInfo,L y!ouneedamenuinsideChapter 2.(SeeChapter7[Men!us],mpage61.)Yeouw!ouldwritethemenujustbMeforethefbMeginningofSection2.1,lik!ethis:, @menu , *Sect.2.1::Descriptionofthissection., *Sect.2.2::, @endmenu5IWeritefthenoMdeforSect.2.1lik!ethis:, @nodeRSect.2.1,Sect.2.2,Chapter2,Chapter2 , @comment Tnode-name,next,"}previous,upIInInfoformat,the`Next'and`Previous'pMoin!tersofanodeusuallyleadto3othernoMdesatthesamelev!el|fromchaptertochapterorfromsectionto*section(sometimes,[assho!wn,the`Previous'pMoin!terpoin!tsup);an`Up'pMoin!ter_3usuallyleadstoanodeatthelev!elabo!ve_3(closertothe`Teop'node);andSa`Men!u'leadstonoMdesatalevelbMelow(closerto`leaves').(AS|cross7%Chapterf6:NoMdes $Y55f]referencedcanpMoin!ttoanodeatan!ylevel;z"seeChapter8[CrossReferences], pagef65.)Usuallye,butanoMdecannotcontainsubnoMdes;>thetextofanoMdecon!tinuesonlyun!tilthenext@nodecommandinthe le.AnoMdeusuallycon!tainsonlyonechapterstructuringcommand,Mtheonethatfollo!wsPgthe@nodeline.3Ontheotherhand,ainprintedoutputnoMdesareusedonlyeMforcrossreferences,rRsoac!hapterorsectionmaycontainanynumbMerofnoMdes.Indeed,ac!hapterusuallycontainsseveralnoMdes,oneforeachsection,subsection,fandsubsubsection.Teob^createanoMde,[writean@nodecommandatthebeginningofaline,andfollo!witwithfourarguments,^separatedbycommas,^ontherestofthesameMuline.8Theseargumen!tsarethenameofthenoMde,_?andthenamesofthe`Next',`Previous',and`Up'pMoin!ters,inthatorder.YeoumayinsertspacesbMeforeeac!hpoin!terifyouwish;4thespacesareignored.xYeoumustwritethenameofthenoMde,andthenamesofthe`Next',`Previous',and`Up'pMoin!ters,allmonthesameline.kOtherwise,theformattersfail.(SeeInfo le`info',noMdef`Top',formoreinformationaboutnodesinInfo.)Usuallye,+y!ou,writeoneofthechapter-structuringcommandlinesimme-diately7afteran@nodeline|forexample,Nan@sectionor@subsectionline.(SeefSection5.2[T!ypMesofStructuringCommand],page47.)2dPleasenote:9TheGNU}EmacsTeexinfomoMdeupdatingcommands dw!orkRonlywithTeexinfo lesinwhich@nodelinesarefollowedbydc!hapterzstructuringlines. [ SeeSection2.4.1[UpMdatingRequire-dmen!ts],fpage20.80Chapterf6:NoMdes $Y56f]T,[wEB Xuses@@nodelinestoiden!tifythenamestouseforcrossreferences. Feorgthisreason,tKy!oumustwrite@nodelinesinaTeexinfo lethatyouintendto"*formatforprin!ting,After]y!ouhaveinsertedan@nodeline,youshouldimmediatelywritean@-commandLforthec!hapterorsectionandinsertitsname.Next(andthisisimpMortan!t!),%putinseveralindexentries.tUsuallye,%youwill ndatleasttwoandu=oftenasman!yasfouror vewaysofreferringtothenoMdeintheindex.Usefthemall.Thiswillmak!eitmucheasierforpMeopleto ndthenode.Q6.2.2d(T@nodeMQLineTips>Herefarethreesuggestions:dTeryftopic!knoMdenamesthatareinformativebutshort.dIntheInfo le,Fthe lename,noMdename,andpMoin!ternamesarealldinsertedPononeline, whic!hmayrunintotherightedgeofthewindow.d(ThisfdoMesnotcauseaproblemwithInfo,butisuglye.)dTeryjtopic!knoMdenamesthatdi erfromeachothernearthebMeginningsdoftheirnames.ZThisw!aye,oitiseasytouseautomaticnamecompletiondinfInfo.dBy;con!vention,pnoMdenamesarecapitalizedjustastheywouldbMefordsectionorc!haptertitles|initialandsigni cantwordsarecapitalized;dothersfarenot.Q6.2.3d(T@nodeMQLineRequirements>Herefaresev!eralrequirementsfor@nodelines:|dAllfthenoMdenamesforasingleInfo lem!ustbeunique.dDuplicates׫confusetheInfomo!vement׫commands.qThismeans,forex-dample,thatDify!ouendeverychapterwithasummarye,youmustnamedeac!h}MsummarynoMdedi erentlye.bYou}Mcannotjustcalleachone\Sum-dmary".RYeou8ma!y,Alhowever,duplicate8thetitlesofchapters,Alsections,dandthelik!e.ThusyoucanendeachchapterinabMookwithasectiondcalled\Summary",solongasthenoMdenamesforthosesectionsareallddi eren!t.dAfpMoin!ternamemustbMethenameofanode.dThenoMdetowhic!hapoin!terpoin!tsmaycomebMeforeorafterthenodedcon!tainingfthepMointer.dYeoum>cannotusean!yoftheTexinfo@-commandsinanoMdename;d@-commandsUHOconfusefInfo.:IύChapterf6:NoMdes $Y58f] .dTh!us,fthebMeginningofthesectioncalled@chapterlookslik!ethis: X+\@node s,chapter,unnumbered&appendix,makeinfotop,Structuring +\@comment s,node-name,next,previous,up+\@section@code{@@chapter}+\@findexchapter-dYeouMcannotusecommas,colons,orMapMostropheswithinanodename; dthesefconfuseT,[wEB XortheInfoformatters.[wdFeorfexample,thefollo!wingisasectiontitle:+\@code{@@unnumberedsec},@code{@@appendixsec},@code{@@heading}XdThefcorrespMondingnodenameis:+\unnumberedsecappendixsecheadingdCasefissigni can!t.Q6.2.4d(TheMFirstNoideXThe rstnoMdeofaTeexinfo leisthe`Top'noMde,0Cexceptinanincluded lef(seeAppMendixE[IncludeFiles],page189).The`Teop'noMde(whic!hmustbMenamed`top'or`Top')shouldhaveasits`Up'vnand`Previous'noMdesthenameofanodeinanother le,wherethereisanmen!uthatleadstothis le.SpMecifythe lenameinparentheses.Ifthe leisdatobMeinstalleddirectlyintheInfodirectory le,quse`(dir)'astheparen!tofthe`Teop'noMde;uthisisshortfor`(dir)top',Handspeci esthe`Teop'nodein%the`dir' le,Ewhic!hcontainsthemainmenuforInfo.\Feorexample,Ethe@nodefToplineofthisman!ualloMokslikethis:Xd@nodeTop,Overview,(dir),(dir)(Yeounma!yusetheTexinfoupMdatingcommandsorthemakeinfoutilit!ytoinsertfthese`Next'and`(dir)'pMoin!tersautomaticallye.)SeecChapter21[InstallanInfoFile],page158,formoreinformationabMoutinstallingfanInfo leinthe`info'directorye.Thef`Teop'noMdecon!tainsthemainormastermenuforthedoMcument.Q6.2.5d(TheMT@topQSectioningCommandXA spMecial sectioningcommand,?z@top,has beencreatedforusewiththe@nodefTopDline.VThe@topsectioningcommandtellsmakeinfothatitmarksthe`Teop'noMdeinthe le.#Itpro!videstheinformationthatmakeinfoneedstozinsertnoMdepoin!tersautomaticallye.Writezthe@topcommandatthebe-ginningB.ofthelineimmediatelyfollo!wingthe@nodefTopline.uWeritethetitleonftheremainingpartofthesamelineasthe@topcommand.In/Info,Fthe@topsectioningcommandcausesthetitletoappMearonalineb!yfitself,withalineofasterisksinsertedunderneath.;UChapterf6:NoMdes $Y59f]Ina7T,[wEB Xaandtexinfo-format-buffer,the@topsectioningcommandis merelyasynon!ymfor@unnumbered.'Neitheroftheseformattersrequirean@top=command,canddonothingspMecialwithit.Yeoucanuse@chapteror@unnumberedj[afterthe@nodefToplinewheny!ouusetheseformatters.Also,y!oucanuse@chapteror@unnumberedwhenyouusetheTeexinfoupMdatingcommandsftocreateorupMdatepoin!tersandmenus.i捍Q6.2.6d(TheM`Tģop'NoideSummaryxYeoudcanhelpreadersb!ywritingasummaryinthe`Top'noMde,afterthe@topline,bMeforethemainormastermen!u.Thesummaryshouldbrie ydescribMemthedocumen!t.1InInfo,thissummarywillappearjustbeforethemastermen!u.MInaprintedmanual,thissummarywillappMearonapageofitsfo!wn.xIfy!oudonotwantthesummarytoappMearonapageofitsowninaprin!ted!manual,ڐyoucanenclosethewholeofthe`Teop'noMde,ڐincludingthe@nodefToplineandthe@topsectioningcommandlineorothersectioningcommand]linebMet!ween]@ifinfoand@endfifinfo.fThisprev!ents]anyofthetextfromappMearingintheprin!tedoutput.(seeChapter18[ConditionallyVisible Teext],,kpage135). YoucanrepMeatthebriefdescriptionfromthe`Top'noMdeCnwithin@iftex:1::M?@endfiftexatthebeginningofthe rstc!hapter,W:forthosefwhoreadtheprin!tedmanual.ThissavespapMerandmayloMokneater.YeouOshouldwritethev!ersionnumbMeroftheprogramtowhichthemanualappliesEinthesummarye.{Thishelpsthereaderk!eeptrackofwhichmanualisforwhic!hversionoftheprogram.AIfthemanualchangesmorefrequentlythanj*theprogramorisindepMenden!tofit,v6youshouldalsoincludeaneditionn!umbMer8fortheman!ual.(Thetitlepageshouldalsocontainthisinformation:seefSection3.4.1[@titlepage],page35.)OH6.3CreatingMPointerswithKmakeinfoxThe;.makeinfoprogramhasafeatureforautomaticallycreatingnoMdepMoin!tersfforahierarchicallyorganized lethatlacksthem.When/;y!outakeadvdDantageofthisfeature,Qpyoudonotneedtowritethe`Next',*`Previous',and `Up'pMoin!tersafterthenameofanode.ZHo!wever,*youm!usthwriteasectioningcommand,|suchas@chapteror@section,|onthelineWimmediatelyfollo!wingeachtruncated@nodeline.NYeoucannotwriteacommen!tflineafteranoMdeline;thesectionlinemustfollowitimmediatelye.Inaddition,5My!oumustfollowthe`Teop'@nodelinewithalinebMeginningwiths@toptomarkthe`Teop'noMdeinthe le.SeeSection5.3[@top], page48.Finallye,y!ouUmustwritethenameofeachnoMde(exceptforthe`Teop'node)inamen!uthatisoneormorehierarchicallevelsabMovethenoMde'shierarchicallev!el.<`SChapterf6:NoMdes $Y60f]ThisnoMdepoin!terinsertionfeatureinmakeinfoisanalternativetothe men!uTandpMointercreationandupMdatecommandsinTeexinfomode.(SeeSection y2.4[UpMdatingNodesandMen!us],$page17.) ItisespeciallyhelpfultofpMeoplewhodonotuseGNUEmacsforwritingTeexinfodocumen!ts.=mChapterf7:Men!usQ&61f]7 QMenuus|7Men!us7containXpMointerstosubMordinatenodes.1 q>InInfo,Iy!ouusemenus toG{gotosuc!hnoMdes.Menushavenoe ectinprintedmanualsanddonotappMearfinthem.>Bykicon!vention,amenuisputattheendofanoMdesinceareaderwhousesfthemen!umaynotseetextthatfollowsit.A)noMdeethathasamen!ushouldnotcontainmuchtext.Ifyouhavealotoftextandamen!u,"movemostofthetextin!toanewsubnoMde|allbuta fewlines.|Otherwise,areaderwithaterminalthatdispla!ysonlyafewlinesuma!ymissthemenuanditsassoMciatedtext.͚Asapracticalmatter,`youshouldfloMcateamen!uwithin20linesofthebeginningofthenode.The}shorttextbMeforeamen!umayloMokawkwardinaprintedmanual.Teoa!voidthis,WpyoucanwriteamenunearthebMeginningofitsnodeandfollo!w:themenubyan@nodeline,PDandthenan@headinglineloMcatedwithin@ifinfoand@endfifinfo.Thisw!aye,themenu,@nodeline,andtitleappMearonlyfintheInfo le,nottheprin!teddoMcument.Feor example,f}theprecedingt!wo paragraphsfollo!wanInfo-onlymenu,@nodefline,andheading,andloMoklik!ethis:>d@menu d*MenuLocation::JPutamenuinashortnode.d*WritingaMenu::DWhatisamenu?d*MenuParts::[Amenuentryhasthreeparts.d*LessClutteredMenuEntry::Twopartmenuentry.d*MenuExample::P{LTwoandthreepartentries.d*OtherInfoFiles::9|HowtorefertoadifferentͣInfofile.d@endmenud@nodeMenuLocation,WritingaMenu, T,Menusd@ifinfod@headingMenusNeedShortNodesd@endifinfo?0TheCTeexinfo leforthisdoMcumen!tcontainsmorethanadozenexamplesof1thisproMcedure.vOneisatthebeginningofthisc!hapter;anotherisatthebMeginningfofthe\CrossReferences"c!hapter. pff=  1Men!uscancarryyoutoanynoMde,regardlessofthehierarchicalstruc-ture;oChapterf7:Men!usQ&62f]H7.1WfritingMaMenuƍAmen!uconsistsofan@menucommandonalinebyitselffollowedbymenu en!trylinesormenucommentlinesandthenbyan@endfmenucommandonaflineb!yitself.ƍAfmen!uloMokslikethis:ƍd@menu dLargerUnitsofTextd*Files::8FAllabouthandlingfiles.d*Multiples:Buffers.?descriptionFeollo!wthemenuentrynamewithasinglecolonandfollowthenoMdename withftab,comma,pMeriod,fornewline.InInfo,auserselectsanoMdewiththem(Info-menu)command.Themen!ufentrynameiswhattheusertypMesafterthemcommand.TheC-thirdpartofamen!uentryisadescriptivephraseorsentence.Menuen!try&namesandnoMdenamesareoftenshort;uthedescriptionexplainstothe_readerwhatthenoMdeisabout.Thedescription,whic!hisoptional,canspread4o!vertwoormorelines.Ashortdescription.d*Nodename::m9Thisformispreferred.d@endmenu)%VThisfproMduces:d*menu: d*menuentryname:Nodename.>Ashortdescription.d*Nodename::m9Thisformispreferred.)%VHerefisanexampleasy!oumightseeitinaTeexinfo le:d@menu dLargerUnitsofTextd*Files::8FAllabouthandlingfiles.d*Multiples:Buffers.?H8.2PartsMofaCrossReferenceo^AIcrossJkreferencecommandrequiresonlyoneargumen!t,lwhichJkisthenamecYofthenoMdetowhic!hitrefers.Butacrossreferencecommandmaycon!tainuptofouradditionalarguments.Byusingthesearguments,-youcanpro!vide5iacrossreferencenameforInfo,Y*atopicdescriptionorsectiontitleforPtheprin!tedoutput,thenameofadi erentInfo le,andthenameofadi eren!tfprintedmanual.o^Herefisasimplecrossreferenceexample:^d@xref{Nodename}.whic!hfproMducesd*NoteNodename::.anddSeefSectionnnn[NoMdename],pageppp.̟ Herefisanexampleofafull v!e-partcrossreference:d@xref{Nodename,CrossReferenceName,ParticularTopic, dinfo-file-name,APrintedManual},fordetails./\whic!hfproMducesd*NoteCrossReferenceName:(info-file-name)Nodename, dfordetails.infInfoanddSeefsection\P!articularTeopic"inAPrintedManual,fordetails.infaprin!tedbMook.Thef v!epMossibleargumentsforacrossreferenceare:1.dThenoMdename(required).Thisisthenodetowhic!hthecrossreference dtak!es>Qyou.+InaprinteddoMcument,S"theloMcationofthenodepro!videsthedpagefreferenceonlyforreferenceswithinthesamedoMcumen!t.o^2.dTheAcrossreferencenamefortheInforeference,hwifitistobMedi eren!tdfromothenoMdename.Ify!ouincludethisargument, itargumentbMecomesdthef rstpartofthecrossreference.Itisusuallyomitted.3.dAitopicjndescriptionorsectionname. )Often,othisisthetitleofthedsection.Thisisusedasthenameofthereferenceintheprin!tedmanual.dIffomitted,thenoMdenameisused.4.dThenameoftheInfo leinwhic!hthereferenceisloMcated,fifitisdi erentdfromfthecurren!t le.C Chapterf8:CrossReferences67f]5.dThefnameofaprin!tedmanualfromadi erentTeexinfo le.>Theftemplateforafull v!eargumentcrossreferenceloMokslikethis:d@xref{noMde-name,cross-reference-name,title-or-topic, dinfo- le-name,prin!ted-manual-title}.̝Crossw=referenceswithone,rt!wo,three,four,andw= veargumentsarede- scribMedfseparatelyfollo!wingthedescriptionof@xref. Werite`Q8.3.3d(T@xrefMQwithThreeArgumentsjAthirdargumen!treplacesthenoMdenameintheT,[wEB Xoutput.HThethirdargumen!t9shouldbMethenameofthesectionintheprintedoutput,^orelsestatepthetopicdiscussedb!ythatsection.Often,youwillwanttouseinitialuppMer߮caseletterssoitwillbeeasiertoreadwhenthereferenceisprin!ted.Useyathirdargumen!twhenthenoMdenameisunsuitablebecauseofsyn!taxorfmeaning.Remem!bMertoavoidplacingacommawithinthetitleortopicsectionofa-crossreference,OXorwithinan!yothersection.sVTheformattersdividecrossreferencesin!toargumentsaccordingtothecommas;acommawithinatitleor-othersectionwilldivideitin!totwoarguments.2Inareference,youneedtofwriteatitlesuc!has\Clouds,Mist,andFeog"withoutthecommas.Also,remem!bMerZtowriteacommaorperiodaftertheclosingbraceofa@xref toterminatethecrossreference.Inthefollo!wingexamples,aclausefollo!wsfaterminatingcomma.! !Theftemplateislik!ethis:jd@xref{noMde-name,cross-reference-name,title-or-topic}.YFeorfexample,d@xref{ElectricalEffects,Lightning,ThunderandLightning}, dfordetails.F卟Chapterf8:CrossReferences70f]proMducesd*NoteLightning:ElectricalEffects,fordetails.uanddSeefSection5.2[Th!underandLightning],page57,fordetails.If%athirdargumen!tisgivenandthesecondoneisemptye,thenthethird argumen!tservesbMoth.m(Notehowtwocommas,sidebyside,marktheemptysecondfargumen!t.)d@xref{ElectricalEffects,,ThunderandLightning}, dfordetails.5proMducesd*NoteThunderandLightning:ElectricalEffects,fordetails.anddSeefSection5.2[Th!underandLightning],page57,fordetails.Asӎapracticalmatter,itisoftenbMesttowritecrossreferenceswithjust the rstargumen!tifthenoMdenameandthesectiontitlearethesame,eandwithfthe rstandthirdargumen!tsifthenoMdenameandtitlearedi erent.Herefaresev!eralexamplesfromTheGAȈWKManualnR: ud@xref{SampleProgram}. d@xref{Glossary}.d@xref{Case-sensitivity,,Case-sensitivityinMatching}.d@xref{CloseOutput,,ClosingOutputFilesandPipes},#&formoreinformation.d@xref{Regexp,,RegularExpressionsasPatterns}.aQ8.3.4d(T@xrefMQwithFģourandFiveArgumentsuIn% acrossreference,afourthargumen!tspMeci esthenameofanother Info` le,Edi eren!tfromthe leinwhichthereferenceappMears,Eanda fthargumen!tfspMeci esitstitleasaprintedmanual.Remem!bMer1(thatacommaorperiodm!ustfollowtheclosingbraceofan@xref commandtoterminatethecrossreference.kInthefollo!wingexamples,afclausefollo!wsaterminatingcomma.! Theftemplateis:d@xref{noMde-name,cross-reference-name,title-or-topic, dinfo- le-name,prin!ted-manual-title}.%XFeorfexample,d@xref{ElectricalEffects,Lightning,ThunderandLightning, dweather,AnIntroductiontoMeteorology},fordetails.uproMducesd*NoteLightning:(weather)ElectricalEffects,fordetails.GUChapterf8:CrossReferences71f]ThenameoftheInfo leisenclosedinparen!thesesandprecedesthename offthenoMde.9Infaprin!tedmanual,thereferenceloMokslikethis:9dSeefsection\Th!underandLightning"inAnIntroMductiontoMete- dorology,ffordetails.Thetitleoftheprin!tedmanualistypMesetinitalics;Jandthereferencelacksapagen!umbMersinceT,[wEB Xcannotknowtowhichpageareferencereferswhenthatfreferenceistoanotherman!ual.Often,My!ouRwillleaveoutthesecondargumentwhenyouusethelongv!ersionof@xref.Inthiscase,thethirdargument,thetopicdescription,willfbMeusedasthecrossreferencenameinInfo.TheftemplateloMokslik!ethis:9d@xref{noMde-name,,title-or-topic,info- le-name, dprin!ted-manual-title},fordetails.whic!hfproMducesd*Notetitle-or-topic:(info- le-name)noMde-name,fordetails.anddSeefsectiontitle-or-topicPjinprin!ted-manual-title,ffordetails.! (ߍFeorfexample,d@xref{ElectricalEffects,,ThunderandLightning, dweather,AnIntroductiontoMeteorology},fordetails.proMducesd*NoteThunderandLightning:(weather)ElectricalEffects, dfordetails.N7anddSeefsection\Th!underandLightning"inAnIntroMductiontoMete- dorology,ffordetails.OnrareoMccasions,y!oumaywanttorefertoanotherInfo lethatiswithin asingleprin!tedmanual|whenmultipleTeexinfo lesareincorpMoratedintothessameT,[wEB XsLrunbutmak!eseparateInfo les.E,Inthiscase,youneedtospMecifyfonlythefourthargumen!t,andnotthe fth.YH8.4NamingMa`Tfop'Nos3de9Inacrossreference,y!oumustalwaysnameanoMde.#Thismeansthatinordertorefertoawholeman!ual,youmustidentifythe`Teop'noMdebywritingitasthe rstargumen!ttothe@xrefcommand.~E(Thisisdi erentfromthew!ayyouwriteamenuentry;seeSection7.5[ReferringtoOtherInfoFiles],page-164.)r>A!tthesametime,NtoprovideameaningfulsectiontopicortitleH}Chapterf8:CrossReferences72f]inHtheprin!tedcrossreference(insteadoftheword`Teop'),[ryoumustwritean appropriatefen!tryforthethirdargumenttothe@xrefcommand.Th!us,ftomakeacrossreferencetoTheGNUMakeManual,write:d@xref{Top,,Overview,make,TheGNUMakeManual}.whic!hfproMducesd*NoteOverview:(make)Top.anddSeefsection\Ov!erview"inTheGNUMakeManual.In-thisexample,O`Top'isthenameofthe rstnoMde,and`Overview'isthe namefofthe rstsectionoftheman!ual.rpH8.5K@ref@refPisnearlythesameas@xrefexceptthatitdoMesnotgeneratea`See'in,theprin!tedoutput,/justthereferenceitself.'/Thismakesitusefulasthelastfpartofasen!tence.! 7BFeorfexample,dFormoreinformation,see@ref{Hurricanes}.proMducesdFormoreinformation,see*NoteHurricanes.anddFeorfmoreinformation,seeSection8.2[Hurricanes],page123.The3@refcommandsometimesleadswriterstoexpressthemselv!esina mannerlthatissuitableforaprin!tedmanualbutloMoksawkwardintheInfoformat.eBearYinmindthaty!ouraudiencewillbMeusingboththeprin!tedandthefInfoformat. 7BFeorfexample,dSeasurgesaredescribedin@ref{Hurricanes}.YproMducesdSeafsurgesaredescribMedinSection6.7[Hurricanes],page72.̡infaprin!teddoMcument,andthefollowinginInfo:dSeasurgesaredescribedin*NoteHurricanes::.dCaution:YeouVm!ustVwriteapMeriodVorcommaimmediatelyafteran d@refcommandwitht!woormoreargumen!ts.OOtherwise,@Infowilldnot ndtheendofthecrossreferenceen!tryanditsattempttodfollo!wthecrossreferencewillfail.lAsageneralrule,5youshoulddwriteapMeriodorcommaafterev!ery@refcommand.ThisloMoksdbMestfinboththeprin!tedandtheInfooutput.IjChapterf8:CrossReferences73f]H8.6K@pxrefZ'The{paren!theticalreferencecommand,R@pxref,is{nearlythesameas @xref,ebutUy!ouuseitonlyEinsideparenthesesandyoudonottypMeacommaorpMeriodafterthecommand'sclosingbrace.HThecommanddi ersfrom@xreffint!wofways:Z'1.dT,[wEB Xt!ypMesetsthereferencefortheprintedmanualwithalowercase`see'dratherfthananuppMercase`See'.2.dThe=InfoformattingcommandsautomaticallyendthereferencewithadclosingfcolonorpMeriod.NBecause sonet!ypMeofformattingautomaticallyinsertsclosingpunctuationandQtheotherdoMesnot,|Dy!oushoulduse@pxrefonlyAinsideparenthesesaspartofanothersen!tence.@Also,:-youyourselfshouldnotinsertpunctuationafterfthereference,asy!oudowith@xref.@pxrefYisdesignedsothattheoutputloMoksrigh!tandworksrightbMe-t!ween.parenthesesbMothinprintedoutputandinanInfo le.wmInaprintedman!ual, a closingcommaorpMeriod shouldnotfollowacrossreferencewithinparen!theses;suchYpunctuationiswrong..ButinanInfo le,suitableclosingpunctuationQm!ustfollowthecrossreferencesoInfocanrecognizeitsend.@pxref'sparesy!outheneedtousecomplicatedmethoMdstoputaterminatorin!tofoneformoftheoutputandnottheother.Withfoneargumen!t,aparentheticalcrossreferenceloMokslikethis:'d:1::(4qstormscauseflooding(@pxref{Hurricanes}):1::n ͍whic!hfproMducesd:1::(4qstormscauseflooding(*NoteHurricanes::):1::andd:1::%storms0Pcause oModing0P(seeSection6.7[Hurricanes],Gpage72):1::Withft!woarguments,aparentheticalcrossreferencehasthistemplate:d:1::(4q(@pxref{noMde-name,cross-reference-name}):1::whic!hfproMducesd:1::(4q(*Notecross-reference-name:noMde-name.):1::and 3d:1::&-(seefSectionnnn[noMde-name],pagepppU):1::@pxref canbMeusedwithupto v!eargumentsjustlike@xref(seeSec- tionf8.3[@xref],page67).dPlease^note:Use@pxrefonlyasaparen!theticalreference.0Donot dtrytouse@pxrefasaclauseinasen!tence.KItwillloMokbadindeitherftheInfo le,theprin!tedoutput,orbMoth.JLChapterf8:CrossReferences74f]dAlso,Nparen!theticalcrossreferencesloMokbestattheendsofsen- dtences.ݵAlthoughy!oumaywritetheminthemiddleofasentence,dthatfloMcationbreaksupthe o!woftext.H8.7K@inforef@inforefisusedforcrossreferencestoInfo lesforwhic!hthereareno prin!tedemanuals.EEveninaprintedmanual,r@inforefgeneratesareferencedirectingftheusertoloMokinanInfo le.Theĝcommandtak!eseithertwoorthreearguments,inthefollowingorder:1.dThefnoMdename.2.dThefcrossreferencename(optional).3.dThefInfo lename.Separate theargumen!tswithcommas,??aswith@xref.LAlso,y!oumustter- minate thereferencewithacommaorpMeriod afterthe`}',?dasy!oudowith@xref.Theftemplateis:d@inforef{noMde-name,cross-reference-name,info- le-name},T Th!us,d@inforef{Expert,AdvancedInfocommands,info}, dformoreinformation.%XproMducesd*NoteAdvancedInfocommands:(info)Expert, dformoreinformation.%XanddSeefInfo le`info',noMde`Expert',formoreinformation.n轢Similarlye,d@inforef{Expert,,info},formoreinformation.YproMducesd*Note(info)Expert::,formoreinformation.n轢anddSeefInfo le`info',noMde`Expert',formoreinformation.Thecon!verseof@inforefis@cite,y~whichisusedtorefertoprinted w!orksfforwhichnoInfoformexists.SeeSection9.1.8[@cite],page81.KZChapterf9:MarkingWeordsandPhrasesQ75f]9 QMarkingMWaGordsandPhraseszInB Teexinfo,hy!oucanmarkwordsandphrasesinavdDarietyofways.The TeexinfoaEformattersusethisinformationtodetermineho!wtohighlightthetext.YeouccanspMecify,)forexample,whetheraw!ordorphraseisade ningoMccurrence,ǎametasyn!tacticvdDariable,orasym!bMolusedinaprogram.-qAlso,y!oufcanemphasizetext.=H9.1IndicatingMDe nitions,Commands,etc.Teexinfohascommandsforindicatingjustwhatkindofobjectapieceoftextdrefersto.Feorexample,metasyn!tacticvdDariablesaremarkedby@var,andcoMdeb!y@code.pSincethepiecesoftextarelabelledb!ycommandsthattell(whatkindofobjecttheyare,I%itiseasytoc!hangethewaytheTeexinfoformattersfpreparesuc!htext.(Teexinfoisanintentionalformattinglanguageratherfthanat!ypMesetting~formattinglanguage.)Feor*example,L!inaprin!tedmanual,L!coMdeisusuallyillustratedinatypMe-writer fon!t;;@codetellsT,[wEB X jtotypMesetthistextinthisfont.5ButitwouldbMeLeasytoc!hangethewayT,[wEB XLhighlightscoMdetouseanotherfont,^andthisc!hange2wouldnote ecthowkeystrokeexamplesarehighlighted.Ifstraightt!ypMesettingcommandswereusedinthebModyofthe leandyouwantedtomak!egachange,gyouwouldneedtocheckeverysingleoMccurrencetomakesure4thaty!ouwerechangingcoMdeandnotsomethingelsethatshouldnotbec!hanged.The/highligh!tingcommandscanbMeusedtogenerateusefulinformationfrom@~the le,suc!haslistsoffunctionsor lenames. %ItispMossible,forexample,toywriteaprograminEmacsLisp(orak!eybMoardmacro)toinsertan0,indexen!tryaftereveryparagraphthatcontainswordsorphrasesmarkedb!yaspMeci edcommand.Yeoucoulddothistoconstructanindexoffunctionsiffy!ouhadnotalreadymadetheentries.Thefcommandsserv!eavdDarietyofpurpMoses:1@code{sample-coMde}9Indicateftextthatisaliteralexampleofapieceofaprogram.@kbd{k!eybMoard-characterss}9Indicatefk!eybMoardinput.@key{k!ey-name}9Indicatefthecon!ventionalfnameforak!eyonakeybMoard.@samp{text=}9Indicatetextthatisaliteralexampleofasequenceofc!haracters.@var{metasyn!tactic-vdDariable}9Indicatefametasyn!tacticvdDariable.LChapterf9:MarkingWeordsandPhrasesQ76f]@file{ le-name} 9Indicatefthenameofa le.qҍ@dfn{term}9Indicatefthein!troMductoryorde ninguseofaterm.@cite{reference}9IndicatefthenameofabMook.Q9.1.1d(T@code{SM &f cmbxsl10Ssample-cokdeT}8鍑Use the@codecommandtoindicatetextthatisapieceofaprogramandwhic!hfconsistsofentiresyntactictokens.Enclosethetextinbraces.8鍑Th!us,Fyou/ shoulduse@codeforanexpressioninaprogram,forthenameof2avdDariableorfunctionusedinaprogram,%orforak!eyword.BAlso,youshoulduse@codeforthenameofaprogram,^suc!hasdiff,thatisanameusedkinthemac!hine. -f(Yeoushouldwritethenameofaprogramintheordinaryitextfon!tifyouregarditasanewEnglishword,2jsuchas`Emacs'orf`Bison'.)Use@codeforen!vironmentvdDariablessuc!hasTEXINPUTS,andothervari-ables.UseX@codeforcommandnamesincommandlanguagesthatresem!bleprogramming@languages,gsuc!hasTeexinfoortheshell.TForexample,g@codeand@sampareproMducedb!ywriting`@code{@@code}'and`@code{@@samp}'inftheTeexinfosource,respMectiv!ely.Note,_ho!wever,that:youshouldnotuse@codeforshelloptionssuchas`-c'@whensuc!hoptionsstandalone. r(Use@samp.)Also,anen!tireshellcommandOQoftenloMoksbetterifwrittenusing@sampratherthan@code.؝Inthisfcase,theruleistoc!hoMosethemorepleasingformat.ItCPisincorrecttoalterthecaseofaw!ordinsidean@codecommandwhenit8appMearsatthebeginningofasen!tence.SMostcomputerlanguagesarecase sensitiv!e. MAInC,forexample,zPrintfisdi erentfromtheidenti erprintf,and[mostlik!elyisamisspMellingofit.gEveninlanguageswhicharenotEcasesensitiv!e,Yitisconfusingtoahumanreadertoseeidenti ersspMelledinrdi eren!tways.̦PickonespMellingandalwaysusethat.̦Ifyoudonotwanttostartasen!tencewithacommandwrittenallinlowercase,~youshouldrearrangefthesen!tence.Do notusethe@codecommandforastringofc!haractersshorterthanasyn!tactic݌token.NIfyouarewritingabMout`TEXINPU',UwhichisjustapartofthefnamefortheTEXINPUTSen!vironmentfvdDariable,y!oushoulduse@samp.Inparticular,y!oushouldnotusethe@codecommandwhenwritingabMouttheEc!haractersusedinatoken;edonot,Xforexample,use@codewheny!ouareexplainingwhatlettersorprin!tablesymbMolscanbeusedinthenamesoffunctions..(Use#X@samp.)Also,=y!oushouldnotuse@codetomarktextthatisM:Chapterf9:MarkingWeordsandPhrasesQ77f]consideredNinputtoprogramsunlesstheinputiswritteninalanguagethat isllik!eaprogramminglanguage.ԊFeorexample,youshouldnotuse@codefortheMk!eystrokecommandsofGNUEmacs(use@kbdinstead)althoughyouma!yAuse@codeforthenamesoftheEmacsLispfunctionsthatthekeystrokecommandsfin!voke. BIn.Ztheprin!tedmanual,PW@codecausesT,[wEB X.7totypMesettheargumentinat!ypMewriterCface.1sIntheInfo le,:itcausestheInfoformattingcommandstousefsinglequotationmarksaroundthetext.! 荑Feorfexample,BdUse@code{diff}tocomparetwofiles.proMducesfthisintheprin!tedmanual:dUsefdifftocomparet!wof les.andfthisintheInfo le:dUse`diff'tocomparetwofiles.$ƍQ9.1.2d(T@kbd{Skveybkoard-charactersT} BUseo`the@kbdcommandforc!haractersofinputtobMetypMedbyusers.ˆFeor example,ftorefertothec!haractersM-a,writed@kbd{M-a}andftorefertothec!haractersM-xshell,writed@kbd{M-xshell}The @kbdcommandhasthesamee ectas@codeinInfo,϶butma!yproMduce afdi eren!tfontinaprintedmanual.Yeoupcanem!bMedanother@-commandinsidethebracesofan@kbdcom-mand.Here,eforexample,isthew!aytodescribMeacommandthatwouldbMedescribMedfmorev!erboselyas\pressan`r'andthenpresstheRETk!ey":Bd@kbd{r@key{RET}}ThisfproMduces:rRETYeoufalsousethe@kbdcommandify!ouarespMellingoutthelettersyout!ypMe;fforexample:BdTogivethe@code{logout}command, dtypethecharacters@kbd{logout@key{RET}}.ThisfproMduces:dTeoGgiv!ethelogoutcommand,ZtypMethecharacterslfogoutRET.(Also,&thisexamplesho!wsthatyoucanaddspacesforclaritye.xIfyou reallyw!anttomentionaspacecharacterasoneofthecharactersofinput,writef@key{SPC}forit.)NChapterf9:MarkingWeordsandPhrasesQ78f]Q9.1.3d(T@key{Skvey-nameT}ύUse~jthe@keycommandforthecon!ventional~jnameforak!eyonakeybMoard, asfin:ύd@key{RET}ύYeoucanusethe@keycommandwithintheargumen!tofan@kbdcommandwhen{Dthesequenceofc!haracterstobMetypMedincludesoneormorekeysthatarefdescribMedb!yname.! uFeorfexample,toproMduceC-xESCy!ouwouldtypMe:d@kbd{C-x@key{ESC}}ύHereisalistoftherecommendednamesfork!eys;2ntheyareallinuppMercase:dSPCOWSpacedRETOWReturndLFDOWLinefeeddTABOWTeabdBSOWBac!kspacedESCOWEscapMedDELOWDeletedSFTOWShiftdCTLOWCon!troldMETAOWMeta Therew8aresubtletiestohandlingw!ordslike`meta'or`ctl'thatarenamesof shift=%k!eys.Whenmentioningacharacterinwhichtheshiftkeyisused,R2suchasMeta-a,%usethe@kbdcommandalone;:donotusethe@keycommand;butwheny!ouarereferringtotheshiftkeyinisolation,usethe@keycommand.Feor_example,mwrite`@kbd{Meta-a}'toproMduceMeta-aand`@key{META}'toproMducemMETA.ThisisbecauseMeta-areferstok!eysthatyoupressonak!eybMoard,b but9Ho!wever,+9that misnotthest!ylethatTeexinfouses.(Youcan,+9ofcourse,moMdifythebsourcestoT,[wEB XOandtheInfoformattingcommandstooutputthe<:1:: c>formatfify!ouwish.)gQ9.1.6d(T@file{S le-nameT}9UseXthe@filecommandtoindicatetextthatisthenameofa le,bu er,ordirectorye,&oristhenameofanoMdeinInfo.YoucanalsousethecommandforEQ lenamesuxes. Donotuse@fileforsym!bMolsinaprogramminglanguage;fuse@code.Curren!tlye,f@fileisequivdDalentto@sampinitse ects.Feorexample,M9dThe@file{.el}filesarein dthe@file{/usr/local/emacs/lisp}directory.proMducesdThef`.el' lesareinthe`/usr/local/emacs/lisp'directorye.gQ9.1.7d(T@dfn{StermT}9Usethe@dfncommandtoiden!tifytheintroMductoryorde ninguseof aptec!hnicalterm.=5UsethecommandonlyinpassageswhosepurpMoseistoin!troMduceatermwhichwillbMeusedagainorwhichthereaderoughttokno!w.MereTLpassingmentionofatermforthe rsttimedoMesnotdeserve@dfn.G=TheɆcommandgeneratesitalicsintheprin!tedmanual,ManddoublequotationfmarksintheInfo le.Feorexample:dGettingridofafileiscalled@dfn{deleting}it.9proMducesdGettingfridofa leiscalleddeleting~it.Q+^Chapterf9:MarkingWeordsandPhrasesQ81f]Asg~ageneralrule,asen!tencecontainingthede ningoMccurrenceofa termshouldbMeade nitionoftheterm.&Thesen!tencedoesnotneedtosa!yexplicitly*thatitisade nition,Kbutitshouldcon!taintheinformationofade nition|itfshouldmak!ethemeaningclear.mQ9.1.8d(T@cite{SreferenceT}>Usethe@citecommandforthenameofabMookthatlac!ksacompanionInfo} le.zThecommandproMducesitalicsintheprin!tedmanual,andquotationmarksfintheInfo le.>(IflabMookliswritteninTeexinfo,ޔitisbMettertouseacrossreferencecommandnxsinceareadercaneasilyfollo!wsuchareferenceinInfo. 6SeeSectionf8.3[@xref],page67.)H9.2EmphasizingMTfextUsuallye,ʱTexinfod@quotation d@strong{Caution:}@code{rm*.[^.]*}removes@emph{all}dfilesinthedirectory.d@endquotation5:proMducesfthefollo!winginprintedoutput:dCaution:rmf*.[^.]*remo!vesfall lesinthedirectorye.>andfthefollo!winginInfo:2l*Caution*:`rm*.[^.]*'removes*all* 2lfilesinthedirectory.TheH@strongcommandisseldomusedexcepttomarkwhatis,ine ect,a t!ypMographicalelement,usuchastheword`Caution'intheprecedingexample.InftheInfo le,bMoth@emphand@strongputasterisksaroundthetext.R4Chapterf9:MarkingWeordsandPhrasesQ82f]dCaution:&Donotuse@emphor@strongwiththew!ord`Note';Info dwillmistak!ethecombinationforacrossreference.cUseaphrasedsuc!hfasPleasenoteorCautioninstead.Q9.2.2d(T@sc{Stext7T}Q:yTheMSmallCapsFģontUsethe`@sc'commandtosettextintheprin!tedoutputinakLsmall caps"fontfandsettextintheInfo leinuppMercaseletters.WeritefthetextbMet!weenfbracesinlo!werfcase,lik!ethis:dThe@sc{acm}and@sc{ieee}aretechnicalsocieties.ThisfproMduces:dThefacmandieeearetec!hnicalsoMcieties.T,[wEB XP(t!ypMesetsPSthesmallcapsfontinamannerthatpreventstheletters from6`jumpingoutaty!ouonthepage'.ThismakessmallcapstexteasiertoreadthantextinalluppMercase.TheInfoformattingcommandssetallsmallfcapstextinuppMercase.IfthetextbMet!weenthebracesofan@sccommandisuppercase,T,[wEB Xt!ypMesetsfinFULL-SIZE"CAPIT ALS.Usefull-sizecapitalssparinglye.Yeouma!yalsousethesmallcapsfontforajargonwordsuchasaEto(anasafw!ordmeaning`abMorttoorbit').ThereGaresubtletiestousingthesmallcapsfon!twithajargonwordsuchascdr,Qaw!ordusedinLispprogramming.DInthiscase,y!oushouldusethesmallGcapsfon!twhenthewordreferstothesecondandsubsequentelementsofalist(thecdrofthelist),buty!oushoulduse`@code'whenthewordrefersftotheLispfunctionofthesamespMelling.Q9.2.3d(FģontsMforPrinting,NotInfoTeexinfopro!videsfourfontcommandsthatspMecifyfontchangesintheprin!tedmanualbuthavenoe ectintheInfo le.@irequestsitalicKfont(in somev!ersionsofT,[wEB X,aslantedfontisused),{@brequestsbMoldface,@t#requeststhefixed-width,Ct!ypMewriter-style#fontusedby@code,Cand@rrequests٫aromanfon!t,|which٫istheusualfon!tinwhichtextisprinted.wAllfourfcommandsapplytoanargumen!tthatfollows,surroundedbybraces.Onlyythe@rcommandhasm!uchyuse:inexampleprograms,=y!oucanusetheh@rcommandtocon!verthcoMdecommen!tsfromthe xed-widthfonttoaromanffon!t.ThisloMoksbetterinprin!tedoutput.! Feorfexample,d@lisp d(+22);@r{Addtwoplustwo.}d@endlisp(?proMducesS>͍Chapterf9:MarkingWeordsandPhrasesQ83f]d(+22);Addft!woplustwo.IfpMossible,3y!oushouldavoidusingtheotherthreefontcommands. Ifyou needftouseone,itprobablyindicatesagapintheTeexinfolanguage.捍Q9.2.4d(CustomizedMHighlightingYeoucanuseregularT,[wEB Xcommandsinsideof@iftex:1::@endfiftextocreate+y!ourowncustomizedhighlightingcommandsforTeexinfo.Theeasiestw!ayqtodothisistoequatey!ourcustomizedcommandswithpre-existingcommands,-suc!hZ8asthoseforitalics.TSuchnewcommandsworkonlywithT,[wEB X.Yeoucanusethe@definfoenclosecommandinsideof@ifinfo:1::S@endifinfotode necommandsforInfowiththesamenamesasnewcommandsfor QT,[wEB X.@definfoenclosecreatesnewcommandsforInfothatmarktextb!yfenclosingitinstringsthatprecedeandfollowthetext.1Hereeisho!wtocreateanew@-commandcalled@phoothatcausesT,[wEB Xtofvt!ypMesetitsargumentinitalicsandcausesInfotodisplaytheargumentbMet!weenf`//'and`\\'.闩 MHFeor/-T,[wEB X,writethefollo!wingtoequatethe@phoocommandwiththeexistingf@iitalicscommand:2d@iftex d@global@let@phoo=@id@endiftex(ThisCde nes@phooasacommandthatcausesT,[wEB X;tot!ypMesettheargumentto؅@phooinitalics.t;@global@lettellsT,[wEB X7toequatethenextargumen!twithftheargumen!tthatfollowstheequalssign.!FeorInfo,6writethefollo!wingtotelltheInfoformatterstoenclosetheargumen!tfbMetween`//'and`\\':2d@ifinfo d@definfoenclosephoo,//,\\d@endifinfo(Werite*the@definfoenclosecommandonalineandfollo!witwiththreeargumen!tseseparatedbycommas(commasareusedasseparatorsinan@nodelinefinthesamew!ay).dThe rstargumen!tto@definfoencloseisthe@-commandnamewith-doutfthe`@';dthefsecondargumen!tistheInfostartdelimiterstring;and,dthefthirdargumen!tistheInfoenddelimiterstring.Qff=  1Curren!tlye,@definfoencloseUKworksonlywithtexinfo-format-bufferandftexinfo-format-region,notwithmakeinfo.TJRChapterf9:MarkingWeordsandPhrasesQ84f]The'lattert!wo'argumentsenclosethehighlightedtextintheInfo le.A delimiterstringma!ycontainspaces. Neitherthestartnorenddelimiteris8required. Ho!wever,ifyoudonotprovideastartdelimiter,youmustfollo!wSthecommandnamewithtwocommasinarow;otherwise,2theInfoformattingscommandswillmisin!terprettheenddelimiterstringasastartdelimiterfstring.After[y!ouhavede ned@phoobMothforT,[wEB X[andforInfo,Nyoucanthenwrite@phoo{bar}tosee`//bar\\'inInfoandseebarеinitalicsinprin!tedoutput.Note:thateac!hde nitionappliestoitsownformatter:=oneforT,[wEB X,theotherfforInfo. Herefisanotherexample:d@ifinfo d@definfoencloseheadword,,:d@endifinfod@iftexd@global@let@headword=@bd@endiftexMThisde nes@headwordasanInfoformattingcommandthatinsertsnothingbMefore>@andacolonaftertheargumen!tandasaT,[wEB X>formattingcommandtoft!ypMesetitsargumentinbMold.UTChapterf10:QuotationsandExamples۫85f]10 QQuotationsMandExamples?QuotationsandexamplesarebloMc!ksoftextconsistingofoneormore whole2Pparagraphsthatareseto fromthebulkofthetextandtreateddi eren!tlye.Theyfareusuallyindented.fsInuTeexinfo,8y!oualwaysbMeginaquotationorexamplebywritingan@-commandatthebMeginningofalineb!yitself,[andenditbywritingan@endcommand:thatisalsoatthebMeginningofalineb!yitself..YFeorinstance,youbMeginKanexampleb!ywriting@examplebyitselfatthebMeginningofalineandendtheexampleb!ywriting@endfexampleonalinebyitself,"atthebMeginningfofthatline.؍H10.1TheMBlos3ckEnclosingCommandsfsHerefarecommandsforquotationsandexamples:@quotation9IndicateXtextthatisquoted.Thetextis lled,Sinden!ted,and9prin!tedfinaromanfontbydefault.@example9Illustrate3coMde,fcommands,andthelik!e.DThetextisprintedin9af xed-widthfon!t,andindentedbutnot lled.@lisp9Illustrate?LispcoMde.Thetextisprin!tedina xed-widthfont,9andfinden!tedbutnot lled.@smallexample9Illustrate;coMde,`commands,andthelik!e.}Similarto@example,9exceptthatinT,[wEB Xthiscommandt!ypMesetstextinasmallerfont9forthesmaller@smallbookformatthanforthe8.5b!y11inch9format.@smalllisp9Illustrate.LispcoMde. 5Similarto@lisp,nexceptthatinT,[wEB X9this(commandt!ypMesetstextinasmallerfontforthesmaller9@smallbookfformatthanforthe8.5b!y11inchformat.@display9Displa!yillustrativetext.Thetextisindentedbutnot lled,"and9noffon!tisspMeci ed(so,bydefault,thefontisroman).@format9Prin!tafillustrativetext.Thetextisnotindentedandnot lled9andfnofon!tisspMeci ed(so,bydefault,thefontisroman).The:@exdentcommandisusedwithintheabMo!ve:constructstoundotheinden!tationfofaline.fsThe@flushleftand@flushrightcommandsareusedtolineuptheleftorfrigh!tmarginsofun lledtext.VZ;Chapterf10:QuotationsandExamples۫86f]ThesU@noindentcommandma!ybMeusedafteroneoftheabo!vesUconstructs tofprev!entthefollowingtextfrombMeingindentedasanewparagraph.?Yeoucanusethe@cartouchecommandwithinoneoftheabMo!veconstructstohighligh!ttheexampleorquotationbydrawingabMoxwithroundedcornersaround?it.(The@cartouchecommanda ectsonlytheprin!tedmanual;Eithas{noe ectintheInfo le;seeSection10.11[Dra!wingCartouchesAroundExamples],fpage91.)"rH10.2K@quotation?TheftextofaquotationisproMcessednormallyexceptthat:dthemarginsareclosertothecen!terofthepage,*sothewholeofthedquotationfisinden!ted;dthef rstlinesofparagraphsareinden!tednomorethanotherlines;dinftheprin!tedoutput,interparagraphspacingisreduced.~dThisisanexampleoftextwrittenbMet!weenan@quotationcom- dmandandan@endfquotationcommand. RAn@quotationcom-dmandismostoftenusedtoindicatetextthatisexcerptedfromdanotherf(realorh!ypMothetical)printedwork.Weritean@quotationcommandastextonalineb!yitself. ;Thisline willformattersinden!ttextthatfollowsanexampleasanewparagraph. Ho!wever,you8"canprev!ent8"thisb!ywriting@noindentatthebMeginningfofalineb!yitselfprecedingthecontinuationtext.XlChapterf10:QuotationsandExamples۫88f] vFeorfexample:[Zd@example dThisisanexampled@endexampled@noindentdThislineisnotindented. TAsyoucansee,thedbeginningofthelineisfullyflushleftwiththelinedthatfollowsafterit. T(Thiswholeexampleisbetweend@code{@@display}and@code{@@enddisplay}.)tQproMduces+\Thisisanexample@ dThisflineisnotinden!ted.LAsyoucansee,thedbMeginningfofthelineisfully ushleftwiththelinedthatffollo!wsafterit.L(ThiswholeexampleisbMetweend@displayfand@enddisplay.)ZTeoLadjustthen!umbMerLofblanklinesproperlyintheInfo leoutput, remem!bMerHthatthelinecontaining@noindentdoMesnotgenerateablankline,fandneitherdoMesthe@endexampleline.In theTeexinfosource leforthisman!ual,each linethatsa!ys`proMduces'isfprecededb!yalinecontaining@noindent.Do^notputbracesafteran@noindentcommand;v&theyarenotnecessarye,since.@noindentisacommandusedoutsideofparagraphs(seeAppMendixI[CommandfSyn!tax],page209).qۍH10.5K@lispZThee@lispcommandisusedforLispcoMde.Itissynon!ymouswiththe@examplefcommand.[ZdThisisanexampleoftextwrittenbetweenan d@lispcommandandan@endlispcommand.Use6Y@lispinsteadof@examplesoastopreserv!einformationregardingthe@natureoftheexample.Thisisuseful,{forexample,ify!ouwriteafunctionthat>evdDaluatesonlyandalltheLispcoMdeinaTeexinfo le.FTheny!oucanusethefTeexinfo leasaLisplibrary.1Markftheendof@lispwith@endlisponalineb!yitself.Bff=  1Itڋw!ouldbMestraightforwardtoextendTeexinfotoworkinasimilarfashionforfC,forEtran,orotherlanguages.YvōChapterf10:QuotationsandExamples۫89f]H10.6K@smallexampleMHandK@smalllisp0`Inadditiontotheregular@exampleand@lispcommands,/Teexinfohas t!woother\example-st!yle"commands.cThesearethe@smallexampleand@smalllispcommands.JBoththesecommandsaredesignedforusewiththe?@smallbookcommandthatcausesT,[wEB XtoproMduceaprin!tedmanualinaf7b!y9.25inchformatratherthantheregular8.5by11inchformat.0`InT,[wEB X,the@smallexampleand@smalllispcommandst!ypMesettextina,smallerfon!tforthesmaller@smallbookformatthanforthe8.5by11inchformat.JConsequen!tlye,kmanyexamplescon!taininglonglines tinanarrower,@smallbookapagewithoutneedingtobMeshortened.Bothcommandst!ypesetinuthenormalfon!tsizewhenyouformatforthe8.5by11inchsize;pindeed,rinthisCsituation,jJthe@smallexampleand@smalllispcommandsarede nedtofbMethe@exampleand@lispcommands.InsInfo,Ithe@smallexampleand@smalllispcommandsareequivdDalen!ttofthe@exampleand@lispcommands,andw!orkexactlythesame.Marktheendof@smallexampleor@smalllispwith@endfsmallexampleorf@endsmalllisp,respMectiv!elye.HereYisanexamplewritteninthesmallfon!tusedbythe@smallexampleandf@smalllispcommands: 0`dThisisanexampleoftextwrittenbetween@smallexampleand d@endsmallexample. s,InInfoandinan8.5by11inchmanual,dthistextappearsinitsnormalsize;butina7by9.25inchmanual,dthistextappearsinasmallerfont.Thez@smallexampleand@smalllispcommandsmak!eiteasiertoprepare smallerformatman!ualswithoutforcingyoutoeditexamplesbyhandto tthemfon!tonarrowerpages.Asxageneralrule,Caprin!teddoMcumentloMoksbetterify!ouwritealltheexamples7inac!hapterconsistentlyin@exampleorin@smallexample.OnlyoMccasionallyfshouldy!oumixthetwoformats.SeeoSection19.10[Prin!ting\Small"BoMoks],rpage147,formoreinforma-tionfabMoutthe@smallbookcommand.H10.7K@display0`The'@displaycommandbMeginsakindofexample.sItislik!ethe@examplecommandexceptthat,inaprin!tedmanual,@displaydoMesnotselectthe xed-widthfon!t.Infact,itdoMesnotspecifythefon!tatall,sothatthetextappMearsinthesamefon!titwouldhaveappMearedinwithoutthe@displaycommand.`dThisfisanexampleoftextwrittenbMet!weenfan@displaycommand dandfan@enddisplaycommand.LThe@displaycommanddinden!tsfthetext,butdoMesnot llit.ZChapterf10:QuotationsandExamples۫90f]H10.8K@formatፑThe@formatcommandissimilarto@exampleexceptthat,[intheprin!ted man!ual,@formatdoMesnotselectthe xed-widthfontanddoMesnotnarrowthefmargins.[ThisfisanexampleoftextwrittenbMet!weenfan@formatcommand andfan@endformatcommand.LAsy!oucanseefromfthisexample,thef@formatcommanddoMesnot llthetext.&oH10.9K@exdentH:yUndoingMaLine'sIndentationThe@exdentcommandremo!vesanyindentationalinemighthave.߈The commandziswrittenatthebMeginningofalineandappliesonlytothetextthatfollo!wsthecommandthatisonthesameline.kDonotusebracesaroundthetext.Inaprin!tedmanual,thetextonan@exdentlineisprintedintheromanffon!t.ፑ@exdentfisusuallyusedwithinexamples.Th!us,[ፍd@example dThislinefollowsan@@examplecommand.d@exdentThislineisexdented.dThislinefollowstheexdentedline.dThe@@endexamplecomesonthenextline.d@endgroupPۍproMducesdThislinefollowsan@examplecommand. @Thisflineisexden!ted.ڦdThislinefollowstheexdentedline. dThe@endexamplecomesonthenextline.2In'practice,A0the@exdentcommandisrarelyused.Usuallye,y!ouun-indent textfb!yendingtheexampleandreturningthepagetoitsnormalwidth.'H10.10K@flushleftMHandK@flushrightTheC@flushleftand@flushrightcommandslineuptheendsoflinesontheleftandrigh!tmarginsofapage,butdonot llthetext.TThecom-mands'arewrittenonlinesoftheiro!wn,Hwithoutbraces.aThe@flushleftandQ@flushrightcommandsareendedb!y@endfflushleftand@endflushrightfcommandsonlinesoftheiro!wn.[Chapterf10:QuotationsandExamples۫91f] wFeorfexample,эd@flushleft dThistextisdwrittenflushleft.d@endflushleft4͍proMducesdThisftextis dwrittenf ushleft.3эFlushrigh!tproMducesthetypMeofindentationoftenusedinthereturnad- dressfofletters.Feorfexample,d@flushright dHereisanexampleoftextwrittendflushright. TThe@code{@flushright}commanddrightjustifieseverylinebutleavesthedleftendragged.d@endflushrightMˍproMduces^Herefisanexampleoftextwritten ushrigh!t.LThef@flushrightcommandCrigh!tfjusti eseverylinebutleavestheuleftfendragged.QH10.11DrawingMCartouchesAroundExamples3эInaprin!tedmanual,Kthe@cartouchecommanddrawsabMoxwithrounded corners|arounditscon!tents. Yeou|canusethiscommandtofurtherhighligh!tan\exampleorquotation.ӾFeorinstance, y!oucouldwriteamanualinwhichoneft!ypMeofexampleissurroundedbyacartoucheforemphasis.3эTheS@cartouchecommanda ectsonlytheprin!tedmanual;Iithasnoe ectfintheInfo le.Feorfexample,эd@example d@cartouched%pwdd/usr/local/lib/emacs/infod@endcartouched@endexampleMˍsurroundsthet!wo-lineexamplewithabMo!xwithroundedcorners,pintheprin!tedfmanual.\#Chapterf10:QuotationsandExamples۫92f]Infaprin!tedmanual,theexampleloMokslikethis:C捍Ȁd^< lcircle10^ feM71Lɍd+ffZ %pwd/usr/local/lib/emacs/infoY5+ff33d^ feM7 ]ӍChapterf11:MakingListsandTeablesq93f]11 QMakingMListsandTaGables$Teexinfohassev!eralwaysofmakinglistsandtwo-columntables.Listscan bMe_bulletedorn!umbered,while_two-columntablescanhighlighttheitemsinfthe rstcolumn.TTeexinfop5automaticallyinden!tsthetextinlistsortables,{ andnumbMersanen!umerateddlist.mThislastfeatureisusefulifyoumoMdifythelist,csinceyoudofnotneedtoren!umbMerfity!ourself.Num!bMered_jlistsandtablesbeginwiththeappropriate@-commandatthebMeginning%ofaline,"andendwiththecorresponding@endcommandonalineb!yitself.Thetableanditemized-listcommandsalsorequirethatyouwriteformattingfinformationonthesamelineasthebMeginning@-command.Beginanen!umeratedlist,forexample,withan@enumeratecommandandIendthelistwithan@endfenumeratecommand. rBeginanitemizedlistwithan@itemizecommand,follo!wedonthesamelineb!yaformattingcommandy suc!has@bullet,Qandendthelistwithan@endfitemizecommand.Precedefeac!helementofalistwithan@itemor@itemxcommand.THerefisanitemizedlistofthedi eren!tkindsoftableandlists:dItemizedflistswithandwithoutbullets.dEn!umeratedflists,usingnumbMersorletters.dTw!o-columnftableswithhighlighting.!ܨHerefisanen!umeratedlistwiththesameitems:1.dItemizedflistswithandwithoutbullets.2.dEn!umeratedflists,usingnumbMersorletters.3.dTw!o-columnftableswithhighlighting.AndRhereisat!wo-columnRtablewiththesameitemsandtheir@-commands?F5:ܨ@itemize9Itemizedflistswithandwithoutbullets.@enumerate 9En!umeratedflists,usingnumbMersorletters.@table@ftable@vtable9Tw!o-columnftableswithhighlighting.^GChapterf11:MakingListsandTeablesq94f]H11.1MakingManItemizedList$The@itemizecommandproMducessequencesofinden!tedparagraphs, with\abulletorothermarkinsidetheleftmarginatthebMeginningofeac!hparagraphfforwhic!hsuchamarkisdesired.$BeginXanitemizedlistb!ywriting@itemizeatthebMeginningofaline..Feol-lo!w:>thecommand,Oonthesameline,withac!haracteroraTeexinfocommandthatm1generatesamark.Usuallye,xy!ouwillwrite@bulletafter@itemize,buty!oucanuse@minus,IoranycharacteroranyspMecialsymbMolthatresultsinaE/singlec!haracterintheInfo le.u(Whenyouwrite@bulletor@minusafteranf@itemizecommand,y!oumayomitthe`{}'.)WeriteLthetextoftheinden!tedparagraphsthemselvesafterthe@itemize,upftoanotherlinethatsa!ys@enditemize.Before[eac!hparagraphforwhichamarkinthemarginisdesired,-Xwriteaflinethatsa!ysjust@item.Donotwriteanyothertextonthisline.Usuallye,y!oudshouldputablanklinebMeforean@item.2ThisputsablanklineLintheInfo le.(T,[wEB XLinsertsthepropMerin!terlinewhitespaceineithercase.)nExcept-whentheen!triesareverybrief,E\theseblanklinesmakethelistloMokfbetter.Hereisanexampleoftheuseof@itemize,2follo!wedbytheoutputitproMduces.aNotethat@bulletproducesan`*'inInfoandarounddotinT,[wEB X.W$d@itemize@bullet d@itemdSometextforfoo.d@itemdSometextdforbar.d@enditemizemThisfproMduces:+\SomeftextforfoMo.+\Someftextforbar.HItemized,listsma!ybMeembMeddedwithinotheritemizedlists.JHereisalist mark!edfwithdashesembMeddedinalistmarkedwithbullets:_Chapterf11:MakingListsandTeablesq95f]d@itemize@bullet d@itemdFirstitem.d@itemize@minusd@itemdInneritem.d@itemdSecondinneritem.d@enditemized@itemdSecondouteritem.d@enditemize&ThisfproMduces:5+\Firstfitem.1LA ,Innerfitem.1LA ,Secondfinneritem.+\Secondfouteritem.-|ԍH11.2MakingMaNumbs3eredorLetteredList5@enumerate]islik!e@itemizeexceptthatthemarksintheleftmargin con!tainՇsuccessiveintegersorletters.>(SeeSection11.1[@itemize],Mpage94.)5Weritethe@enumeratecommandatthebMeginningofaline.}`ThecommanddoMes}4notrequireanargumen!t,qbutacceptseitheranumbMeroraletterasanoption.Withoutanargumen!t,s@enumeratestartsthelistwiththenumbMer1.Withan!umericargument,1suchas3,1thecommandstartsthelistwiththatn!umbMer.+With anupperorlo!wer caseletter,"Fsuc!hasaorA,thecommandstartsfthelistwiththatletter.Weriteythetextoftheen!umeratedlistinthesamewayyouwriteanitemized|[list:Hput@itemonalineofitso!wnbMeforethestartofeachparagraphthatmy!ouwantenumerated.5DonotwriteanyothertextonthelinebMeginningwithf@item.YeouVshouldputablanklinebMet!weenVentriesinthelist.Thisgenerallymak!esfiteasiertoreadtheInfo le.`Chapterf11:MakingListsandTeablesq96f] WHerefisanexampleof@enumeratewithoutanargumen!t:˱d@enumerate d@itemdUnderlyingcauses.d@itemdProximatecauses.d@endenumerateZThisfproMduces:K1.dUnderlyingfcauses.2.dPro!ximatefcauses.bHerefisanexamplewithanargumen!tof3:d@enumerate3 d@itemdPredisposingcauses.d@itemdPrecipitatingcauses.d@itemdPerpetuatingcauses.d@endenumerate ThisfproMduces:3.dPredispMosingfcauses.4.dPrecipitatingfcauses.5.dP!erpMetuatingfcauses.Here<isabriefsummaryofthealternativ!es.hThesummaryisconstructed usingf@enumeratewithanargumen!tofa.a.d@enumeratedWithoutTeexinfo#vpro!videsseveralcommandsforformattingdimensions,=forinsert- ing-\singlec!haractersthathavespMecialmeaninginTeexinfo,Osuchasbraces,and%forinsertingspMecialgraphicsym!bolsthatdonotcorrespondtoc!harac-ters,fsuc!hasdotsandbullets.?Thesefare:dBraces,f`@'andpMeriods.dFeormatfadimension,suc!has`12pt'.dDotsfandbullets.dThefT,[wEB Xlogoandthecop!yrightfsymbMol.dAfmin!ussign.!yH13.1InsertingM`K@H',Braces,andPerios3ds?`@'andcurlybracesarespMecialc!haractersinTeexinfo.QToinsertthese c!haracters$ZsotheyappMearintext,youmustputan`@'infrontofthesec!haractersftopreventTeexinfofrommisinterpretingthem.?P!erioMdsm)arealsospecial.2'Dependingonwhethertheperiodisinsideorattheendofasen!tence,:glessormorespaceisinsertedafterapMeriodina;tt!ypMesetmanual.SinceitisnotalwayspMossibleforTeexinfotodeterminewhenapMeriodendsasen!tenceandwhenitisusedinanabbreviation,spMecialcommandsOFareneededinsomecircumstances.~(Usuallye,y~TexinfoOFcanguessho!wBtohandlepMeriods,9soByoudonotneedtousethespMecialcommands;y!ouYjustenterapMeriodYasyouwouldifyouwereusingatypMewriter,Vwhichmeans%y!ouputtwospacesafterthepMeriod,4question%mark,orexclamationmarkfthatendsasen!tence.)Dofnotputbracesafteran!yofthesecommands;theyarenotnecessarye.ҍQ13.1.1d(InsertingM`T@Q'withT@@?@@fstandsforasingle`@'ineitherprin!tedorInfooutput.Dofnotputbracesafteran@@command.Q13.1.2d(InsertingM`T{Q'and`T}Q'withT@{QandT@}?@{fstandsforasingle`{'ineitherprin!tedorInfooutput.@}fstandsforasingle`}'ineitherprin!tedorInfooutput.Dofnotputbracesaftereitheran@{oran@}command.k ՍChapterf13:SpMecialInsertionsY107f]Q13.1.3d(SpacingMAfterColonsandPerioidsUse,the@:commandafterapMeriod,N question,mark,exclamationmark, orbLcolonthatshouldnotbMefollo!wedbLbyextraspace.Feorexample,Euse@:afterpMeriodsthatendabbreviationswhic!harenotattheendsofsentences.@:fhasnoe ectontheInfo leoutput.! xFeorfexample,]dThes.o.p.@:hasthreeparts:1:: dThes.o.p.hasthreeparts:1::proMduces[thefollo!wing.IfyouloMokcarefullyatthisprintedoutput,jyouwillseefalittlemorewhitespaceafter`s.o.p.'inthesecondline.dThefs.o.p.hasthreeparts:1:: dThefs.o.p.hasthreeparts:1::@:jhasnoe ectontheInfooutput.$(`s.o.p'isanacron!ymfor\StandardOpMeratingfProcedure".)Use&@.insteadofapMeriod&attheendofasen!tencethatendswithasinglecapital@aletter.Otherwise,fT,[wEB X@:willthinktheletterisanabbreviationandwillfnotinsertthecorrectend-of-sen!tencespacing.Hereisanexample:]dGiveittoM.I.B.andtoM.E.W@. TAlso,giveittoR.J.C@. dGiveittoM.I.B.andtoM.E.W. TAlso,giveittoR.J.C.proMduces[thefollo!wing.IfyouloMokcarefullyatthisprintedoutput,jyouwillseefalittlemorewhitespaceafterthe`W'inthe rstline.]dGiv!efittoM.I.B.andtoM.E.W.Also,giveittoR.J.C. dGiv!efittoM.I.B.andtoM.E.W.Also,giveittoR.J.C.InftheInfo leoutput,@.isequivdDalen!ttoasimple`.'.The?kmeaningsof@:and@.inTeexinfoaredesignedtow!orkwellwiththeEmacssen!tencemotioncommands.6ThismadeitnecessaryforthemtobMeincompatiblefwithsomeotherformattingsystemsthatuse@-commands.Dofnotputbracesaftereitheran@:oran@.command.ύH13.2K@dmn{JMff cmbxsl10JdimensionK}H:yFformatMaDimensionA!ttimes,-youmaywanttowrite`12pt'or`8.5in'withlittleornospacebMet!ween1then!umber1andtheabbreviationforthedimension.Yeoucanusethe@dmncommandtodothis.Onseeingthecommand,T,[wEB Xinsertsjustenough?spaceforpropMert!ypesetting;KtheInfoformattingcommandsinsertnofspaceatall,sincetheInfo ledoMesnotrequireit.TeoSusethe@dmncommand,Wwritethen!umbMerSandthenfollo!witimmedi-atelye,Swith?Bnoin!tervening?Bspace,by?B@dmn,andthenb!ythedimensionwithinbraces.lChapterf13:SpMecialInsertionsY108f] Feorfexample,BdA4paperis8.27@dmn{in}wide.5BproMducesdA4fpapMeris8.277inwide.Nottev!eryoneusesthisstyle.FInsteadofwriting`8.27@dmn{in}'SRinthe Teexinfo(7 le,Asy!oumaywrite`8.27fin.'8Ior`8.27finches'F`.(Inthesecases,Astheformattersma!yinsertalinebreakbMetweenthenumbMerandthedimension.Also,if}y!ouwriteapMeriod}afteranabbreviationwithinasentence,youshouldwrite߿`@:'afterthepMeriod߿toprev!ent߿T,[wEB X߰frominsertingextrawhitespace.SeefSection13.1.3[SpacingAfterColonsandP!erioMds],page107.)ЍH13.3InsertingMEllipsis,Dots,andBullets5BAnjellipsisJ(alineofdots)isnott!ypMesetasastringofperiods,soaspecialcommandisusedforellipsisinTeexinfo.The@bulletcommandisspMecial,toMo.Eac!hQofthesecommandsisfollowedbyapairofbraces,`{}',withoutan!ywhitespacebMetweenthenameofthecommandandthebraces.ǒ(YeouneedrtousebraceswiththesecommandsbMecausey!oucanusethemnexttoothertext;&withoutthebraces,theformattersw!ouldbMeconfused.]SeeAppMendixfI[@-CommandSyn!tax],page209,forfurtherinformation.)ǍQ13.3.1d(T@dots{}UseҜthe@dots{}commandtogenerateanellipsis,whic!histhreedotsinaro!w,Jappropriately3spaced,like3this:~`:1:: c'.DonotsimplywritethreepMeriodsintheinput le;Hthatw!ouldworkfortheInfo leoutput,5butwouldproMducethefwrongamoun!tofspacebMetweenthepMeriodsfintheprintedmanual.5BSimilarlye,\the@enddots{}commandhelpsy!oucorrectlysetanend-of-sen!tencefellipsis(fourdots).Herefisanellipsis::1::HerefarethreepMeriodsfinaro!w:...In'inInfoandas`FJ) U'intheprin!tedfoutput.Th!us,fthefollowing,d(cdr'(123)) 2ƟJ)C(23)ma!yfbMereadas\(cdr'(123))evdDaluatesto(23)".H14.2\'P7!LH:yIndicatingManExpansionWhen anexpressionisamacrocall,϶itexpandsin!toanewexpression.iYeoucanfindicatetheresultoftheexpansionwiththe@expansion{}command.Theʨ@expansion{}commandisdispla!yedʨas`==>'inInfoandas`FM7! U'inthefprin!tedoutput.! Feorfexample,thefollo!wingd@lisp d(third'(abc))2l@expansion{}(car(cdr(cdr'(abc))))2l@result{}cd@endlispp::Chapterf14:GlyphsforExamplesl112f]proMducesƦd(third'(abc)) 2ƞM7!C(car(cdr(cdr'(abc))))2ƟJ)Cc(whic!hfmaybMereadas:d(thirdf'(abc))6expandsto(carf(cdr(cdr'(abc))));the6re- dsultfofevdDaluatingtheexpressionisc.FOften,=as4inthiscase,anexampleloMoksbetterifthe@expansion{}and @result{}fcommandsareinden!ted vespaces.;H14.3 ̟PaLH:yIndicatingMPrintedOutputFSometimeshanexpressionwillprin!toutputduringitsexecution.=Yeoucanindicateftheprin!tedoutputwiththe@print{}command.The@print{}commandisdispla!yedas`-|'inInfoandas`g"xa U'intheprin!tedfoutput.Intthefollo!wingexample,~theprintedtextisindicatedwith`g"xa U',~andthevdDaluefoftheexpressionfollo!wsonthelastline.Ʀd(progn(print'foo)(print'bar)) 4؞xaCfoo4؞xaCbar2ƟJ)Cbar5InfaTeexinfosource le,thisexampleiswrittenasfollo!ws:d@lisp d(progn(print'foo)(print'bar))2l@print{}foo2l@print{}bar2l@result{}bard@endlisp]?荍H14.4 Ci ͍@erro!r ͎ 7v*H:yIndicatingManErrorMessage\+AkpiecekofcoMdema!ycauseanerrorwhenyouevdDaluateit.^Yeoucandesig- nateftheerrormessagewiththe@error{}command.TheJ@error{}commandisdispla!yedJas`error-->'inInfoandas`b ͍@erro!r ͎ 7v"}'fintheprin!tedoutput.L؟ LTh!us,Ʀd@lisp d(+23'x)d@error{}Wrongtypeargument:integer-or-marker-p,xqC损Chapterf14:GlyphsforExamplesl113f]d@endlisp˿proMducesKd(+23'x) 4zb ͍@erro!r ͎ 7v= Wrongtypeargument:integer-or-marker-p,xThis9`indicatesthatthefollo!wingerrormessageisprintedwhenyouevdDaluate thefexpression:dWrongtypeargument:integer-or-marker-p,xNotefthat`b ͍@erro!r ͎ 7v"}'itselfisnotpartoftheerrormessage.${ύH14.5 PLH:yIndicatingMEquivalence˿Sometimest!woexpressionsproMduceidenticalresults.p>Yeoucanindicate thefexactequivdDalenceoft!wofformswiththe@equiv{}command.The@equiv{}commandisdispla!yedas`=='inInfoandas`}x U'intheprin!tedfoutput.Th!us,Kd@lisp d(make-sparse-keymap)@equiv{}(list'keymap)d@endlisp˿proMducesd(make-sparse-keymap)=2x(list'keymap)This/indicatesthatevdDaluating(make-sparse-keymap)proMducesiden!tical resultsftoevdDaluating(list'keymap).#捍H14.6IndicatingMPointinaBu er˿Sometimesסy!ouneedtoshowanexampleoftextinanEmacsbu er.qInsuc!hexamples,Gtheconventionistoincludetheentirecontentsofthebu erinfquestionbMet!weenftwolinesofdashescontainingthebu ername.˿Yeouicanusethe`@point{}'commandtosho!wtheloMcationofpoin!tinthe'ntextinthebu er.`(Thesym!bMolforpoin!t,Gofcourse,isnotpartofthetextkinthebu er;=itindicatestheplacebMet!weenktwocharacterswherepMointisfloMcated.)The@point{}commandisdispla!yedas`-!-'inInfoandas`?'intheprin!tedfoutput.Thelfollo!wingexampleshowsthecontentsofbu er`foo'bMeforeandafterevdDaluatingfaLispcommandtoinsertthew!ordchanged.rKChapterf14:GlyphsforExamplesl114f]d----------Buffer:foo---------- dThisisthe?contentsoffoo.d----------Buffer:foo----------6 d(insert"changed") 2ƟJ)Cnild----------Buffer:foo----------dThisisthechanged?contentsoffoo.d----------Buffer:foo----------MInfaTeexinfosource le,theexampleiswrittenlik!ethis:d@example d----------Buffer:foo----------dThisisthe@point{}contentsoffoo.d----------Buffer:foo----------d(insert"changed")2l@result{}nild----------Buffer:foo----------dThisisthechanged@point{}contentsoffoo.d----------Buffer:foo----------d@endexamplesTɍChapterf15:MakingandPrev!entingfBreaks115f]15 QMakingMandPrevuentingMBreaks;эUsuallye,;6asTexinfo leisproMcessedbothb!yT,[wEB XTandbyoneoftheInfo formattingcommands..Line,paragraph,orpagebreakssometimesoMccurintheO``wrong'placeinoneorotherformofoutput.Yeoum!ustensurethattextloMoksfrigh!tbothintheprin!tedmanualandintheInfo le.FeorMexample,Ginaprin!tedmanual,GpagebreaksmayoMccurawkwardlyinthemiddleofanexample;toprev!entthis,eyoucanholdtexttogetherusingargroupingcommandthatk!eepsthetextfrombMeingsplitacrosstwopages.Con!verselye,youmaywanttoforceapagebreakwherenonewouldoMccurnormallye.Fortunately,5problems]rlik!ethesedonotoftenarise.Whentheydo,fusethebreak,breakprev!ention,forpaginationcommands.Thefbreakcommandscreatelineandparagraphbreaks:􍍍@*9Feorcefalinebreak.荍@spfn9Skipfnblanklines.Thefline-break-prev!entioncommandholdstexttogetherallononeline:@w{text=}9Prev!entftextffrombMeingsplitandh!yphenatedacrosstwolines.Thepaginationcommandsapplyonlytoprin!tedoutput,sinceInfo les dofnotha!vefpages.@page9Startfanewpageintheprin!tedmanual.荍@group9Holdftexttogetherthatm!ustappMearononeprintedpage.@needfmils9Startfanewprin!tedpageifnotenoughspaceonthisone.H15.1K@*H:yGenerateMLineBreaksThe@*commandforcesalinebreakinbMoththeprin!tedmanualandinInfo. Feorfexample,dThisline@*isbroken@*intwoplaces.proMducesdThisline nisbrokendintwoplaces.(۹(Note/thatthespaceafterthe rst@*commandisfaithfullycarrieddo!wntofthenextline.)tXJChapterf15:MakingandPrev!entingfBreaks116f] 9Thef@*commandisoftenusedina le'scop!yrightfpage:dThisisedition2.0oftheTexinfodocumentation,@* dandisfor:1::InTthiscase,Xthe@*commandk!eepsT,[wEB XOfromstretchingthelineacrossthe wholefpageinanuglymanner.dPleaseMEnote:+Donotwritebracesafteran@*command;theyare dnotfneeded.dDognotwritean@refillcommandattheendofaparagraphcon-dtainingan@*command;JNitwillcausetheparagraphtobMere lleddafterfthelinebreakoMccurs,negatingthee ectofthelinebreak.ZH15.2K@w{Jtext=K}H:yPreventMLineBreaks8@w{text=}foutputstextfandprohibitslinebreakswithintext.8Yeou~canusethe@wcommandtoprev!ent~T,[wEB X)fromautomaticallyh!y- phenatingalongnameorphrasethatacciden!tallyfallsneartheendofaline.dYoucancopyGNUsoftwarefrom@w{@file{prep.ai.mit.edu}}.proMducesdYeoufcancop!yGNUsoftwarefrom`prep.ai.mit.edu'_.In!theTeexinfo le,2y!oumustwritethe@wcommandanditsargument(all thefa ectedtext)allononeline.dCaution:̐Donotwritean@refillcommandattheendofapara- dgraphwcon!tainingan@wcommand;fitwillcausetheparagraphtodbMefre lledandma!ytherebynegatethee ectofthe@wcommand.ZH15.3K@spMJnH:yInsertBlankLines8AlinebMeginningwithandcon!tainingonly@spfngeneratesnblanklinesof]spaceinbMoththeprin!tedmanualandtheInfo le.@spalsoforcesaparagraphfbreak.Feorexample,d@sp28generatesft!woblanklines.Thef@spcommandismostoftenusedinthetitlepage.2H15.4K@pageH:yStartMaNewPage8A8Yline8ucon!tainingonly@pagestartsanewpageinaprintedmanual.8Thecommandrhasnoe ectonInfo lessincetheyarenotpaginated.̛An@pageuaChapterf15:MakingandPrev!entingfBreaks117f]commandisoftenusedinthe@titlepagesectionofaTeexinfo letostart thefcop!yrightpage.$H15.5K@groupH:yPreventMPageBreaks The~@groupcommand(onalineb!yitself)isusedinsidean@exampleorsimilarconstructtobMeginanunsplittablev!erticalgroup,lwhichwillappMearen!tirelyNononepageintheprintedoutput.lThegroupisterminatedbyaline(con!tainingonly@endfgroup.ThesetwolinesproMducenooutputoftheiro!wn,fandintheInfo leoutputtheyhavenoe ectatall. Althoughެ@groupw!ouldmakesenseconceptuallyinawidevdDarietyofcon-texts,-its'curren!timplementationworksreliablyonlywithin@exampleandvdDarian!ts,KandYwithin@display,@format,@flushleftand@flushright.SeeZChapter10[QuotationsandExamples],Wpage85.U(Whatallthesecom-mandsOha!veincommonisthateachlineofinputproMducesalineofoutput.)Infothercon!texts,@groupcancauseanomalousverticalspacing.n Thisfformattingrequiremen!tmeansthatyoushouldwrite:d@example d@groupd:1::d@endgroupd@endexampleC`with"the@groupand@endfgroupcommandsinsidethe@exampleand@endexamplefcommands.The@groupcommandismostoftenusedtoholdanexampletogetheron`onepage.XInthisTeexinfoman!ual,ٞmorethan100examplescontaintextthatfisenclosedbMet!weenf@groupand@endgroup.If\y!ouforgettoendagroup,youmaygetstrangeandunfathomableerrormessages8wheny!ourunT,[wEB X.ThisisbMecauseT,[wEX8lk!eepstryingtoputtherestnoftheTeexinfo leon!totheonepageanddoMesnotstarttogenerateerrormessagesTun!tilithasproMcessedconsiderabletext.·Itisagoodruleofth!umbtoDloMokforamissing@endfgroupify!ougetincomprehensibleerrormessagesinfT,[wEB X.$WH15.6K@needffJmilsH:yPreventMPageBreaks Alinecon!tainingonly@needfnstartsanewpageinaprintedmanualiffew!erthannmils(thousandthsofaninch)remainonthecurrentpage.Donot usebracesaroundtheargumen!tn.8The@needcommandhasnoe ectonfInfo lessincetheyarenotpaginated.vj<Chapterf15:MakingandPrev!entingfBreaks118f] This paragraphisprecededb!yan@needcommandthattellsT,[wEB X otostart aVnewpageiffew!erthan800mils(eight-tenthsinch)remainonthepage.cItloMoksflik!ethis:d@need800 dThisparagraphisprecededby:1::[TheE@needcommandisusefulforprev!entingEorphans(singlelinesatthebMottomsfofprin!tedpages).wt̍Chapterf16:De nitionCommands119f]16 QDe nitionMCommandskThe@deffncommandandtheotherde nitioncommandstenabley!outo describMepfunctions,0vdDariables,macros,commands,useroptions,spMecialformsandfothersuc!hartifactsinauniformformat.W|In9theInfo le,OXade nitioncausestheen!tity9category|`Feunction',`Vari-able',rorewhatev!er|toappMearatthebeginningofthe rstlineofthede ni-tion,follo!wed$bytheentity'snameandarguments.Intheprintedmanual,the-acommandcausesT,[wEB X-?toprin!ttheentity'snameanditsargumentsontheleftmarginandprin!tthecategorynexttotherightmargin.InbMothoutputnformats,thebModynofthede nitionisinden!ted.6Also,thenameofthe en!tityisenteredintotheappropriateindex: Q@deffnentersthenamein!toytheindexoffunctions,@defvrentersitintotheindexofvdDariables,andsofon.A7man!ual[neednotandshouldnotcontainmorethanonede nitionforagiv!enname.:AnappMendixcontainingasummaryshoulduse@tableratherthanfthede nitioncommands.]H16.1TheMTfemplateforaDe nitionW|The@deffncommandisusedforde nitionsofen!titiesthatresemblefunctions.xTeowwriteade nitionusingthe@deffncommand,3writethe@deffncommandUatthebMeginningofalineandfollo!witonthesamelinebythecategoryoftheen!titye,thenameoftheen!tityitself,anditsargumen!ts(ifan!y).Then\writethebMody\ofthede nitiononsucceedinglines.(Yeouma!yem!bMedexamplesinthebodye.)Finally,yendthede nitionwithan@endfdeffncommandwrittenonalineofitso!wn.|M(Theotherde nitioncommandsfollowthefsameformat.)Theftemplateforade nitionloMokslik!ethis:|d@deffncategoryname\argumen!tss:1:: dbMody-of-de nitiond@enddeffnW "Feorfexample,d@deffnCommandforward-wordcount dThiscommandmovespointforward@var{count}wordsd(orbackwardif@var{count}isnegative).:1::d@enddeffn5xproMducess"dCommandd<"V cmbx10forward-wordycoun!t #WThisfunctionmo!vespMointforwardcountQwords(orbackward#Wiffcoun!tfisnegative).:1::xwChapterf16:De nitionCommands120f]Capitalizethecategorynamelik!eatitle.Ifthenameofthecategory con!tains(spaces,4asinthephrase`InteractiveCommand',4writebracesaroundit.Feorfexample:d@deffn{InteractiveCommand}isearch-forward d:1::d@enddeffn+ҀOtherwise,fthesecondw!ordwillbMemistakenforthenameoftheentitye.Some$}ofthede nitioncommandsaremoregeneralthanothers. X#The@deffncommand,forexample,isthegeneralde nitioncommandforfunc-tionsandthelik!e|forentitiesthatmaytakearguments.rFWhenyouusethisd6command,y!ouspMecifythecategorytowhichtheentitybMelongs.LThe@deffn6VcommandpMossessesthreeprede ned,LspecializedvdDariations,L@defun,@defmac,?and{@defspec,thatspMecifythecategoryfory!ou:\Feunction",\Macro",4and\SpMecialFeorm"respectiv!elye. The@defvrcommandalsoisaccompanied*b!yseveralprede ned,C\spMecializedvdDariationsfordescribingpar-ticularfkindsofvdDariables.TheNtemplateforaspMecializedde nition, suc!has@defun,issimilartothetemplate[)forageneralizedde nition,j6exceptthaty!oudonotneedtospMecifythefcategory:d@defunname\argumen!tss:1:: dbMody-of-de nitiond@enddefun+ҀTh!us,d@defunbuffer-endflag dThisfunctionreturns@code{(point-min)}if@var{flag}dislessthan1,@code{(point-max)}otherwise.d:1::d@enddefunD~proMduces 7)Feunctiondbu er-endy ag #WThisfunctionreturns(point-min)if ag islessthan1,#W(point-max)fotherwise.:1::SeeGSection16.6[AFSampleFeunctionDe nition],oMpage131,foramorede- taileda0exampleofafunctionde nition,oincludingtheuseof@exampleinsidethefde nition.ThefotherspMecializedcommandsw!orklike@defun.yӍChapterf16:De nitionCommands121f]H16.2OptionalMandReps3eatedArguments>XSomeen!titiestakeoptionalorrepMeatedarguments,)JwhichmaybMespec- i edHb!yadistinctiveglyphthatusessquarebracketsandellipses. Feorexample'<,akspMecialformoftenbreaksitsargumen!tlistintoseparateargu-men!tsfinmorecomplicatedwaysthanastraightforwardfunction.>XAnargumen!tenclosedwithinsquarebracketsisoptional. iThus, thephrase2`[optional-arg]'meansthatoptional-argJisoptional.:BAnargumen!tfollo!wed byanellipsisisoptionalandmaybMerepeatedmorethanonce.Th!us,lt`repMeated-argss:1:: 9'standsforzeroormorearguments. Parenthesesare~Kusedwhensev!eralargumentsaregroupMedintoadditionallevelsofliststructurefinLisp.Herefisthe@defspeclineofanexampleofanimaginaryspMecialform:; !SpMecialfFeormdfob"obary(vdDaro[fromfto36[inc]])bMody:1:: Inythisexample,theargumen!tsfromandtoIareoptional,butm!ustbMothbepresen!torbMothabsent.)Iftheyarepresent,incimayoptionallybMespeci edasjw!ell.TheseargumentsaregroupMedwiththeargumentvdDarintoalist,todistinguishKthemfrombMody,Cwhic!hKincludesallremainingelementsoftheform.InƣaTeexinfosource le,βthis@defspeclineiswrittenlik!ethis(exceptitw!ouldfnotbMesplitovertwolines,asitisinthisexample).Xd@defspecfoobar(@var{var}[@var{from}@var{to} 2l[@var{inc}]])@var{body}@dots{}VTheffunctionislistedintheCommandandVeariableIndexunder`foobar'.bH16.3TwoMorMore`First'Lines>XTeo`createt!wo`ormore` rst'orheaderlinesforade nition,ifollo!wthe rst@deffnlineb!yalinebMeginningwith@deffnx.ՕThe@deffnxcommandw!orksexactlylike@deffnexceptthatitdoMesnotgenerateextraverticalwhitefspacebMet!weenfitandtheprecedingline.! Feorfexample,d@deffn{InteractiveCommand}isearch-forward d@deffnx{InteractiveCommand}isearch-backwarddThesetwosearchcommandsaresimilarexcept:1::d@enddeffn4TproMduces KbIn!teractivefCommandisearch-forwardKbIn!teractivefCommandisearch-backward9Theseft!wosearchcommandsaresimilarexcept:1::zChapterf16:De nitionCommands122f]Eac!hoftheotherde nitioncommandshasan`x'form: @defunx, @defvrx,f@deftypefunx,etc.The,`x'formsw!orkjustlike@itemx;L@seeSection11.3.2[@itemx],:8page98./H16.4TheMDe nitionCommandsTeexinfopro!videsmorethanadozende nitioncommands,͑allofwhicharefdescribMedinthissection.Thefde nitioncommandsautomaticallyen!terthenameoftheentityinthe7appropriateindex:~forexample,o@deffn,@defun,and7@defmacen!terfunctionnamesintheindexoffunctions;0&@defvrand@defvaren!tervdDariablenamesfintheindexofvdDariables.Althoughr theexamplesthatfollo!wmostlyillustrateLisp,|thecommandscanfbMeusedforotherprogramminglanguages.V"Q16.4.1d(FģunctionsMandSimilarEntitiesThis*sectiondescribMesthecommandsfordescribingfunctionsandsimilaren!tities:V"@deffnfcategory~nameCmargumen!tss:1::9The]@deffncommandisthegeneralde nitioncommandfor9functions,'in!teractive _commands,andsimilaren!titiesthatmay9tak!e arguments.YeoumustchoMoseatermtodescribethecate-9gory'ofen!tity'bMeingde ned;hforexample,HN\Feunction"couldbe9used$iftheen!tity$isafunction.The@deffncommandiswritten9at thebMeginningofalineandisfollo!wed onthesamelineb!ythe9categoryGVofen!tityGVbMeingdescribed,othenameofthisparticular9en!titye,jandiitsargumen!ts,ifan!ye.ITerminateithede nitionwith9@endfdeffnonalineofitso!wn. \9Feorfexample,hereisade nition:OW@deffnCommandforward-charnchars OWMovepointforward@var{nchars}characters.OW@enddeffn(\9Thisbsho!wsarathertersede nitionfora\command"named9forward-charfwithoneargumen!t,nchars.9@deffn#prin!tsargumentnamessuchasncharsainitalicsoruppMer9case,a:asOif@varhadbMeenused,bMecausew!ethinkofthesenames9asmetasyn!tacticvdDariables|theystandfortheactualargument9vdDalues.'Withinithetextofthedescription,writeanargumen!t9nameQexplicitlywith@vartorefertothevdDalueoftheargumen!t.9InftheexampleabMo!ve,fweused`@var{nchars}'inthiswaye.9Theftemplatefor@deffnis:{덟Chapterf16:De nitionCommands123f]OW@deffncategoryname\argumen!tss:1:: OWbMody-of-de nitionOW@enddeffn(蒍@defunfnameCmargumen!tss:1:: 9The͆@defuncommandisthede nitioncommandforfunctions.9@defunfisequivdDalen!tto`@deffnFunction:1::l'.! -9Feorfexample,ÇOW@defunsetsymbolnew-value OWChangethevalueofthesymbol@var{symbol}OWto@var{new-value}.OW@enddefun49sho!wsxarathertersede nitionforafunctionsetwhoseargu-9men!ts;aresymbMolgandnew-vdDalue.]Theargumentnamesonthe9@defun^QlineautomaticallyappMearinitalicsoruppercaseasif9theyzw!ereenclosedin@var.JTeerminatethede nitionwith@end9defunfonalineofitso!wn.C9Theftemplateis:OW@defunfunction-name\argumen!tss:1:: OWbMody-of-de nitionOW@enddefun'9@defunfcreatesanen!tryintheindexoffunctions.@defmacfnameCmargumen!tss:1::9TheU@defmaccommandisthede nitioncommandformacros.9@defmacisequivdDalen!tto`@deffnfMacro:1::l'andworkslike9@defun.@defspecfnameCmargumen!tss:1::9The0@defspeccommandisthede nitioncommandforspMecial9forms.(InLisp,aspMecialformisanen!titymuchlikeafunc-9tion.) @defspecisequivdDalen!tto`@deffnf{SpecialForm}:1::l'9andfw!orkslike@defun.Q16.4.2d(VģariablesMandSimilarEntitiesHerefarethecommandsforde ningvdDariablesandsimilaren!tities:@defvrfcategory~name9Theh@defvrcommandisageneralde nitioncommandforsome-9thingBlik!eavdDariable|anentitythatrecordsavdDalue.CrYeoumust9c!hoMoseatermtodescribethecategoryofen!titybeingde ned;9forXexample,h6\Veariable"couldbMeusediftheen!tityXisavdDariable.9Weritethe@defvrcommandatthebMeginningofalineandfol-9lo!weditonthesamelineb!ythecategoryoftheentityandthe9namefoftheen!titye.|ˍChapterf16:De nitionCommands124f]9Capitalizethecategorynamelik!eatitle.Ifthenameofthe 9categorycon!tainsspaces,Yasinthename`UserOption',write9bracesaroundit.lOtherwise,"thesecondw!ordwillbMemistaken9forfthenameoftheen!titye,fforexample:OW@defvr{UserOption}fill-column OWThisbuffer-localvariablespecifiesOWthemaximumwidthoffilledlines.OW:1::OW@enddefvrA_9Teerminatefthede nitionwith@enddefvronalineofitso!wn.9Theftemplateis:OW@defvrcategoryname OWbMody-of-de nitionOW@enddefvr(_9@defvrfcreatesanen!tryintheindexofvdDariablesforname.?n@defvarfname 9TheN@defvarcommandisthede nitioncommandforvdDariables.9@defvarfisequivdDalen!tto`@defvrVariable:1::l'.! ]9Feorfexample:OW@defvarkill-ring OW:1::OW@enddefvar9Theftemplateis:OW@defvarname OWbMody-of-de nitionOW@enddefvar9@defvarfcreatesanen!tryintheindexofvdDariablesforname.?n@defoptfname 9Thee@defoptcommandisthede nitioncommandforuserop-9tions. @defopt1isequivdDalen!tto`@defvrf{UserOption}:1::l'1and9w!orksflike@defvar._$Q16.4.3d(FģunctionsMinTypiedLanguagesThe(@deftypefncommandanditsvdDariationsarefordescribingfunctionsinMiCMRoran!yotherlanguageinwhichyoumustdeclaretypMesofvdDariablesandfunctions._%@deftypefnfcategory~data-t!ypMeCmnameargumentss:1::9TheF@deftypefncommandisthegeneralde nitioncommand9fordfunctionsandsimilaren!titiesthatmaytakeargumentsand}Chapterf16:De nitionCommands125f]9thataret!ypMed.The@deftypefncommandiswrittenatthe 9bMeginningqofalineandisfollo!wedqonthesamelineb!ythecat-9egoryofen!titybMeingdescribed,thet!ypeofthereturnedvdDalue,9thefnameofthisparticularen!titye,fanditsargumen!ts,ifanye.! !9Feorfexample,e{OW@deftypefn{LibraryFunction}intfoobar `U(int@var{foo},float@var{bar})OW:1::OW@enddeftypefn)%Vݍ9(wherethetextbMeforethe\:1:: c",Ӊsho!wnabo!veast!wolines,Ӊwould9actuallyfbMeasinglelineinarealTeexinfo le)producesthefol-9lo!wingfinInfo:{OW--LibraryFunction:intfoobar(intFOO,floatBAR) OW5" cmmi9:::jύ9Infaprin!tedmanual,itproMduces:0qVLibraryfFeunctionOW=y!ou&mustwrite@varexplicitlyaroundtheargument9names.gInOtheexampleabMo!ve,theOargumentnamesare`foo'9andf`bar'.9Theftemplatefor@deftypefnis:e{OW@deftypefncategorydata-t!ypMe\namearguments3,:1:: OWbMody-of-descriptionOW@enddeftypefn*%x9NoteWthatifthecategoryGordatat!ypMe ismorethanoneword9then> itm!ustbMeenclosedinbracestomakeitasingleargument.9If&y!ouaredescribingaproMcedureinalanguagethathaspack-9ages,suc!hasAda,y!oumightconsiderusing@deftypefnina9mannerVsomewhatcon!trarytotheconventiondescribMedinthe9precedingfparagraphs.! !9Feorfexample:~ʍChapterf16:De nitionCommands126f]OW@deftypefnstacksprivatepush }|(@var{s}:inoutstack;}|@var{n}:ininteger)OW:1::OW@enddeftypefnA_^9(The@deftypefnargumen!tsareshownsplitintothreelines,but 9w!ouldfbMeasinglelineinarealTeexinfo le.)9InJthisinstance,9theproMcedureisclassi edasbelongingtothe9pac!kdDagestacksratherthanclassi edasa`proMcedure'andits9datazYt!ypMeisdescribedasprivate..(Thenameoftheprocedure9isfpush,anditsargumen!tsaresandn.)9@deftypefn;createsanen!tryintheindexoffunctionsforname.N@deftypefunfdata-t!ypMeCmnameargumentss:1::9TheΆ@deftypefuncommandisthespMecializedde nitioncom-9mandforfunctionsint!ypMedlanguages.Thecommandisequiv-9alen!tfto`@deftypefnFunction:1::l'.n M9Th!us, OW@deftypefunintfoobar(int@var{foo},float@var{bar}) OW:::OW@enddeftypefun"9proMducesfthefollo!winginInfo:OW--Function:intfoobar(intFOO,floatBAR) OW:1::%X9andfthefollo!winginaprintedmanual: )FeunctionOWintfob"obary(intffoMo,floatbar)) ]J:1::O9Theftemplateis:OW@deftypefunt!ypMe\nameargumentss:1:: OWbMody-of-descriptionOW@enddeftypefun'ä9@deftypefuncreatesanen!tryintheindexoffunctionsforname.OQ16.4.4d(VģariablesMinTypiedLanguagesVeariables܊int!ypMedlanguagesarehandledinamannersimilartofunctions in| t!ypMedlanguages.^SeeSection16.4.3[TypMedFeunctions],upage124.^Thegeneralde nitioncommand@deftypevrcorrespMondsto@deftypefnandthespMecializedfde nitioncommand@deftypevarcorrespondsto@deftypefun.N@deftypevrfcategory~data-t!ypMeCmname9TheF@deftypevrcommandisthegeneralde nitioncommand9ford somethinglik!eavdDariableinatypMedlanguage|anentityChapterf16:De nitionCommands127f]9thatdbrecordsavdDalue.Yeoum!ustchoMoseatermtodescribethe 9category*oftheen!tity*bMeingde ned;forexample,\Veariable"9couldfbMeusediftheen!tityfisavdDariable.֍9The@deftypevrcommandiswrittenatthebMeginningofaline9andrEisfollo!wedrEonthesamelineb!ythecategoryoftheentity9bMeingDdescribed,;thedatat!ype,;andthenameofthisparticular9en!titye.! |9Feorfexample:p֍OW@deftypevr{GlobalFlag}intenable OW:1::OW@enddeftypevr)0Ӎ9proMducesfthefollo!winginInfo:OW--GlobalFlag:intenable OW:1::ԍ9andfthefollo!winginaprintedmanual:R+tGlobalfFlagOWintenable ]J:1::ᬦ9Theftemplateis:OW@deftypevrcategorydata-t!ypMe\name OWbMody-of-descriptionOW@enddeftypevr֍9@deftypevri createsanen!tryintheindexofvdDariablesforname.ᬍ@deftypevarfdata-t!ypMeCmname 9TheΆ@deftypevarcommandisthespMecializedde nitioncom-9mandDforvdDariablesint!ypMedlanguages.@v@deftypevarisequiva-9len!tfto`@deftypevrVariable:1::l'.n轢9Feorfexample:p֍OW@deftypevarintfubar OW:1::OW@enddeftypevar)0Ӎ9proMducesfthefollo!winginInfo:OW--Variable:intfubar OW:1::%X9andfthefollo!winginaprintedmanual:R,VeariableOWintfubar ]J:1::Chapterf16:De nitionCommands128f] p9Theftemplateis:U[OW@deftypevardata-t!ypMe\name OWbMody-of-descriptionOW@enddeftypevar(X9@deftypevarcreatesanen!tryintheindexofvdDariablesforname.Q16.4.5d(Ob=ject-OrientedMProgrammingHeretarethecommandsforformattingdescriptionsabMoutabstractob- jects,suc!hasareusedinobject-orientedprogramming.Aclassisade nedt!ypMe'ofabstractobject.Aninstanceofaclassisaparticularobjectthathasthe|t!ypMeoftheclass.A AninstancevdDariableisavariablethatbMelongstotheclassfbutforwhic!heachinstancehasitsownvdDalue.In>ade nition,ifthenameofaclassistrulyanamede nedintheprogramming3systemforaclass,theny!oushouldwritean@codearoundit.Otherwise,fitisprin!tedintheusualtextfont.@defcvfcategory~classname9The]@defcvcommandisthegeneralde nitioncommandfor9vdDariablesassoMciatedwithclassesinobject-orien!tedprogram-9ming.dThe>@defcvcommandisfollo!wed>bythreearguments:9thecategoryofthingbMeingde ned,8theclasstowhic!hitbe-9longs,fanditsname.Th!us,OW@defcv{ClassOption}Windowborder-pattern OW:1::OW@enddefcv(X9illustrateseho!wyouwouldwritethe rstlineofade nitionof9thefborder-patternclassoptionoftheclassWindow.[9TheftemplateisOW@defcvcategoryclass3,name OW:1::OW@enddefcv(X9@defcvfcreatesanen!tryintheindexofvdDariables.@defivarfclassname9TheP@defivarcommandisthede nitioncommandforinstance9vdDariablesinobject-orien!tedprogramming.@defivarisequiva-9len!tfto`@defcv{InstanceVariable}:1::l'[9Theftemplateis:OW@defivarclass3,instance-vdDariable-name OWbMody-of-de nitionOW@enddefivarYChapterf16:De nitionCommands 129f]9@defivarfcreatesanen!tryintheindexofvdDariables.@defopfcategory~classnameCmargumen!tss:1:: 9The]@defopcommandisthegeneralde nitioncommandfor9en!tities6AthatmayresemblemethoMdsinobject-orientedprogram-9ming.Theseben!titiestakearguments,asfunctionsdo,butare9assoMciatedfwithparticularclassesofobjects.9Feorexample,somesystemsha!veconstructscalledwrappMers?that9are|assoMciatedwithclassesasmethodsare,[butthatactmore9lik!eumacrosthanlikefunctions. Yeoucoulduse@defopfWrapper9tofdescribMeoneofthese.9SometimesEitisusefultodistinguishmethoMdsandoperations.9Yeou>xcanthinkofanopMerationasthespeci cationforamethod.9Th!us,a$windowsystemmightspMecifythatallwindowclasses9ha!veamethoMdnamedexpose;Nw!ewouldsaythatthiswindow9systemde nesanexposeopMerationonwindo!wsingeneral.FTyp-9icallye,theTopMerationhasanameandalsospeci esthepattern9ofgargumen!ts;ȖallmethoMdsthatimplementtheopMerationmust9accept7thesameargumen!ts,sinceapplicationsthatusetheop-9erationIdosowithoutkno!wingwhichmethoMdwillimplement9it.9Oftenitmak!esmoresensetodoMcumentopMerationsthanmeth-9oMds.Feorexample,+windo!wapplicationdevelopMersneedtoknow9abMoutϸtheexposeoperation, butneednotbeconcernedwith9whetheragiv!enclassofwindowshasitsownmethoMdtoim-9plemen!tFthisopMeration.Teodescribethisoperation,my!ouwould9write:GOW@defopOperationwindowsexpose9TheE@defopcommandiswrittenatthebMeginningofalineand9is{ follo!wedonthesamelinebytheoverallnameofthecategory9of/opMeration,R^thenameoftheclassoftheoperation,R^thename9offtheopMeration,anditsargumen!ts,ifanye.! b%9Theftemplateis:GOW@defopcategoryclass3,name\argumen!tss:1:: OWbMody-of-de nitionOW@enddefop)|9@defopcreatesanen!trye,suchas`exposeonwindows',inthe9indexfoffunctions.@defmethodfclassnameCmargumen!tss:1::9TheA_@defmethodcommandisthede nitioncommandformeth-9oMdsinobject-orien!tedprogramming.EA]methodisakindoffunc-9tion*#thatimplemen!tsanopMerationforaparticularclassofob-cChapterf16:De nitionCommands130f]9jectsanditssubMclasses.IntheLispMac!hine,zmethodsactually 9w!ereffunctions,buttheywereusuallyde nedwithdefmethod.J9@defmethodisequivdDalen!tto`@defopfMethod:1::l'.Thecommand9isIwrittenatthebMeginningofalineandisfollo!wedIbythename9of9theclassofthemethoMd,\thenameofthemethod,\andits9argumen!ts,fifanye.!i9Feorfexample,OJOW@defmethodbar-classbar-methodargument OW:1::OW@enddefmethod+G9illustratesthede nitionforamethoMdcalledbar-methodofthe9classfbar-class.ThemethoMdtak!esanargument.9Theftemplateis:OJOW@defmethodclass3,methoMd-name\argumen!tss:1:: OWbMody-of-de nitionOW@enddefmethod+G9@defmethodcreatesanen!trye,suchas`bar-methodonbar-9class',fintheindexoffunctions. mݍQ16.4.6d(DataMTypiesJHerefisthecommandfordatat!ypMes:mލ@deftpfcategory~nameCmattributess:1::9Thex@deftpcommandisthegenericde nitioncommandfordata9t!ypMes.LThe commandiswrittenatthebeginningofalineand9isffollo!wedonthesamelinebythecategorye,rbythenameofthe9t!ypMe(whichisawordlikeintorfloat),sandthenbynames9ofDattributesofobjectsofthatt!ypMe.Thus,kgyouDcouldusethis9command"fordescribingintorfloat,ߑinwhic!hcaseyoucould9usedataftypeasthecategorye.2(ABdatat!ypMeisacategoryof9certain*objectsforpurpMosesofdecidingwhic!hoperationscanbe9pMerformedfonthem.)9InyLisp,forexample,pairBnamesaparticulardatat!ypMe,andan9objectNofthatt!ypMehastwoslotscalledthecarandthecdr.9Here`isho!wyouwouldwritethe rstlineofade nitionofpair.OJOW@deftp{Datatype}paircarcdr OW:1::OW@enddeftpChapterf16:De nitionCommands131f] ܍9Theftemplateis:6OW@deftpcategoryname-of-t!ypMe\attributess:1:: OWbMody-of-de nitionOW@enddeftp(39@deftpfcreatesanen!tryintheindexofdatatypMes.čH16.5ConventionsMforWfritingDe nitions]6When8y!ouwriteade nitionusing@deffn,\@defun,or8oneoftheother de nitioncommands,?pleasetak!ecaretouseargumentsthatindicatethemeaning,laswiththecoun!t argumenttotheforward-wordfunction.NAlso,ifthenameofanargumen!tcontainsthenameofatypMe,suchasinteger,tak!efcarethattheargumentactuallyisofthattypMe.捍H16.6AMSampleFfunctionDe nitionAfunctionde nitionusesthe@defunand@endfdefuncommands.>&Thename~ ofthefunctionfollo!wsimmediatelyafterthe@defuncommandanditisffollo!wed,onthesameline,bytheparameterlist.]6HereЈisade nitionfromTheGNU~EmacsLispReferenceMan!ual.\D(Seesectionf\CallingFeunctions"inTheGNUEmacsLispReferenceMan!ualnR.))Feunctiondapplyyfunctionf&restargumen!ts #WapplypZcallsfunctionwithargumen!ts,justlikefuncallbut#Wwithqonedi erence:t7thelastofargumen!tsisalistofargu-#Wmen!ts0togivetofunction,H=ratherthanasingleargument.Wee#Walsofsa!ythatthislistisappMendedtotheotherarguments.6#WapplyCreturnstheresultofcallingfunction.'Aswithfuncall,#Wfunctionm!usteitherbMeaLispfunctionoraprimitivefunc-#Wtion;fspMecialformsandmacrosdonotmak!esenseinapply.9(setqf'list)VJ)g list9(applyf'x'y'z)<џb ͍@erro!r ͎ 7vadWrongtypeargument:listp,z9(apply'+12'(34))VJ)g 109(apply'+'(1234))VJ)g 109(apply'append'((abc)nil(xyz)nil))VJ)g (abcxyz)BChapterf16:De nitionCommands132f]#WAnin!terestingexampleofusingapplyisfoundinthede- #Wscriptionfofmapcar.n InftheTeexinfosource le,thisexampleloMokslik!ethis:d@defunapplyfunction&restarguments d@code{apply}calls@var{function}withd@var{arguments},justlike@code{funcall}butwithoneddifference:thelastof@var{arguments}isalistofdargumentstogiveto@var{function},ratherthanasingledargument. TWealsosaythatthislistis@dfn{appended}dtotheotherarguments.hd@code{apply}returnstheresultofcalling d@var{function}. TAswith@code{funcall},d@var{function}musteitherbeaLispfunctionoradprimitivefunction;specialformsandmacrosdonotmakedsensein@code{apply}.C/d@example d(setqf'list)2l@result{}listd(applyf'x'y'z)d@error{}Wrongtypeargument:listp,zd(apply'+12'(34))2l@result{}10d(apply'+'(1234))2l@result{}10d(apply'append'((abc)nil(xyz)nil))2l@result{}(abcxyz)d@endexample/󍍑dAninterestingexampleofusing@code{apply}isfound dinthedescriptionof@code{mapcar}.@refilld@enddefun(?Inthisman!ual,lthisfunctionislistedintheCommandandVeariableIndex underfapply.OrdinaryvdDariablesanduseroptionsaredescribMedusingaformatlik!ethatforffunctionsexceptthatvdDariablesdonottak!earguments.Chapterf17:FeoMotnotes133f]17 QFaGo=otnoteszYAhfoMotnoteishforareferencethatdocumen!tsorelucidatestheprimary text.1H17.1Ffos3otnoteMCommandsEInQTeexinfo, foMotnotesarecreatedwiththe@footnotecommand.ThiscommandrPisfollo!wedrPimmediatelyb!yaleftbrace,KthenbythetextofthefoMotnote,fandthenb!yaterminatingrightbrace.Thetemplateis:eEd@footnote{text=}EFeoMotnotesfma!ybeofan!ylength,butareusuallyshort.Feor6example,Lthisclauseisfollo!wed6byasamplefoMotnote2|s;[intheTeexinfo source,fitloMokslik!ethis:d:1::"tasamplefootnote@footnote{Hereisthesample dfootnote.};intheTexinfosource:1::Wearning:Don'tqusefoMotnotesintheargumen!tofthe@itemcommand for4a@tabletable.FThisdoMesn'tw!ork;šbecauseoflimitationsofT,[wEB X,thereis߹now!ay߹to xit.Teoa!void߹theproblem, mo!ve߹thefoMotnotein!tothebodytextfofthetable.EIn"aprin!tedmanualorbMook,=&the"referencemarkforafoMotnoteisasmall,supMerscriptedHn!umber;htheHtextofthefootnoteappearsatthebottomofthepage,fbMelo!wahorizontalline.In_lInfo,thereferencemarkforafoMotnoteisapairofparen!theseswiththeffoMotnoten!umberfbetweenfthem,lik!ethis:`(1)'. H17.2Ffos3otnoteMStylesEInfowqhast!wowqfoMotnotest!yles,whichwqdeterminewherethetextofthefoot-notefisloMcated:ʊdIn_ the`End'noMdest!yle,2allthefootnotesforasinglenodeareplaceddat!theendofthatnoMde.Ocommands.XInfowillignorethesecommandssincetheyareonlyinthatpartofthe lewhic!hisseenbyT,[wEB X.YeoucanwritetheT,[wEXcom-mandsQasy!ouwouldwritetheminanormalT,[wEB XJ le,exceptthatyoumustreplace_the`\'usedb!yT,[wEB X_withan`@'. Feorexample,inthe@titlepagesection4 ofaTeexinfo le,Wuy!oucanusetheT,[wEB X3command@vskiptoformatthee.cop!yrightpage.5(The@titlepagecommandcausesInfotoignoretheregionfautomaticallye,asitdoMeswiththe@iftexcommand.)YChapterf18:ConditionallyVisibleTeext136f]Ho!wever,many^featuresofPlainT,[wEB X!willnotw!ork,astheyareo!verridden b!yffeaturesofTeexinfo.GYeoucanen!terPlainT,[wEB Xcompletely,/anduse`\'intheT,[wEB Xcommands,b!ydelineatingaregionwiththe@texand@endftexcommands.p(The@texcommandfalsocausesInfotoignoretheregion,lik!ethe@iftexcommand.)Feorfexample,hereisamathematicalexpressionwritteninPlainT,[wEB X:d@tex d$$\chi^2=\sum_{i=1}^NO+\left(y_i-(a+bx_i)O+\over\sigma_i\right)^2$$d@endtexThe}outputofthisexamplewillappMearonlyinaprin!tedmanual.#Ifyou areppreadingthisinInfo,{;y!ouwillnotseeanythingafterthisparagraph.Inaprin!tedfmanual,theabMoveexpressionloMokslikethis:ZtHz2=C1 0ercmmi7N ύ C0u cmex10X di=1O񩒽Hyzi8n(a+bxziTL)Hȉfe@X t<"zi] ӟ񩒽d}G2'ፍH18.2K@setH,MK@clearH,andK@valueGYeou?candirecttheTexinfoformattingcommandstoformatorignorepartsofaTeexinfo lewiththe@set,!W@clear,@ifset,and@ifclearcom-mands.Inaddition,y!oucanusethe@setf ag commandtosetthevdDalueof agto^&astringofc!haracters;anduse@value{ ag}toinsertthatstring.Yeoucanuse@set,Rforexample,tosetadateanduse@valuetoinsertthedateinfsev!eralplacesintheTeexinfo le./Q18.2.1d(T@ifsetMQandT@ifclearGWhen1a agIisset,theTeexinfoformattingcommandsformattextbMet!weensubsequen!tpairsof@ifsetf agand@endifsetcommands.@Whenthe agisfcleared,theTeexinfoformattingcommandsdonotfformatthetext.Useɛthe@setf agcommandtoturnon,iorset,a ag;6a agcanbMean!ysinglefw!ord.TheformatforthecommandloMokslikethis:d@set agWerite/theconditionallyformattedtextbMet!ween/@ifsetf ag Gand@endifsetfcommands,lik!ethis:d@ifset ag dconditional-textd@endifsetChapterf18:ConditionallyVisibleTeext137f]FeorQexample,|ey!oucancreateonedoMcumentthathastwovdDariants,|esuch asfaman!ualfora`large'and`small'moMdel:/dYoucanusethismachinetodigupshrubs dwithouthurtingthem.d@setlarged@ifsetlargedItcanalsodigupfullygrowntrees.d@endifsetdRemembertoreplantpromptly:1::InzYtheexample,UtheformattingcommandswillformatthetextbMet!ween @ifsetflargeand@endifsetbMecausethelarge agisset.Use!Lthe@clearf agdcommandtoturno ,;orclear,a ag.Clearinga agisftheoppMositeofsettinga ag.Thecommandlookslik!ethis:/d@clear agWeritefthecommandonalineofitso!wn.Whenl ag\iscleared,gtheTeexinfoformattingcommandsdonotformatthe8NtextbMet!ween8N@ifsetf ag(fand@endifset;]thattextisignoredanddoMesnotfappMearineitherprin!tedorInfooutput.Feorexample,Ҝify!ouclearthe agoftheprecedingexamplebywritingan @clearflargecommandafterthe@setlargecommand(butbMeforetheconditionaltext),GthentheTeexinfoformattingcommandsignorethetextbMet!ween2the@ifsetflargeand@endifsetcommands.7BIntheformattedoutput,thattextdoMesnotappear;inbothprin!tedandInfooutput,youseeonlythelinesthatsa!ye,\Youcanusethismachinetodigupshrubswithouth!urtingfthem.RemembMertoreplantpromptly:1::l".Ifoa agisclearedwithan@clearf agycommand,1thentheformattingcommandsformattextbMet!weensubsequentpairsof@ifclearand@endifclear?;commands. [Butifthe agissetwith@setf ag,othenthefor-matting-commandsdonotjformattextbMet!ween-an@ifclearandan@endifclear2command;y(rather,Vtheyignorethattext.`An@ifclearcommandloMoksflik!ethis:/d@ifclear ag! J7Infbrief,thecommandsare:_"@setf ag9TeellftheTexinfoformattingcommandsthat ag~isset.@clearf ag9TeellftheTexinfoformattingcommandsthat ag~iscleared.%Chapterf18:ConditionallyVisibleTeext138f]@ifsetf ag 9If agsisset,telltheTeexinfoformattingcommandstoformat9theftextuptothefollo!wing@endifsetcommand.9If agiscleared,FtelltheTeexinfoformattingcommandstoignore9textfuptothefollo!wing@endifsetcommand.@ifclearf ag9If agisset,+telltheTeexinfoformattingcommandstoignorethe9textfuptothefollo!wing@endifclearcommand.9If| agqiscleared,telltheTeexinfoformattingcommandstoformat9theftextuptothefollo!wing@endifclearcommand.I*Q18.2.2d(T@valueYeoucanusethe@setcommandtospMecifyavdDaluefora ag,:whic!hisexpandedfb!ythe@valuecommand.ThevdDalueisastringacharacters.Weritefthe@setcommandlik!ethis:Cd@setfooThisisastring.ThisfsetsthevdDalueoffooto\Thisisastring."TheTeexinfoformattersreplacean@value{ ag}commandwiththestringtofwhic!h ag~isset.Th!us,fwhenfooissetasshownabMove,theTeexinfoformattersconvertCd@value{foo} atoڦdThisisastring.#?=Yeou}canwritean@valuecommandwithinaparagraph;:buty!oumustwritefan@setcommandonalineofitso!wn.Iffy!ouwritethe@setcommandlikethis:Cd@setfoowithoutfspMecifyingastring,thevdDalueoffooisanempt!ystring.Ifyy!ouclearapreviouslyset agwithan@clearf agicommand,asubse-quen!t>@value{flag}commandisinvdDalidandthestringisreplacedwithanerrorfmessagethatsa!ys`{Novaluefor" ag"}'.Feorfexample,ify!ousetfooasfollows:Cd@sethow-muchvery,very,verythenftheformatterstransformdItisa@value{how-much}wetday. }in!toڦdItisavery,very,verywetday.#0Iffy!ouwrite/Chapterf18:ConditionallyVisibleTeext139f]d@clearhow-muchthenftheformatterstransformdItisa@value{how-much}wetday. }in!toڦdItisa{Novaluefor"how-much"}wetday.-wQ18.2.3d(T@valueMQExampleYeou^canusethe@valuecommandtolimitthen!umbMer^ofplacesy!ouneed toc!hangewhenyourecordanupMdatetoamanual.+HereishowitisdoneinfTheGNUMak!eManualnR: Setfthe ags:d@setEDITION0.35Beta d@setVERSION3.63Betad@setUPDATED14August1992d@setUPDATE-MONTHAugust1992)%VWeriteftextforthe rst@ifinfosection,forpMeoplereadingtheTexinfo le:dThisisEdition@value{EDITION}, dlastupdated@value{UPDATED},dof@cite{TheGNUMakeManual},dfor@code{make},Version@value{VERSION}.)%VWeriteftextforthetitlepage,forpMeoplereadingtheprin!tedmanual:d@titleGNUMake d@subtitleAProgramforDirectingRecompilationd@subtitleEdition@value{EDITION},:1::d@subtitle@value{UPDATE-MONTH}5[(Onaprin!tedcover,CadatelistingthemonthandtheyearloMokslessfussy thanfadatelistingtheda!yaswellasthemonthandyear.)̡WeriteftextfortheTopnoMde,forpeoplereadingtheInfo le:dThisisEdition@value{EDITION} dofthe@cite{GNUMakeManual},dlastupdated@value{UPDATED}dfor@code{make}Version@value{VERSION}.)%VAfter|y!ouformatthemanual,Athetextinthe rst@ifinfosectionloMoks lik!efthis:dThisisEdition0.35Beta,lastupdated14August1992, dof`TheGNUMakeManual',for`make',Version3.63Beta.WhenMy!ouupMdatethemanual,vchangeonlythevdDaluesofthe ags;Wyoudofnotneedtorewritethethreesections.8ōChapterf19:FeormatandPrin!tHardcopy9U140f]19 QFaGormatMandPrinutHardcopy#ITherearethreemajorshellcommandsformakingaprin!tedmanualfrom aZTeexinfo le:oneforcon!vertingZtheTexinfo lein!toa lethatwillbMeprin!ted,3apsecondforsortingindices,andathirdforprin!tingtheformatteddoMcumen!t.oWhenyouusetheshellcommands,youcaneitherworkdirectlyinftheopMeratingsystemshellorw!orkwithinashellinsideGNUEmacs.ۍIf6y!ouareusingGNUEmacs,?youcanusecommandsprovidedbyTeexinfomoMdejinsteadofshellcommands.Inadditiontothethreecommandstoformata le,ǩsorttheindices,andprin!ttheresult,TeexinfomoMdeo ersk!eybindingsforcommandstorecen!tertheoutputbu er,showtheprintqueue,andfdeleteajobfromtheprin!tqueue.The@t!ypMesettingprogramcalledT,[wEB X@EisusedforformattingaTeexinfo le.T,[wEB Xisav!erypMowerfultypMesettingprogramand,[ifusedright,[doMesanexceptionallyNHgoModjob.~SeeAppendixJN2[Ho!wtoObtainT,[wEB X],page211,_forinformationfonho!wtoobtainT,[wEB X.Themakeinfo,!texinfo-format-region,andtexinfo-format-buffercommandsreadthev!erysame@-commandsintheTeexinfo leasdoMesT,[wEB X,but{\proMcessthemdi eren!tlytomakeanInfo le;seeChapter20[CreateanInfofFile],page150.#5H19.1FformatMusingKtexHandKtexindexۍFeormatqtheTexinfo lewiththeshellcommandtexfollo!wedqbythenameof!theTeexinfo le.ThiscommandproMducesaformatteddvi leasw!ellassev!eral-Rauxiliary lescontainingindices,O crossreferences,etc.rThedvi le(forfDeViceIndepMenden!tf le)canbeprin!tedonawidevdDarietyofprinters.TheatexformattingcommanditselfdoMesnotsorttheindices;itwritesanoutput leofunsortedindexdata.ThisisamisfeatureofT,[wEB X.(Thetexi2dvicommandautomaticallygeneratesindices;R,seeSection19.2[Feor-matUusingtexi2dvi],page141.)Teogenerateaprin!tedindexafterrunningtheǷtexcommand,Ay!ou rstneedasortedindextoworkfrom.ThetexindexcommandQsortsindices.v(Thesource le`texindex.c'comesaspartofthestandardGNUϬdistributionandisusuallyinstalledwhenEmacsisinstalled.)TheZtexformattingcommandoutputsunsortedindex lesundernamesthatobMeyastandardcon!vention.|Thesenamesarethenameofy!ourmaininputU letothetexformattingcommand,withev!erythingafterthe rstpMeriodthro!wnawaye,andthetwoletternamesofindicesaddedattheend.Feor#example, thera!windexoutput lesfortheinput le`foo.texinfo'w!ouldv3bMe`foo.cp',&`foo.vr',`foo.fn',`foo.tp',`foo.pg'v3and`foo.ky'.Thosefareexactlytheargumen!tstogivetotexindex.AChapterf19:FeormatandPrin!tHardcopy9U141f] OrSelse,(Ny!oucanuse`??'as\wild-cards"andgivethecommandinthis form:rdtexindexfoo.??,rThiscommandwillruntexindexonalltheunsortedindex les,includingan!ypthatyouhavede nedyourselfusing@defindexor@defcodeindex.~6(Yeouma!yexecute`texindexffoo.??'eveniftherearesimilarlynamed leswitht!woletterextensionsthatarenotindex les, suc!has`foo.el'.~ThetexindexcommandfrepMortsbutotherwiseignoressuc!h les.)FeorTeac!h lespMeci ed,texindexgeneratesasortedindex lewhosenameismadeb!yappMending`s'totheinput lename.lThe@printindexcommandkno!ws)toloMokfora leofthatname.etexindexdoesnotalterthera!windexoutputf le.AfterƸy!ouhavesortedtheindices,youneedtorerunthetexformattingcommandontheTeexinfo le.H;Thisregeneratesaformatteddvi lewithup-to-datefindexen!tries.1Teofsummarize,thisisathreestepproMcess:1.dRun;thetexformattingcommandontheTeexinfo le.Thisgeneratesdthe8formatteddvi leasw!ellastherawindex leswithtwoletterdextensions.2.dRuntheshellcommandtexindexonthera!windex lestosortthem.dThisfcreatesthecorrespMondingsortedindex les.3.dReruno^thetexformattingcommandontheTeexinfo le.v0Thisregeneratesdaoformatteddvi lewiththeindexen!triesinthecorrectorder.7Thisdsecondrunalsocorrectsthepagen!umbMersforthecrossreferences._(Thedtablesfofcon!tentsfarealw!aysfcorrect.)X䍑Yeou[neednotruntexindexeac!htimeafteryourunthetexformatting./Ify!ou/donot,Gyonthenextrun,thetexformattingcommandwillusewhatev!ersorted`index leshappMentoexistfromtheprevioususeoftexindex.Thisisfusuallyokwhiley!ouaredebugging.ӍH19.2FformatMusingKtexi2dvi,rThetexi2dvicommandisashellscriptthatautomaticallyrunsbMothtex1]andtexindexasneededtoproMduceadvi lewithup-to-date,Tsorted 9>ff=  1If?y!ouusemorethanoneindexandhavecrossreferencestoanindexotherthanthe rst,#y!oumustruntexthreetimestogetcorrectoutput:?oncetor>generatera!windexdata;again(aftertexindex)tooutputthetextofthe~indicesanddeterminetheirtruepagen!umbMers;0and~athirdtimetooutputpcorrectpagen!umbMerspincrossreferencestothem.Ho!wever,{Rcrossreferencesftoindicesarerare.NChapterf19:FeormatandPrin!tHardcopy9U142f]indices. ]It&Lsimpli esthetex|texindex|texsequencedescribMedinthe previousfsection.! 6bThefsyn!taxfortexi2dviislikethis(where`%'istheshellprompt):d%texi2dvi lename:1::w>H19.3ShellMPrintUsingKlprff-dYeoucanprin!tadvi lewiththedviprin!tcommand.FThepreciseprintingcommandetousedepMendsony!oursystem; `lprf-d'iscommon.2Thedviprintcommand[pma!yrequirea lenamewithoutanyextensionorwitha`.dvi'extension. The `follo!wingcommands,*aforexample,sorttheindices,format,andprin!tthefBisonMan!ual(where`%'istheshellprompt):d%texbison.texinfo d%texindexbison.??d%texbison.texinfod%lpr-dbison.dvi5[(Remem!bMer4thattheshellcommandsmaybMedi erentatyoursite;8butthesearefcommonlyusedv!ersions.)̟ Usingfthetexi2dvishellscript,y!ousimplyneedtypMe:d%texi2dvibison.texinfo d%lpr-dbison.dvi(H19.4FfromManEmacsShellOgff cmmi12O:fd::Yeoucangiv!eformattingandprintingcommandsfromashellwithinGNUEmacs.wTeocreateashellwithinEmacs,t!ypMeM-xfshell.Inthisshell,y!oucan"formatandprin!tthedoMcument. RSeeChapter19[FeormatandPrintHardcop!y],fpage140,fordetails.Yeoucanswitc!htoandfromtheshellbu erwhiletexisrunninganddoothervediting.Ify!ouareformattingalongdoMcumentonaslowmachine,"sthiscanfbMev!eryconvenient.Yeouqcanalsousetexi2dvifromanEmacsshell.?tForexample,dhereisho!w_otousetexi2dvitoformatandprintUsingandPortingGNU_]CCPfromafshellwithinEmacs(where`%'istheshellprompt):d%texi2dvigcc.texinfo d%lpr-dgcc.dvi(H19.5FformattingMandPrintinginTexinfoMos3deTeexinfoemoMdepro!videsseveralprede nedkeycommandsforT,[wEB XAformat-tingDandprin!ting.Theseincludecommandsforsortingindices,l;loMokingatZxChapterf19:FeormatandPrin!tHardcopy9U143f]theÁprin!terqueue,killingtheformattingjob,andrecen!teringthedisplayof thefbu erinwhic!htheopMerationsoccur.qRC-cfC-tC-bM-xftexinfo-tex-buffer9Runftexi2dvionthecurren!tbu er.C-cfC-tC-rM-xftexinfo-tex-region9RunfT,[wEB Xonthecurren!tregion.C-cfC-tC-iM-xftexinfo-texindex9SorttheindicesofaTeexinfo leformattedwithtexinfo-tex-9region.C-cfC-tC-pM-xftexinfo-tex-print9Prin!tadvi lethatwasmadewithtexinfo-tex-regionor9texinfo-tex-buffer.C-cfC-tC-qM-xftex-show-print-queue9Sho!wftheprintqueue.C-cfC-tC-dM-xftexinfo-delete-from-print-queue9Delete(ajobfromtheprin!tqueue; youwillbMepromptedfor9themjobn!umbMermshownbyaprecedingC-cfC-tC-qcommand9(texinfo-show-tex-print-queue).C-cfC-tC-kM-xftex-kill-job9Killethecurren!tlyrunningT,[wEB Xjobstartedbytexinfo-tex-9region+ortexinfo-tex-buffer,M1oran!yotherproMcessrunning9inftheTeexinfoshellbu er.C-cfC-tC-xM-xftexinfo-quit-job9QuitIaT,[wEB XIformattingjobthathasstoppMedbecauseofanerror9b!ysendinganXtoit.lWhenyoudothis,4T,[wEB Xpreservesarecord9offwhatitdidina`.log' le.C-cfC-tC-lM-xftex-recenter-output-buffer9Redispla!y[theshellbu erinwhichtheT,[wEB X+printingandformat-9tingfcommandsareruntosho!witsmostrecentoutput.dNChapterf19:FeormatandPrin!tHardcopy9U144f]@2Th!us,theusualsequenceofcommandsforformattingabu erisasfollows (withfcommen!tstotheright):%dC-cC-tC-bJRunftexi2dvionthebu er. dC-cC-tC-pJPrin!tfthedvi le.dC-cC-tC-qJDispla!yftheprinterqueue.*前The8TeexinfomoMdeT,[wEB X.formattingcommandsstartasubshellinEmacscalled/the`*tex-shell*'.]Thetexinfo-tex-command,Gtexinfo-texindex-command,fandtex-dvi-print-commandcommandsareallruninthisshell.YeouMcanw!atchMthecommandsopMerateinthe`*tex-shell*'bu er, andy!ou2canswitchtoandfromandusethe`*tex-shell*'bu erasyouwouldan!yfothershellbu er.!The`formattingandprin!tcommandsdepMendonthevdDaluesofseveralvdDariables.Thefdefaultvaluesare:%2lVeariableuDefaultfvdDalue dtexinfo-texi2dvi-commandgy"texi2dvi"dtexinfo-tex-command8F"tex"dtexinfo-texindex-commandgy"texindex"dtexinfo-delete-from-print-queue-command>"lprm"dtexinfo-tex-trailer8F"@bye"dtex-start-of-header8F"%**start"dtex-end-of-header"%**end"dtex-dvi-print-commandx"lpr-d"dtex-show-queue-commandrH"lpq"偍YeouLcanc!hangethevdDaluesofthesevariableswiththeM-xfedit-optionscommand(seesection\EditingVeariableValues"inTheGNUEmacsMan-ualnR),]with^theM-xfset-variablecommand(seesection\ExaminingandSetting>Veariables"inTheGNU7EmacsMan!ualnR),ƴorwithyour`.emacs'ini-tializationf le(seesection\InitFile"inTheGNUEmacsMan!ualnR).'RH19.6UsingMtheLos3calVfariablesListYeeto'anotherw!ayo'toapplytheT,[wEB XoformattingcommandtoaTexinfo leisnVtoputthatcommandinaloMcalvdDariableslistVattheendoftheTeexinfo le.Yeou_canthenspMecifythetexortexi2dvicommandsasacompile-command((andha!ve((Emacsrunitb!ytypingM-xfcompile. c"ThiscreatesaspMecialIVshellcalledthe`*compilation*'bu erinwhic!hEmacsrunsthecompilecommand.*Feorexample,!attheendofthe`gdb.texinfo' le,afterthef@bye,y!oucouldputthefollowing:kChapterf19:FeormatandPrin!tHardcopy9U145f]d@cLocalVariables: d@ccompile-command:"texi2dvigdb.texinfo"d@cEnd:(Thistec!hniqueismostoftenusedbyprogrammerswhoalsocompilepro- gramsfthisw!ay;fseesection\Compilation"inTheGNUEmacsMan!ualnR.܍H19.7TL32EdXMFformattingRequirementsSummaryEv!eryߝTeexinfo lethatistobMeinputtoT,[wEB XߏmustbMeginwitha\inputcommandfandcon!tainan@settitlecommand:.d\inputtexinfo d@settitlename-of-man!ualTheg rstcommandinstructsT,[wEB XHtoloadthemacrositneedstoproMcessaTeexinfof leandthesecondcommandspMeci esthetitleofprin!tedmanual.! IEv!ery Teexinfo lemustendwithalinethatterminatesT,[wEB X proMcessingandfforcesoutun nishedpages:d@byeStrictlyUspMeaking,thesethreelinesareallaTeexinfo leneedsforT,[wEB X,bMesideslithebodye./(The@setfilenamelineistheonlylinethataTexinfo lefneedsforInfoformatting.)Usuallye,vthe˺ le's rstlinecon!tainsan`@cf-*-texinfo-*-'commentthatcausespEmacstoswitc!htoTeexinfomoMdewhenyoueditthe le.Inaddi-tion,-theSbMeginningusuallyincludesan@setfilenameforInfoformatting,an@setchapternewpagecommand,Batitlepage,acop!yrightpage,andpMer-missions.Besides<an@bye,agtheendofa leusuallyincludesindicesandatablefofcon!tents.Feorjmoreinformation,seeSection3.2.5[@setchapternewpage],page32,AppMendixF[P!ageHeadings],Ȱpage194,Section3.4[Titlepage&Cop!yrightP!age],=pagec35,Section4.1[Prin!tingIndices&Menus],=page43,andSec-tionf4.2[Con!tents],fpage44.xH19.8PreparingMtoUseTL32EdXT,[wEB XRneedsRJtokno!wwhereto ndthe`texinfo.tex' lethatyouhavetoldïittoinputwiththe`\inputftexinfo'commandatthebMeginningofthei rstline.The`texinfo.tex' letellsT,[wEB Xhho!wtohandle@-commands.(`texinfo.tex'fisincludedinthestandardGNUdistributions.)Usuallye,;theZ`texinfo.tex' leisputinthedefaultdirectorythatcon-tains#T,[wEB Xmacros(the`/usr/lib/tex/macros'directory)whenGNUEmacsorotherGNUsoft!wareisinstalled.dInthiscase,BT,[wEB Xwill ndthe leandy!oudonotneedtodoan!ythingspMecial.|Alternativelye,youcanput`texinfo.tex'uՍChapterf19:FeormatandPrin!tHardcopy9U146f]in+thedirectoryinwhic!htheTeexinfosource leisloMcated,DtandT,[wEB X+will nd itfthere..Ho!wever,]you[maywanttospMecifythelocationofthe\input ley!ourself.One w!aytodothisistowritethecompletepathforthe leafterthe\inputcommand.&Anotherw!ayistosettheTEXINPUTSenvironmentvdDariableiny!ourE`.cshrc'or`.profile' le.p{TheTEXINPUTSenvironmentvdDariablewilltelleT,[wEB X#whereto ndthe`texinfo.tex' leandan!yother lethatyoumigh!tfwantT,[wEB Xtouse.WhetherRy!ouusea`.cshrc'or`.profile' ledepMendsonwhetheryouuseUcsh,.Xsh,orbashfory!ourshellcommandinterpreter.Whenyouusecsh,it3loMokstothe`.cshrc' leforinitializationinformation,andwheny!ouuseshforbash,itloMokstothe`.profile' le.n ȽInfa`.cshrc' le,y!oucouldusethefollowingcshcommandsequence:dsetenvTEXINPUTS.:/usr/me/mylib:/usr/lib/tex/macrosInfa`.profile' le,y!oucouldusethefollowingshcommandsequence:dTEXINPUTS=.:/usr/me/mylib:/usr/lib/tex/macros dexportTEXINPUTSThis~w!ouldcauseT,[wEB X~toloMokfor`\input' le rstinthecurrentdirectorye, indicated}b!ythe`.',theninahypMotheticaluser's`me/mylib'directorye,and nallyfinthesystemlibrarye.$hH19.9OverfullM\hbs3oxes".T,[wEB Xلisّsometimesunabletot!ypMesetalinewithoutextendingitintotherigh!t@zmargin.ThiscanoMccurwhenT,[wEB X@Rcomesuponwhatitin!terpretsasaslongw!ordthatitcannothyphenate,suchasanelectronicmailnetworkaddress)orav!erylongtitle.WhenthishappMens,5T,[wEB Xprintsanerrormessagelik!efthis:dOverfull\hbox(20.76302pttoowide).(InKT,[wEB X,linesarein\horizon!talbMoxes",^ hencetheterm,\h!bMox".TheKback-slash,f`\',istheT,[wEB XequivdDalen!tof`@'.)T,[wEB X]+also]>pro!videsthelinenumbMerintheTeexinfosource leandthetextoftheo endingline,:whic!hismarkedatalltheplacesthatT,[wEB Xknowshowtoh!yphenatewords.oYSeeSectionG.2[CatchingErrorswithT,[wEB XFeormatting],pagef201,formoreinformationabMoutt!ypesettingerrors.IftheTeexinfo lehasano!verfullhbMox,7youcanrewritethesentencesotheQo!verfullhbMoxdoMesnotoccur,-ory!oucandecidetoleaveit.Asmallexcursionin!totherightmarginoftendoMesnotmatterandmaynotevenbMenoticeable.QChapterf19:FeormatandPrin!tHardcopy9U147f]Ho!wever,#unlesstoldotherwise,T,[wEB Xwillprin!talarge,uglye,blac!krectan- glebMesidethelinethatcon!tainstheoverfulhbMox.۸ThisissoyouwillnoticethefloMcationoftheproblemify!ouarecorrectingadraft.!)JTeoprev!entsuchamonstrosityfrommarringyour nalprintout,writethefollo!winginthebMeginningoftheTeexinfo leonalineofitsown,bMeforethef@titlepagecommand:d@finalout1:H19.10PrintingM\Small"Bos3oksBydefault,/T,[wEB Xt!ypMesetspagesforprintinginan8.5by11inchformat.Ho!wever,=youcandirectT,[wEB Xtot!ypMesetadocumen!tina7by9.25inchformatWthatissuitableforbMoundbooksb!yinsertingthefollowingcommandonfalineb!yitselfatthebMeginningoftheTeexinfo le,beforethetitlepage:d@smallbook(SinceregularsizedbMooksareoftenabMout7b!y9.25inches,,thiscommandmigh!tbMetterhavebMeencalledthe@regularbooksizecommand, butitcametobMecalledthe@smallbookcommandb!ycomparisontothe8.5by11inchformat.)If|y!ouwritethe@smallbookcommandbMetweenthestart-of-headerandend-of-headerlines,)wtheTeexinfomoMdeT,[wEB XVregionformattingcommand,texinfo-tex-region,willgformattheregionin\small"bMookgsize(seeSec-tionf3.2.2[StartofHeader],page30).The FereeSoft!ware Foundationdistributesprin!tedcopiesofTheGNUEmacs Man!ualwandothermanualsinthe\small"bMook size.SeeSection10.6[@smallexampleand@smalllisp],?page89,forinformationabMoutcom-mandsfthatmak!eiteasiertoproMduceexamplesforasmallermanual.2[H19.11PrintingMonA4Paps3erYeoul;cantellT,[wEB Xltot!ypMesetadocumen!tforprintingonEuropMeansizeA4ApapMerwiththe@afourpapercommand.JWeritethecommandonalineb!yϹitselfbMetween@iftexand@endfiftexlinesnearthebMeginningoftheTeexinfof le,bMeforethetitlepage:Feorfexample,thisisho!wyouwouldwritetheheaderforthismanual:Chapterf19:FeormatandPrin!tHardcopy9U148f]d\inputtexinfo@c-*-texinfo-*- d@c%**startofheaderd@setfilenametexinfod@settitleTexinfod@syncodeindexvrfnd@iftexd@afourpaperd@endiftexd@c%**endofheadernH19.12CropmarksMandMagni cationYeoucanattempttodirectT,[wEB Xttoprin!tcropmarksatthecornersofpages withthe@cropmarkscommand.Weritethe@cropmarkscommandonalineb!yϹitselfbMetween@iftexand@endfiftexlinesnearthebMeginningoftheTeexinfof le,bMeforethetitlepage,lik!ethis:d@iftex d@cropmarksd@endiftex)ThisWcommandismainlyforprin!tersthattypMesetseveralpagesononesheet of lm;;buty!oucanattempttouseittomarkthecornersofabMooksetKto7b!y9.25incheswiththe@smallbookcommand.s(PrinterswillnotproMducecropmarksforregularsizedoutputthatisprin!tedonregularsizedpapMer.)SinceXdi eren!tprintingmachinesworkindi erentways,hSyoushouldexplore5theuseofthiscommandwithaspiritofadv!enture.IYeou5mayhavetofrede nethecommandinthe`texinfo.tex'de nitions le.YeouLncanattempttodirectT,[wEB XLDtot!ypMesetpageslargerorsmallerthanusualзwiththe\magT,[wEB Xkcommand.\Ev!erythingthatistypMesetisscaledpropMortionallylargerorsmaller. W(\magstandsfor\magni cation".)Thisisnotaa$Teexinfo@-command,>butisaPlainT,[wEB X$ecommandthatispre xedwithabac!kslash.YeouhavetowritethiscommandbMetween@texand@endftex(seefSection18.1[UsingOrdinaryT,[wEB XCommands],page135).Feollo!wVhthe\magcommandwithan`='andthenanumbMerthatis1000timesthemagni cationy!oudesire.pFeorexample,Ԓtoprintpagesat1.2normalsize,writethefollo!wingnearthebMeginningoftheTeexinfo le,bMeforethetitlepage:d@tex d\mag=1200d@endtex)Withsomeprin!tingtechnologies,youcanprintnormal-sizedcopiesthatloMokfbetterthanusualb!yusingalarger-than-normalmaster.ӍChapterf19:FeormatandPrin!tHardcopy9U149f]DepMendingony!oursystem,q\magmaynotworkormayworkonlyat certainfmagni cations.BepreparedtoexpMerimen!t.֍Chapterf20:CreatinganInfoFileP150f]20 QCreatingManInfoFilemakeinfo}isautilit!ythatconvertsaTeexinfo leintoanInfo le; texinfo-format-regionFandtexinfo-format-bufferareGNUEEmacsfunctionsfthatdothesame.8mA(*Teexinfo( lem!ustpMossessan@setfilenamelinenearitsbeginning,otherwiseftheInfoformattingcommandswillfail.FeorinformationoninstallingtheInfo leintheInfosystem,.seeChap-terf21[InstallanInfoFile],page158.Themakeinfoutilit!ycreatesanInfo lefromaTeexinfosource lemorequic!klyYthaneitheroftheEmacsformattingcommandsandprovidesbMettererror! messages.MWeerecommendit.makeinfoisaC programthatisinde-pMenden!tKofEmacs.YeoudonotneedtorunEmacstousemakeinfo,whichmeansy!oucanusemakeinfoonmachinesthataretoMosmalltorunEmacs.Yeoucanrunmakeinfoinan!yoneofthreeways:DfromanopMeratingsystemshell,from^ashellinsideEmacs,orb!ytypingakeycommandinTeexinfomoMdefinEmacs.Thetexinfo-format-regionandthetexinfo-format-buffercom-mandsareusefulify!oucannotrunmakeinfo.cAlso,insomecircumstances,theyfformatshortregionsorbu ersmorequic!klythanmakeinfo.H20.1RunningMKmakeinfoHfromaShell8mTeocreateanInfo lefromaTexinfo le,1t!ypMemakeinfofollowedbythenameoftheTeexinfo le.uTh!us,tocreatetheInfo leforBison,t!ypMethefollo!wingfattheshellprompt(where`%'istheprompt):md%makeinfobison.texinfo(YeoufcanrunashellinsideEmacsb!ytypingM-xshell.)yH20.2OptionsMforKmakeinfo8mTheJmakeinfocommandtak!esanumbMerofoptions.)Mostoften,optionsared usedtosetthevdDalueofthe llcolumnandspMecifythefootnotest!yle.Eac!hcommandlineoptionisawordprecededby`--'1HIoraletterprecededb!y`-'.Yeoucanuseabbreviationsfortheoptionnamesaslongastheyareunique.Feor`example,y!oucouldusethefollowingcommandtocreateanInfo lefor&>`bison.texinfo'inwhic!heachlineis lledtoonly68columns(where`%'fistheprompt): ff=  1`--'hasreplaced`+',[theoldin!troMductorycharacter,[tomaintainPOSIX.2compatibilit!yfwithoutlosinglong-namedoptions.Chapterf20:CreatinganInfoFileP151f]d%makeinfo--fill-column=68bison.texinfoÍYeoufcanwritet!woformoreoptionsinsequence,lik!ethis:4Íd%makeinfo--no-split--fill-column=70:1::Thisw!ouldkeeptheInfo letogetherasonepMossiblyverylong leandwould alsofsetthe llcolumnto70.Iffy!ouwishtodiscoverwhichversionofmakeinfoyouareusing,typMe:d%makeinfo--versionThefoptionsare:!,-DfvdDar9Cause NvdDarwtobMede ned.KThisisequivalen!tto@setfvarwinthe 9Teexinfof le.--error-limitflimit9Set~themaxim!umnumbMeroferrorsthatmakeinfowillreport9bMeforeexiting(ontheassumptionthatcon!tinuingwouldbMeuse-9less).The7defaultn!umbMer7oferrorsthatcanbereportedbefore9makeinfofgiv!esupis100.!--fill-columnfwidth9SpMecifyJbthemaxim!umnumbMerofcolumnsinaline;_thisisthe9righ!t-handKedgeofaline. ˪Paragraphsthatare lledwillbMe9 lled\tothiswidth.u(FillingistheproMcessofbreakingupand9connectingqlinessothatlinesarethesamelengthasorshorter9thanthen!umbMerspeci edasthe llcolumn.lLinesarebrok!en9bMet!weenfwords.)ThedefaultvdDalueforfill-columnis72.i--footnote-stylefst!yle9SetKi lethaty!oucannotreadinInfosinceitdoMesnot9con!tainFtherequisitenoMdesormenus;V5butyoucanprintsuch9a leinasingle,Z9t!ypMewriter-likefontandproMduceacceptable9output.ߍChapterf20:CreatinganInfoFileP152f]--no-split 9Suppressthesplittingstageofmakeinfo.ANormallye,:largeout-9putu les(wherethesizeisgreaterthan70kb!ytes)aresplitinto9smallerssub les,}eac!honeapproximately50kbytes.IfyouspMec-9ifyf`--no-split',makeinfowillnotsplituptheoutput le.nW--no-pointer-validate4%--no-validate9SuppressthepMoin!ter-vdDalidationphaseofmakeinfo.x6Normallye,9afterDaTeexinfo leisproMcessed,Msomeconsistencyc!hecksDare9madeNTtoensurethatcrossreferencescanbMeresolv!ed,xOetc.զSee9Sectionf20.3[P!ointerfVealidation],page153.̟ 7--no-warn9Suppressntheoutputofw!arningmessages.7ThisdoMesnotsup-9press[theoutputoferrormessages,TheseproMceduresarede-scribMedminanappendix;QRseeAppendixGm9[Catc!hingMistakes],߀page199.Ho!wever,.the&makeinfoprogramisoftenfasterandpro!videsbMettererrorc!heckingf(seeSection20.4[mak!einfoinEmacs],page153).#H20.6BatchMFformattingYYeoucanformatTexinfo lesforInfousingbatch-texinfo-formatandEmacs8Batc!hmoMde.TYeoucanrunEmacsinBatchmoMdefromanyshell,includingashellinsideofEmacs.q(Seesection\CommandLineSwitc!hesandfArgumen!ts"inTheGNUEmacsManualnR.)YHereG6isthecommandtoformatallthe lesthatendin`.texinfo'inthecurren!tfdirectory(where`%'istheshellprompt):ٸd%emacs-batch-funcallbatch-texinfo-format*.texinfoEmacsproMcessesallthe leslistedonthecommandline,/ev!enifanerroroMccursfwhileattemptingtoformatsomeofthem.Runbatch-texinfo-formatonlywithEmacsinBatc!hmoMdeasshown;itfisnotin!teractive.ItfkillstheBatc!hmoMdeEmacsoncompletion.batch-texinfo-formatiscon!venientify!oulackmakeinfoandwanttoformatyQsev!eralTeexinfo lesatonce.VWhenyouuseBatchmoMde, youcre-ate5anewEmacsproMcess.JThisfreesy!ourcurrentEmacs,Ysoyoucancon-tin!ueworkinginit.R(Whenyouruntexinfo-format-regionortexinfo-format-buffer,Dy!ou,cannotusethatEmacsforanythingelseuntilthecom-mandf nishes.)#H20.7TfagMFilesandSplitFilesYIf aTeexinfo lehasmorethan30,000b!ytes,3texinfo-format-bufferautomaticallycreatesatagtableforitsInfo le;makeinfoalw!ayscreatesaَChapterf20:CreatinganInfoFileP156f]tagtable.KWithatagtable,:InfocanjumptonewnoMdesmorequic!klythan itfcanotherwise.ǍInaddition,iftheTeexinfo lecon!tainsmorethanabMout70,000bytes,texinfo-format-buffer-andmakeinfosplitthelargeInfo lein!toshorterindirectSsub lesofabMout50,000b!yteseach./-Big lesaresplitintosmaller les%msothatEmacsdoMesnotneedtomak!ealargebu ertoholdthewholeofaVClargeInfo le;pinstead,fJEmacsalloMcatesjustenoughmemoryforthesmall,splito lethatisneededatthetime.KThisw!aye,Emacsavoidswastingmemoryewheny!ourunInfo.(Beforesplittingwasimplemented,$Info lesw!erealwayskeptshortandinclude les6\weredesignedasawaytocreateasingle,largeXprin!tedmanualoutofthesmallerInfo les.BSeeAppMendixE[IncludeFiles],page189,formoreinformation.\Include lesarestillusedforv!erylargedoMcuments,suchasTheEmacsLispReferenceManual,inwhicheac!hfchapterisaseparate le.)When{a leissplit,[Infoitselfmak!esuseofashortenedversionoftheoriginal lethatcon!tainsjustthetagtableandreferencestothe lesthatw!erefsplito .Thesplito lesarecalledindirectf les.Thebsplito lesha!vebnamesthatarecreatedb!yappMending`-1'M ,`-2'|,`-3'andAsoontothe lenamespMeci edb!ythe@setfilenamecommand.Theshortened=v!ersionoftheoriginal lecontinuestohavethenamespMeci edby@setfilename.A!tonestageinwritingthisdoMcument,forexample,theInfo lew!assavedasf`test-texinfo'andthat leloMok!edlikethis:PǍdInfofile:test-texinfo,-*-Text-*- dproducedbytexinfo-format-bufferdfromfile:new-texinfo-manual.texinfod^_dIndirect:dtest-texinfo-1:102dtest-texinfo-2:50422e dtest-texinfo-3:101300 d^_^LdTagtable:d(Indirect)dNode:overview^?104dNode:infofile^?1271L dNode:printedmanual^?4853 dNode:conventions^?6855d:1::)(But`test-texinfo'hadfarmorenoMdesthanaresho!wnhere.) Eachofthesplito ,indirect les,`test-texinfo-1',`test-texinfo-2',andeChapterf20:CreatinganInfoFileP157f]`test-texinfo-3',islistedinthis leafterthelinethatsa!ys`Indirect:'. Theftagtableislistedafterthelinethatsa!ys`Tagtable:'.Inthelistofindirect les,then!umbMerfollowingthe lenamerecordsthecum!ulativenumbMerofbytesintheprecedingindirect les,notcountingthee lelistitself,thetagtable,orthepMermissionstextineac!h le.Inthetag/table,Q8then!umbMer/followingthenoMdenamerecordsthelocationofthebMeginningfofthenode,inb!ytesfromthebeginning.IfUy!ouareusingtexinfo-format-buffertocreateInfo les,ΐyoumayw!antݣtoruntheInfo-validatecommand.(ThemakeinfocommanddoMessuc!hagoModjobonitsown,youdonotneedInfo-validate.)|However,y!oubcannotruntheM-xfInfo-validatenoMde-checkingcommandonindirect les.FeorOinformationonho!wtoprevent lesfrombMeingsplitandhowtovdDalidatethestructureofthenoMdes,(seeSectionG.5.1[UsingInfo-validate],pagef205.֍Chapterf21:InstallinganInfoFile6158f]21 QInstallingManInfoFileInfo lesareusuallyk!eptinthe`info'directorye.YoucanreadInfo les using]thestandaloneInfoprogramortheInforeaderbuiltin!toEmacs.Ŗ(SeeInfof le`info',noMde`Top',foranin!troductiontoInfo.)FeorInfotow!ork,the`info'directorymustcontaina lethatservesasaPtoplev!eldirectoryfortheInfosystem.xByconvention,{this leiscalled`dir'.(Yeoucan ndtheloMcationofthis lewithinEmacsb!ytypingC-hitoen!terInfoandthentypingC-xfC-ftoseethepathnametothe`info'directorye.)TheP`dir' leisitselfanInfo le.Itcon!tainsthetoplevelmenuforallthefInfo lesinthesystem.Themen!uloMokslikethis:d*Menu: d*Info:(info).RDocumentationbrowsingsystem.d*Emacs:>(emacs).Theextensible,self-documentingtexteditor.d*Texinfo:(texinfo). TWithonesourcefile,makeeitheraprintedmanualusingTeXoranInfofile.d:1::s?Eac!hofthesemenuentriespMointstothe`Teop'noMdeoftheInfo lethatisnamedinparen!theses.cU(ThemenuentrydoMesnotneedtospecifythe`Teop'noMde, since&Infogoestothe`Teop'nodeifnonodenameismen!tioned.SeeSectionf7.5[NoMdesinOtherInfoFiles],page64.)Th!us,}thes`Info'entrypMointstothe`Teop'noMdeofthe`info' leandthe`Emacs'fen!trypMointstothe`Teop'noMdeofthe`emacs' le.In|:eac!hoftheInfo les,the`Up'pMointerofthe`Teop'noMderefersbacktothedir le.l-Feorexample,thelineforthe`Top'noMdeoftheEmacsman!ualloMoksflik!ethisinInfo:dFile:emacs TNode:Top,Up:(DIR),Next:Distrib(NoteDthatinthiscase,the`dir' lenameiswritteninuppMercaseletters|itcan\bMewrittenineitherupperorlo!wer\case.Infohasafeaturethatitwillc!hange؅thecaseofthe lenametolowercaseifitcannot ndthenameaswritten.)H21.1ListingMaNewInfoFileTeo,addanewInfo letoy!oursystem,Mjwriteamenuentryforitinthemen!uinthe`dir' leinthe`info'directorye.;2Also,7movethenewInfo leitselftothe`info'directorye.ZForexample,ify!ouwereaddingdoMcumentationforfGDB,y!ouwouldwritethefollowingnewentry:덟Chapterf21:InstallinganInfoFile6159f]d*GDB:(gdb).?inInfo. fSeeSection10.11[Dra!wingCartouchesAround9Examples],fpage91.)@centerfline-of-text9Cen!terthelineoftextfollowingthecommand.SeeSection3.4.29[@center],fpage36.@lowersections9Change5subsequen!tchapterstosections,ٖsectionstosubsec-9tions,óand soon.SeeSection5.12[@raisesectionsand9@lowersections],fpage51.@chapheadingftitle9Prin!tachapter-likeheadinginthetext,butnotinthetableof9con!tentsDofaprin!tedmanual.'InInfo,~thetitleisunderlinedwith9asterisks.SeeSection5.6[@majorheadingand@chapheading],9pagef48.@chapterftitle9Beginac!hapter.ThechaptertitleappMearsinthetableofcon-9ten!tsofaprintedmanual.DInInfo,;thetitleisunderlinedwith9asterisks.SeefSection5.4[@chapter],page48.OAppMendixfA:@-CommandList 163f]@cindexfen!try 9Adden!tryלtotheindexofconcepts.6SeeSection12.1[De ning9thefEn!triesofanIndex],page100.%@cite{reference}9Highligh!tothenameofabMookoorotherreferencethatlacksa9companionfInfo le.SeeSection9.1.8[@cite],page81.@clearf ag9Unsetj ag,prev!entingtheTeexinfoformattingcommandsfrom9formatting=textbMet!ween=subsequentpairsof@ifsetf ag.and9@endfifsetVcommands,andprev!entingV@value{ ag}fromex-9panding>6tothevdDaluetowhic!h ag.Nisset.#SeeSection18.2[@set9@clearf@value],page136.@code{sample-coMde}9Highligh!tItextthatisanexpression,'asyntacticallycompleteto-9k!enofaprogram,oraprogramname.OSeeSection9.1.1[@code],9pagef76.@commentfcommen!t9Beginuacommen!tinTeexinfo.TherestofthelinedoMesnotappear9ineithertheInfo leortheprin!tedmanual.PAsynonymfor@c.9SeefSection1.5[Commen!ts],page7.@contents9Prin!tacompletetableofcontents.Hasnoe ectinInfo,~which9usesLmen!usinstead.*SeeSection4.2[GeneratingaTeableofCon-9ten!ts],fpage44.@copyright{}9GenerateYacop!yrightYsymbMol.LSeeSection13.4.2[@copyright],9pagef109.@defcodeindexfindex-name9De neanewindexanditsindexingcommand.vPrin!tentriesin9anq@codefon!t.vSeeSection12.5[De ningNewIndices],page104.@defcvfcategory~classname9Feormat9adescriptionforavdDariableassoMciatedwithaclassin9object-orien!tedmprogramming.Teakesthreearguments:ythecat-9egory ofthingbMeingde ned,theclasstowhic!hitbelongs,and9itsfname.SeeChapter16[De nitionCommands],page119.@deffnfcategory~nameCmargumen!tss:1::9Feormatadescriptionforafunction,VOin!teractivecommand,or9similaren!titythatmaytakearguments.@deffntakesasargu-9men!ts0 thecategoryofentitybMeingdescribed,Rsthenameofthis9particularXen!titye,anditsarguments,ifanye. OSeeChapter169[De nitionfCommands],page119.$<AppMendixfA:@-CommandList 164f]@defindexfindex-name 9De neanewindexanditsindexingcommand.vPrin!tentriesin9aromanfon!t.SeeSection12.5[De ningNewIndices],(page104.:@definfoenclosefnew-command,bMefore,after,9Createnew@-commandforInfothatmarkstextb!yenclosingit9instringsthatprecedeandfollo!wthetext./Weritede nitionin-9side3of@ifinfo:1::.O@endfifinfo.SeeSection9.2.4[Customized9Highligh!ting],fpage83.@defivarfclassinstance-vdDariable-name9ThisZcommandformatsadescriptionforaninstancevdDariablein9object-orien!tedprogramming. HThecommandisequivdDalentto9`@defcvf{InstanceVariable}:1::l'.GSeeChapter16[De nition9Commands],fpage119.@defmacfmacro-nameCmargumen!tss:1::9Feormat adescriptionforamacro.>ThecommandisequivdDalen!t9tok`@deffnfMacro:1::l'.SeeChapter16[De nitionCommands],9pagef119.@defmethodfclassmethoMd-nameCmargumen!tss:1::9FeormatadescriptionforamethoMdinobject-orien!tedprogram-9ming.5ThecommandisequivdDalen!tto`@defopfMethod:1::l'.9Teak!es)asargumentsthenameoftheclassofthemethoMd,the9nameadescriptionforvdDariables. [Thecommandisequiva-9len!t4Sto`@defvrfVariable:1::l'.See4SChapter16[De nitionCom-9mands],fpage119.@defvrfcategory~name9Feormatadescriptionforan!ykindofvdDariable.P@defvrtakesas9argumen!ts~thecategoryoftheentityandthenameoftheentitye.9SeefChapter16[De nitionCommands],page119.@dfn{term}9Highligh!tWtheintroMductoryorde ninguseofaterm.SeeSec-9tionf9.1.7[@dfn],page80.̩ ^@display9Begin?lakindofexample.Inden!ttext,Tdonot ll,donotselecta9newqfon!t.Pairwith@endfdisplay.SeeSection10.7[@display],9pagef89.!@dmn{dimension}9Feormat!adimension.CauseT,[wEB X!toinsertanarro!wspacebMefore9dimension.ϋNo{pe ectinInfo.Useforwritingan!umbMer{pfollowed:AppMendixfA:@-CommandList 166f]9b!yanabbreviationofadimensionname,suchas`12pt',written 9as `12@dmn{pt}',dwithnospacebMet!ween then!umber andthe9@dmnfcommand.SeeSection13.2[@dmn],page107.̟ >@dots{}9Insertfanellipsis:`:1:: c'.SeefSection13.3.1[@dots],page108. T@emph{text=} 9Highligh!t*text=;Stextisdisplayedinitalics inprintedoutput,C`and9surroundedib!yasterisksinInfo.(SeeSection9.2[Emphasizing9Teext],fpage81.̦@enumeratef[n!umbMer-or-letter)]9Beginan!umbMeredlist,using@itemforeac!hentrye.\Optionally,9start listwithn!umbMer-or-letter.Pair with@endfenumerate.See9Sectionf11.2[@enumerate],page95.̦@equiv{}9IndicateMVtothereadertheexactequivdDalenceoft!woMVformswitha9glyph:`}x U'.SeefSection14.5[EquivdDalence],page113.@error{}9Indicate8tothereaderwithaglyphthatthefollo!wingtextis9an?Verrormessage:`b ͍@erro!r ͎ 7v"}'. SeeSection14.4[ErrorGlyph],9pagef112.@evenfootingf[left=]@|[cen!ter)]@|[right=]9SpMecifyy"pagefootingsforev!en-numberedy"(left-hand)pages.Not9relevdDan!t1toInfo.!SeeSectionF.3[HowtoMakeYeourOwnHead-9ings],fpage196.@evenheadingf[left=]@|[cen!ter)]@|[right=]9SpMecifypageheadingsforev!en-numbered(left-hand)pages.Not9relevdDan!t1toInfo.!SeeSectionF.3[HowtoMakeYeourOwnHead-9ings],fpage196.@everyfootingf[left=]@|[cen!ter)]@|[right=]9SpMecifypagefootingsforev!erypage.NotrelevdDanttoInfo.See9SectionfF.3[Ho!wtoMakeYeourOwnHeadings],page196.@everyheadingf[left=]@|[cen!ter)]@|[right=]9SpMecifyIpageheadingsforev!erypage.NotrelevdDanttoInfo.See9SectionfF.3[Ho!wtoMakeYeourOwnHeadings],page196.@example9Beginanexample.=Inden!ttext,ݳdonot ll,andselect xed-width9fon!t. Pair;wwith@endfexample.SeeSection10.3[@example],9pagef86.@exdentfline-of-text9Remo!veaanyindentationalinemighthave. !SeeSection10.99[UndoingftheInden!tationofaLine],page90.@expansion{}9IndicatetheresultofamacroexpansiontothereaderwithaspMe-9cial glyph:1*`FM7! U'.ZSeeSection14.2[M7!AIndicatinganExpansion],9pagef111.FBAppMendixfA:@-CommandList 167f]@file{ lename} 9Highligh!taHthenameofa le,bu er,noMde,oraHdirectorye. See9Sectionf9.1.6[@file],page80.]@finalout9Prev!ent`T,[wEB X+fromprin!tinglargeblackwarningrectanglesbMeside9o!ver-wideflines.SeeSection19.9[Ov!erfullhbMoxes],page146.̟@findexfen!try9Adden!try5totheindexoffunctions.SeeSection12.1[De ning9thefEn!triesofanIndex],page100.͍@flushleft9Left!justifyev!erylinebutleavetherightendragged.Leavefont9as_is.0P!airwith@endfflushleft.SeeSection10.10[@flushleft9andf@flushright],page90.͍@flushright9Righ!t$justifyeverylinebutleavetheleftendragged. *Leave9fon!tasis. vPairwith@endfflushright. vSeeSection10.109[@flushleftfand@flushright],page90.f@footnote{text-of-foMotnote}9En!terafoMotnote.-FeootnotetextisprintedatthebMottomofthe9page b!yT,[wEB X;Infomayformatineither`End'noMdeor`Separate'9noMdefst!yle.SeeChapter17[Feootnotes],page133.]@footnotestylefst!yle9SpMecifytanInfo le'sfootnotest!yle,0either`end'fortheendnode9st!yleor`separate'fortheseparatenoMdestyle.ZSeeChapter179[FeoMotnotes],fpage133.@format9BeginNYakindofexample.նLik!e@exampleor@display,xVbutdo9not.narro!wthemarginsanddonotselectthe xed-widthfont.9P!airfwith@endformat.SeeSection10.3[@example],page86.@ftablefformatting-command9Begin-at!wo-column-table,9using@itemforeac!hentrye. Automat-9icallyen!tereachoftheitemsinthe rstcolumnintotheindex9offunctions.P!airwith@endfftable.Thesameas@table,9ex-9ceptforindexing.SeeSection11.3.1[@ftableand@vtable],9pagef98.@group9Holdtexttogetherthatm!ustappMearononeprintedpage.9P!airwith@endfgroup.xNotrelevdDanttoInfo.xSeeSection15.59[@group],fpage117.@headingftitle9Prin!tanunnumbMeredsection-likeheadinginthetext,butnotin9thetableofcon!tentsofaprin!tedmanual.InInfo,thetitleisun-R,AppMendixfA:@-CommandList 168f]9derlinedwithequalsigns.SeeSection5.8[SectionCommands], 9pagef49.*@headingsfon-o -single-double9Teurnpageheadingsonoro ,ܳorspMecifysingle-sidedordouble-9sidedpageheadingsforprin!ting.@headingsfonissynonymous9with|@headingsfdouble. 4SeeSection3.4.6[The@headings9Command],fpage39.@i{text=}9Prin!t߱textinitalicfont.Noe ectinInfo.SeeSection9.2.39[Feon!ts],fpage82.@ifclearf ag9Ifr agbiscleared,|theTeexinfoformattingcommandsformattext9bMet!weenOI@ifclearf ag?aandthefollo!wing@endifclearcom-9mand.SeefSection18.2[@set@clear@value],page136.@ifinfo9Begin2bastretc!hoftextthatwillbMeignoredbyT,[wEB X1whenit9t!ypMesetstheprintedmanual.ThetextappMearsonlyintheInfo9 le. 1P!airmwith@endfifinfo.SeeChapter18[Conditionally9VisiblefTeext],page135.@ifsetf ag9If agisset,CtheTeexinfoformattingcommandsformattextbMe-9t!ween;@ifsetf ag,andthefollo!wing@endifsetcommand.^See9Sectionf18.2[@set@clear@value],page136.@iftex9Begin_astretc!hoftextthatwillnotappMearintheInfo le,9but jwillbMeprocessedonlyb!yT,[wEB X.Pairwith@endfiftex.See9Chapterf18[ConditionallyVisibleTeext],page135.@ignore9Begin(astretc!hoftextthatwillnotappMearineithertheInfo le9ortheprin!tedoutput.Pairwith@endfignore.SeeSection1.59[Commen!tsfandIgnoredTeext],page7.@includef lename9IncorpMoratethecon!tentsofthe le lename"in!totheInfo leor9prin!tedfdoMcument.SeeAppMendixE[IncludeFiles],page189.@inforef{noMde-name,f[en!try-name],info- le-name}9Mak!e*acrossreferencetoanInfo leforwhichthereisnoprinted9man!ual. SeeSection8.7[Crossreferencesusing@inforef],9pagef74.\inputfmacro-de nitions- le9Use thespMeci edmacrode nitions le.NThiscommandisused9onlyΏinthe rstlineofaTeexinfo letocauseT,[wEB X΄tomak!euse9of(tthe`texinfo'macrode nitions le.Thebac!kslashin\input9isOzusedinsteadofan@bMecauseT,[wEB XOddoesnotproperlyrecognize9@Vun!tilafterithasreadthede nitions le.WSeeSection3.2[The9TeexinfofFileHeader],page30.\AppMendixfA:@-CommandList 169f]@item9IndicatethebMeginningofamark!edparagraphfor@itemizeand 9@enumerate;^indicate:thebMeginningofthetextofa rstcolumn9en!tryhfor@table,u@ftable,andh@vtable.TSeeChapter11[Lists9andfTeables],page93.d@itemizefmark-generating-c!haracter-or-command9ProMduceasequenceofinden!tedparagraphs, withamarkinside9theB@leftmarginatthebMeginningofeac!hparagraph.lPairwith9@endfitemize.SeeSection11.1[@itemize],page94.@itemx9Lik!e=@itembutdonotgenerateextraverticalspaceabMovethe9itemftext.SeeSection11.3.2[@itemx],page98.@kbd{k!eybMoard-characterss}9Indicatem0textthatconsistsofc!haractersofinputtobMetypMedby9users.SeefSection9.1.2[@kbd],page77.@key{k!ey-name}9Highligh!tkey-name, aconventionalnameforakeyonakey-9bMoard.SeefSection9.1.3[@key],page78.@kindexfen!try9Addten!trytotheindexofkeys.SeeSection12.1[De ningthe9En!triesfofanIndex],page100.@global@letnew-commandnR=existing-command9EquateGanewhighligh!tingcommandwithanexistingone.Only9fornT,[wEB X.Weritede nitioninsideof@iftex:1::?@endfiftex.See9Sectionf9.2.4[CustomizedHighligh!ting],page83.@lisp9BeginanexampleofLispcoMde.Inden!ttext,8donot ll,and9select' xed-widthfon!t.aPair'with@endflisp.SeeSection10.59[@lisp],fpage88.@majorheadingftitle9Prin!tachapter-likeheadinginthetext,butnotinthetableof9con!tentsofaprin!tedmanual.Generatemoreverticalwhites-9pace#&bMeforetheheadingthanthe@chapheadingcommand.TIn9Info,Mthec!hapterheadinglineisunderlinedwithasterisks.See9Sectionf5.6[@majorheadingand@chapheading],page48.@math{mathematical-expression}9Feormat?amathematicalexpression. SeeSection13.6[@math:9InsertingfMathematicalExpressions],page109.@menu9MarkthebMeginningofamen!uofnodesinInfo.>Noe ectina9prin!tedmanual.#ZPairwith@endfmenu.#ZSeeChapter7[Menus],9pagef61.@minus{}9Generatefamin!ussign.SeeSection13.5[@minus],page109.h6AppMendixfA:@-CommandList 170f]@needfn9Start'anewpageinaprin!tedmanualiffewerthannmils(thou- 9sandthsofaninc!h)remainonthecurrentpage.SeeSection15.69[@need],fpage117.r*@nodefname,next,previous,up9De nethebMeginningofanewnodeinInfo,andserv!easalocator9forfreferencesforT,[wEB X.SeeSection6.2[@node],page55.̟ #7@noindent9Prev!ent]textfrombMeinginden!tedasifitwereanewparagraph.9SeefSection10.4[@noindent],page87.@oddfootingf[left=]@|[cen!ter)]@|[right=]9SpMecifypagefootingsforodd-n!umbered(right-hand)pages.Not9relevdDan!t1toInfo.!SeeSectionF.3[HowtoMakeYeourOwnHead-9ings],fpage196.@oddheadingf[left=]@|[cen!ter)]@|[right=]9SpMecify6pageheadingsforodd-n!umbered6(right-hand)pages.9NotrelevdDan!ttoInfo.{SeeSectionF.3[HowtoMakeYeourOwn9Headings],fpage196.@page9Startanewpageinaprin!tedmanual.y[Noe ectinInfo.See9Sectionf15.4[@page],page116.@paragraphindentfinden!t9Inden!t)paragraphsbyindentA)numbMerofspaces;3 deleteindenta-9tiontifthevdDalueofinden!tis0;Yanddonotchangeindentationif9inden!tisasis.SeeSection3.2.6[ParagraphIndenting],#page33.@pindexfen!try9AddVen!tryntotheindexofprograms.SeeSection12.1[De ning9thefEn!triesofanIndex],page100.@point{}9IndicategSthepMositionofpoin!tinabu ertothereaderwith9aglyph:z`?'.SeeSection14.6[IndicatingP!ointinaBu er],9pagef113.@print{}9Indicateprin!tedoutputtothereaderwithaglyph:`g"xa U'.hSee9Sectionf14.3[Prin!tGlyph],page112.@printindexfindex-name9Prin!tanalphabMetizedtwo-columnindexinaprintedmanualor9generateanalphabMetizedmen!uofindexentriesforInfo.See9Sectionf4.1[Prin!tingIndices&Menus],page43.@pxref{noMde-name,f[en!try],[topic-or-title],[info- le],[man!ualnR]}9Mak!eareferencethatstartswithalowercase`see'inaprinted9man!ual.bUsewithinparenthesesonlye.bDonotfollowcommand9withMapunctuationmark.ԇTheInfoformattingcommandsau-9tomaticallyTinsertterminatingpunctuationasneeded, whic!hisr퍟AppMendixfA:@-CommandList 171f]9wh!yMyoudonotneedtoinsertpunctuation.EOnlythe rstargu- 9men!tfismandatorye.SeeSection8.6[@pxref],page73.N@quotation9Narro!wthemarginstoindicatetextthatisquotedfroman-9otherHrealorimaginaryw!ork.)Weritecommandonalineofits9o!wn.Pair%with@endfquotation.SeeSection10.2[@quotation],9pagef86.! 􍍍@r{text=}9Prin!txMtextMinromanfont.SNoe ectinInfo.SeeSection9.2.39[Feon!ts],fpage82.@raisesections9Change5subsequen!tsectionstochapters,ٖsubsectionstosec-9tions,óand soon.SeeSection5.12[@raisesectionsand9@lowersections],fpage51.̩ @ref{noMde-name,f[en!try],[topic-or-title],[info- le],[man!ualnR]}9Mak!e3areference.Inaprintedmanual,VthereferencedoMesnot9start-witha`See'.qFeollo!wcommandwithapunctuationmark.9Onlyithe rstargumen!tismandatorye.(eSeeSection8.5[@ref],9pagef72.!@refill9InYInfo,3re llandinden!ttheparagraphafteralltheotherpro-9cessingGthasbMeendone.Noe ectonT,[wEB X,whic!halwaysre lls.9ThisR0commandisnolongerneeded,"sinceallformattersno!w9automatically˛re ll. M{SeeAppMendixH[Re llingP!aragraphs],9pagef208.!@result{}9IndicateStheresultofanexpressiontothereaderwithaspMecial9glyph:`FJ) U'.SeefSection14.1[@result],page111.N@samp{text=}9Highligh!ttextthatisaliteralexampleofasequenceofchar-9acters.5Usedforsinglec!haracters,forstatements,andoftenfor9en!tirefshellcommands.SeeSection9.1.4[@samp],page78.@sc{text=}9SetUtextinaprin!tedoutputinthesmallcapsfontUand9setltextintheInfo leinuppMercaseletters.0SeeSection9.2.29[Smallcaps],fpage82.@sectionftitle9Beginasectionwithinac!hapter.!/Inaprintedmanual,sthesec-9tion titleisn!umbMered andappearsinthetableofcon!tents.xIn9Info,the/titleisunderlinedwithequalsigns.O9SeeSection5.79[@section],fpage49.@setf ag~[string]9Mak!e ag۹active,causingtheTeexinfoformattingcommandsto9formattextbMet!weensubsequentpairsof@ifsetf agand@end~AppMendixfA:@-CommandList 172f]9ifsetTcommands.Optionallye,ɏsetvdDalueof agltostring.See 9Sectionf18.2[@set@clear@value],page136.vd@setchapternewpagefon-o -oMdd9SpMecifySwhetherc!haptersstartonnewpages,candifso,whether9on~oMdd-n!umbered~(right-hand)newpages. dSeeSection3.2.59[@setchapternewpage],fpage32.@setfilenamefinfo- le-name9Pro!videanametobMeusedbytheInfo le.SeeSection3.2.39[@setfilename],fpage31.@settitleftitle9Pro!vide5atitleforpageheadersinaprintedmanual.SeeSec-9tionf3.2.4[@settitle],page31.@shortcontents9Prin!t[5ashorttableofcontents. INotrelevdDanttoInfo,hwhich9usesmen!usratherthantablesofcontents. ɈA]synonymfor9@summarycontents.%See>Section4.2[GeneratingaTeableofCon-9ten!ts],fpage44.̟'q@smallbook9Cause.T,[wEB XtoproMduceaprin!tedmanualina7by9.25inch9format}ratherthantheregular8.5b!y11inchformat. !See9Section619.10[Prin!tingSmallBoMoks],Ypage147.Also,seeSec-9tionf10.6[@smallexampleand@smalllisp],page89.'q@smallexample9Inden!t}texttoindicateanexample.{Donot ll,,select xed-width9fon!t.!Ing@smallbookformat,printtextinasmallerfontthan9with|@example.P!airwith@endfsmallexample.SeeSection10.69[@smallexamplefand@smalllisp],page89.'q@smalllisp9BeginBanexampleofLispcoMde. fInden!ttext, donot ll,se-9lect( xed-widthfon!t. bIn@smallbookformat,{printtextina9smallerfon!t. 1~Pairwith@endfsmalllisp. 1~SeeSection10.69[@smallexamplefand@smalllisp],page89.ƍ@spfn9Skipfnblanklines.SeeSection15.3[@sp],page116.2@strongftext9Emphasizetext1b!ytypMesettingitinaboldfon!tfortheprinted9man!ual eandbysurroundingitwithasterisksforInfo.SeeSec-9tionf9.2.1[EmphasizingTeext],page81.vd@subheadingftitle9Prin!twanunnumbMeredsubsection-likeheadinginthetext,obutnot9inuthetableofcon!tentsuofaprin!tedmanual.ͥInInfo,zthetitleisAppMendixfA:@-CommandList 173f]9underlined޳withh!yphens.LSeeSection5.10[@unnumberedsubsec 9@appendixsubsecf@subheading],page50..@subsectionftitle9Begin\asubsectionwithinasection.Inaprin!tedmanual,the9subsectionutitleisn!umbMereduandappearsinthetableofcon!tents.9InInfo,Tthetitleisunderlinedwithh!yphens.,SeeSection5.99[@subsection],fpage50.@subsubheadingftitle9Prin!tanunnumbMeredsubsubsection-likeheadinginthetext,but9notZinthetableofcon!tentsZofaprin!tedmanual.wInInfo,the9title_isunderlinedwithpMeriods.pSee_Section5.11[The`subsub'9Commands],fpage50.@subsubsectionftitle9Begin.asubsubsectionwithinasubsection.Inaprin!tedmanual,9thesubsubsectiontitleisn!umbMeredandappearsinthetable9ofcon!tents.~InInfo,ړthetitleisunderlinedwithpMeriods.~See9Sectionf5.11[The`subsub'Commands],page50.@subtitleftitle9Inaprin!tedmanual,setasubtitleinanormalsizedfont ush9totherigh!t-handsideofthepage.uNotrelevdDanttoInfo,ewhich9doMesnotha!vetitlepages.TSeeSection3.4.3[@title@subtitle9andf@authorCommands],page37.@summarycontents9Prin!t[5ashorttableofcontents. INotrelevdDanttoInfo,hwhich9usesmen!usratherthantablesofcontents. ɈA]synonymfor9@shortcontents.jRSee*Section4.2[GeneratingaTeableofCon-9ten!ts],fpage44.̩ԍ@syncodeindexffrom-indexgin!to-index9MergeN#theindexnamedinthe rstargumen!tintotheindex9namedinthesecondargumen!t,Wprintingtheen!triesfromthe9 rstindexin@codefon!t.SeeSection12.4[CombiningIndices],9pagef103.!@synindexffrom-indexgin!to-index9MergeN#theindexnamedinthe rstargumen!tintotheindex9named-inthesecondargumen!t.Donotchangethefontoffrom-9indexgen!tries.SeefSection12.4[CombiningIndices],page103.̦@t{text=}9Prin!t@textN@inafixed-width,+typMewriter-likefont.jNoe ectin9Info.SeefSection9.2.3[Feon!ts],page82.̦@tablefformatting-command9Beginat!wo-columntable,husing@itemforeac!hentrye.NWrite9eac!h rstcolumnentryonthesamelineas@item.EFirstcol-QAppMendixfA:@-CommandList 174f]9umn}en!triesareprintedinthefontresultingfromformatting- 9command.9P!air]with@endftable.SeeSection11.3[Makinga9Tw!o-columnmTeable],-opage97.!AlsoseeSection11.3.1[@ftable9andf@vtable],page98,andSection11.3.2[@itemx],page98.ʍ@TeX{}9InsertuthelogoT,[wEB X.SeeSection13.4[InsertingT,[wEX/and!c ],9pagef109.@tex9En!ter.T,[wEB Xcompletelye.+4Pairwith@endftex.+4SeeSection18.19[UsingfOrdinaryT,[wEB XCommands],page135.@thischapter9In2oaheadingorfoMoting,qstandsforthen!umber2oandnameof9thecurren!tchapter,intheformat`Chapter1:Title'.SSeeSec-9tionfF.3[Ho!wtoMakeYeourOwnHeadings],page196.@thischaptername9InaheadingorfoMoting, standsforthenameofthecurren!t9c!hapter.pSeeSectionF.3[HowtoMakeYeourOwnHeadings],9pagef196.@thisfile9InaheadingorfoMoting, standsforthenameofthecurren!t9@includeR le.7DoMesnotinsertan!ythingifnotwithinan9@include le.hSeeSectionF.3[Ho!wtoMakeYeourOwnHead-9ings],fpage196.@thispage9InaheadingorfoMoting,standsforthecurren!tpagenumbMer.See9SectionfF.3[Ho!wtoMakeYeourOwnHeadings],page196.@thistitle9In3aheadingorfoMoting,V0standsforthenameofthedocumen!t,9asspMeci edb!ythe@settitlecommand.SeeSectionF.3[How9tofMak!eYeourOwnHeadings],page196.@tindexfen!try9Addjen!trytotheindexofdatatypMes.4SeeSection12.1[De ning9thefEn!triesofanIndex],page100.@titleftitle9Injaprin!tedmanual,vsetatitle ushtotheleft-handsideofthe9page@inalargerthannormalfon!tandunderlineitwithablack9rule./UNotrelevdDan!ttoInfo,XwhichdoMesnothavetitlepages./USee9Section3.4.3[The@title@subtitleand@authorCommands],9pagef37.!p@titlefont{text=}9Inkaprin!tedmanual,printtextkinalargerthannormalfont.9NotrelevdDan!ttoInfo,|whichdoMesnothavetitlepages. )SeeLAppMendixfA:@-CommandList 175f]9Section 3.4.2[The@titlefont@centerand@spCommands], 9pagef36.!n5@titlepage9Indicate'toTeexinfothebMeginningofthetitlepage.O!Writecom-9mand3onalineofitso!wn.!Pair3with@endftitlepage.Nothing9bMet!ween@titlepageand@endftitlepageappearsinInfo.)See9Sectionf3.4.1[@titlepage],page35.̟W΍@today{}9Insertithecurren!tdate,kin`1Jan1900'style.'SeeSectionF.39[Ho!wftoMakeYeourOwnHeadings],page196.(@topftitle9InaTeexinfo letobMeformattedwithmakeinfo,Ԑiden!tifythetop-9mostW@nodelineinthe le,NOTE!<== d@cSpecifytheeditionandversionnumbersanddated@cin*three*places:d@c>1.Firstifinfosection T2.titlepage3.topnoded@cTofindthelocations,searchfor!!setC/d@ifinfo d@c!!setedition,date,versiondThisisEdition4.03,January1992,dofthe@cite{GDBManual}forGDBVersion4.3.d:1::BK|orxFuse@setand@value(seeSection18.2.3[@valueExample],page139).QDe nitionMCommandso썑De nitioncommandsare@deffn,="@defun,@defmac,andthelik!e,="andenablefy!outowritedescriptionsinauniformformat.o썍dWeritejustonede nitioncommandforeac!hentityyoude newithadde nitioncommand.Theautomaticindexingfeaturecreatesanindexden!tryfthatleadsthereadertothede nition.dUsecN@table:1::@endftableinanappMendixthatcon!tainsasummaryofdfunctions,fnot@deffnorotherde nitioncommands.OōQCapitalizationo썍dCapitalize`Texinfo';/itisaname.-oDonotwritethe`x'or`i'inuppMerdcase.dCapitalizef`Info';itisaname.AppMendixfB:TipsandHin!tsbh180f]dWeriteiT,[wEB Xixusingthe@TeX{}command.ɓNotetheuppMercase`T'and`X'. dThisqcommandcausestheformatterstot!ypMesetthenameaccordingtodthefwishesofDonaldKn!uth,whowroteT,[wEB X.vrQSpaces'{DonotusespacestoformataTeexinfo le,|exceptinsideof@example:1::@endfexampleandsimilarcommands.n !Feorfexample,T,[wEB X llsthefollo!wing:{, @kbd{C-xv} , @kbd{M-xvc-next-action}= Performthenextlogicaloperation= ontheversion-controlledfile= correspondingtothecurrentbuffer.5UsofitloMokslik!ethis:dC-xfvM-xvc-next-actionP!erformthenextlogicalopMerationon dthefv!ersion-controlled lecorrespMondingtothecurrentbu er.'{Inothiscase,zthetextshouldbMeformattedwith@table,@item,and@itemx, tofcreateatable.vrT@Qcoide,MT@Qsamp,T@Qv-ar,and`T---Q''{dUse=F@codearoundLispsym!bMols,RLincludingcommandnames.Feorexam-dple,+\Themainfunctionis@code{vc-next-action},:1::'{dAv!oidputtingletterssuchas`s'immediatelyafteran`@code'.SuchdlettersfloMokbad.dUse[ @vararoundmeta-vdDariables.Donotwriteanglebrac!kets[ arounddthem.dUsethreeh!yphensinarow,`---',toindicatealongdash.T,[wEB XtypMesetsdthese^'asalongdashandtheInfoformattersreducethreeh!yphenstodt!wo.vrQPerioidsMOutsideofQuotes'{Placen\pMeriodsandotherpunctuationmarksoutside cofquotations,yunlessthepunctuationispartofthequotation.ЍThispracticegoMesagainstcon-v!ention,VbutZZenablesthereadertodistinguishbMet!weenZZthecon!tentsZZofthequotationfandthewholepassage.Feorexample,iMy!oushouldwritethefollowingsentencewiththepMeriodoutsideftheendquotationmarks:{dEvidently,`au'isanabbreviationfor``author''.ݍAppMendixfB:TipsandHin!tsbh181f]since`au'doMesnotserv!easanabbreviationfor`author.'(withaperiod follo!wingftheword). QIntroiducingMNewTģerms卍dIn!troMduce?newtermssothatauserwhodoesnotkno!wthemcanun-dderstandfthemfromcon!text;orwriteade nitionfortheterm.卑dFeor@example,inthefollo!wing,theterms\c!heck@in",\register"andd\delta" areallappMearingforthe rsttime;Mmtheexamplesen!tenceshoulddbMefrewrittensotheyareunderstandable.卑+\Themajorfunctionassistsy!ouincheckingina letoyourver- +\sion-Fcon!trolsystemandregisteringsuccessivesetsofchanges+\tofitasdeltas.dUse/the@dfncommandaroundaw!ordbMeingintroMduced, toindicate dthattheusershouldnotexpMecttokno!wthemeaningalreadye,>andshoulddexpMectftolearnthemeaningfromthispassage. T@Qpxref卑AbsolutelyQnev!eruse@pxrefexceptinthespMecialcontextforwhichitisdesigned:Vinsidebparen!theses,withtheclosingparenthesisfollowingimme-diatelyaftertheclosingbrace.Oneformatterautomaticallyinsertsclosingpunctuation1andtheotherdoMesnot.Thismeansthattheoutputlooksrigh!tbMoth-\inprin!tedoutputandinanInfo le,Obutonlywhenthecommandisusedfinsideparen!theses.QInvokingMfromaShell卑Yeou8canin!voke8programssuc!hasEmacs,NGCC,andGAȈWK8fromashell.ThedoMcumen!tationforeachprogramshouldcontainasectionthatdescribMesthis.9Unfortunatelye,}ifRthenoMdenamesandtitlesforthesesectionsarealldi eren!t,freaders ndithardtosearchforthesection.卑Namesuc!hsectionswithaphrasebMeginningwiththeword`Invokingf:1::l'B,asfin`In!vokingfEmacs';thisw!ayfuserscan ndthesectioneasilye.W- cmcsc10WansiMcQSyntax卑When/Yy!ouuse@exampletodescribMeaC/6function'scallingconventions,useftheansi"csyn!tax,likethis:卑dvoiddld_init(char*@var{path});AndAointhesubsequen!tdiscussion,h0refertotheargumentvdDaluesbywritingthefsameargumen!tnames,againhighlightedwith@var.RAppMendixfB:TipsandHin!tsbh182f] Av!oidftheobsoletestylethatloMokslikethis:d#includeddld_init(path) dchar*path;Also,9GitisbMesttoa!voidwriting#includeabo!vethedeclarationjustto indicatethatthefunctionisdeclaredinaheader le.Thepracticema!ygiv!ethemisimpressionthatthe#includebMelongsnearthedeclarationofthe~function.%Eitherstateexplicitlywhic!hheader leholdsthedeclarationor,[bbMettery!et,nametheheader leusedforagroupoffunctionsatthebMeginningfofthesectionthatdescribesthefunctions.QBadMExamplesHerefaresev!eralexamplesofbadwritingtoavoid:Inthisexample,sa!ye,\:1:: youmust@dfn{checkin}thenewversion."Thatf o!wsbMetter.dWheny!ouaredoneeditingthe le, 2youmustpMerforma@dfn{check din}.Inthefollo!wingexample,saye,\:1::Gmakesauni edinterfacesuchasVCmoMdefpossible."dSCCS,VR!CSVandotherversion-controlsystemsallpMerformsimi- dlar7functionsinbroadlysimilarw!ays7(itisthisresem!blancewhichdmak!esfauni edcontrolmoMdelikethispMossible).Andfinthisexample,y!oushouldspMecifywhat`it'refersto:dIfpy!ouareworkingwithotherpMeople,hitassistsincoordinatingdev!eryone'sfchangessotheydonotsteponeachother.QAndMFinallyXg # cmmi12X:::dPronouncejT,[wEB Xaasifthe`X'w!ereaGreek`chi',asthelastsoundinthe dnamef`Bac!h'.ButpronounceTeexinfoasin`spMeck':`teckinfo'.dWeritepnotesfory!ourselfattheveryendofaTeexinfo leafterthe@bye.dNone0oftheformattersproMcesstextafterthe@bye;uitisasifthetextdw!erefwithin@ignore:1::/@endignore.쯍AppMendixfC:ASampleTeexinfoFileG183f]App=endixMC QASampleTaGexinfoFileգHere4isacomplete,shortsampleTeexinfo le,withoutan!ycommentarye. YeouFcanseethis le,YTwithcommen!ts,inthe rstc!hapter.SeeSection1.8[AShortfSampleTeexinfoFile],page9.d\inputtexinfo>@c-*-texinfo-*- d@c%**startofheaderd@setfilenamesample.infod@settitleSampleDocumentd@c%**endofheaderd@setchapternewpageoddd@ifinfo dThisisashortexampleofacompleteTexinfofile.dCopyright1990FreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.d@endifinfod@titlepaged@sp10d@commentThetitleisprintedinalargefont.d@center@titlefont{SampleTitle}d@cThefollowingtwocommandsstartthecopyrightpage.d@paged@vskip0ptplus1fillldCopyright@copyright{}1990FreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.d@endtitlepaged@nodeTop,(=FirstChapter,(dir),(dir)d@commentnode-name,next,9|previous,upd@menud*FirstChapter::ThefirstchapteristhegVonlychapterinthissample.d*ConceptIndex::Thisindexhastwoentries.d@endmenud@nodeFirstChapter,ConceptIndex,Top,"}Topd@commentnode-name,Rnext,9|previous,upd@chapterFirstChapterAppMendixfC:ASampleTeexinfoFileG184f]d@cindexSampleindexentrydThisisthecontentsofthefirstchapter. d@cindexAnothersampleindexentrydHereisanumberedlist.d@enumerated@itemdThisisthefirstitem.d@itemdThisistheseconditem.d@endenumeratedThe@code{makeinfo}and@code{texinfo-format-buffer}dcommandstransformaTexinfofilesuchasthisintodanInfofile;and@TeX{}typesetsitforaprinteddmanual.d@nodeConceptIndex,, TFirstChapter,Topd@commentnode-name,next, Tprevious,"}upd@unnumberedConceptIndexd@printindexcpd@contentsd@byeAppMendixfD:SampleP!ermissionsT185f]App=endixMD QSamplePuermissions!Teexinfo8 lesshouldcon!tainsectionsthattellthereadersthattheyhave the righ!ttocopyanddistributetheTeexinfo le,theInfo le,andtheprin!tedman!ual.6UAlso,~if y!ouarewritingamanualabMoutsoftware,~youshouldexplainthatUIthesoft!wareUIisfreeandeitherincludetheGNUU5GeneralPublicLicense(GPL)orpro!videareferencetoit.Seesection\Distribution"inTheGNUEmacsMan!ualnR,foranexampleofthetextthatcouldbMeusedinthesoftware\Distribution",S\General?.PublicLicense",and\NO?WȈARRANTY"sectionsof/adoMcumen!t.8See ^[TeexinfoCopyingConditions],*page1,foranexampleof abriefexplanationofho!wthecopyingconditionsprovideyouwithrights.InNaTeexinfo le,_the rst@ifinfosectionusuallybMeginswithalinethatsa!ysqwhatthe ledoMcuments.ThisiswhatapMersonreadingtheunprocessedTeexinfoX leorusingtheadvdDancedInfocommandgf*sees rst..SeeInfo le`info',noMde$`Expert',formoreinformation.(AreaderusingtheregularInfoGPcommandsusuallystartsreadingatthe rstnoMdeandskipsthis rstsection,fwhic!hisnotinanoMde.)In&qthe@ifinfosection,sthesummarysen!tenceisfollowedbyacopy-righ!tnoticeandthenbythecopyingpMermissionnotice.OneofthecopyingpMermissionparagraphsisenclosedin@ignoreand@endfignorecommands.ThisTparagraphstatesthattheTeexinfo lecanbMeprocessedthroughT,[wEB Xandprin!ted,%providedtheprintedmanualcarriesthepropMercopyingpMermis-sionwnotice.ThisparagraphisnotmadepartoftheInfo lesinceitisnotrelevdDan!ttotheInfo le;butitisamandatorypartoftheTeexinfo lesinceitfpMermitspeopletoprocesstheTeexinfo leinT,[wEB Xandprin!ttheresults.In^theprin!tedmanual,ltheFereeSoftwareFeoundationcopyingpMermissionnoticefollo!wsthecopyrightnoticeandpublishinginformationandisloMcatedwithinltheregiondelineatedb!ythe@titlepageand@endftitlepagecom-mands.ƺThecop!yingpMermissionnoticeisexactlythesameasthenoticeinݠthe@ifinfosectionexceptthattheparagraphenclosedin@ignoreand@endfignorecommandsisnotpartofthenotice.Teomak!eitsimpletoinsertapMermissionnoticeintoeachsectionoftheTeexinfo le,OsamplepMermissionnoticesforeac!hsectionarereproducedinfullbMelo!w.Noteoothaty!oumayneedtospMecifythecorrectnameofasectionmentionedinthepMermissionnotice.Feorexample, 2inTheGDBMan!ual,thenameofthesection+referringtotheGeneralPublicLicenseiscalledthe\GDBGeneralPublicLicense",butinthesamplesho!wnbMelow,thatsectionisreferredtogenerically^Kasthe\GNU^GeneralPublicLicense".IftheTeexinfo ledoMesnotWcarryacop!yoftheGeneralPublicLicense,glleaveoutthereferencetoit,butfbMesuretoincludetherestofthesen!tence.AppMendixfD:SampleP!ermissionsT186f]HD.1`KifinfoH'MCopyingPermissionsInthe@ifinfosectionofaTeexinfo le, thestandardFreeSoft!wareFoun- dationfpMermissionnoticereadsasfollo!ws:dThisfiledocuments:1::dCopyright1992FreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.dPermissionisgrantedtomakeanddistributeverbatim dcopiesofthismanualprovidedthecopyrightnoticeanddthispermissionnoticearepreservedonallcopies.d@ignoredPermissionisgrantedtoprocessthisfilethroughTeXdandprinttheresults,providedtheprinteddocumentdcarriesacopyingpermissionnoticeidenticaltothisdoneexceptfortheremovalofthisparagraph(thisdparagraphnotbeingrelevanttotheprintedmanual).d@endignoredPermissionisgrantedtocopyanddistributemodifieddversionsofthismanualundertheconditionsfordverbatimcopying,providedalsothatthesectionsdentitled``Copying''and``GNUGeneralPublicLicense''dareincludedexactlyasintheoriginal,andprovideddthattheentireresultingderivedworkisdistributeddunderthetermsofapermissionnoticeidenticaltothisdone.dPermissionisgrantedtocopyanddistributedtranslationsofthismanualintoanotherlanguage,dundertheaboveconditionsformodifiedversions,dexceptthatthispermissionnoticemaybestatedinadtranslationapprovedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundation.գHD.2TitlepageMCopyingPermissionsInthe@titlepagesectionofaTeexinfo le,5 thestandardFreeSoft!ware Feoundationg;cop!yingpMermissionnoticefollowsthecopyrightnoticeandpub-lishingfinformation.Thestandardphrasingisasfollo!ws:dPermissionisgrantedtomakeanddistributeverbatim dcopiesofthismanualprovidedthecopyrightnoticeanddthispermissionnoticearepreservedonallcopies. AppMendixfD:SampleP!ermissionsT187f*]dPermissionisgrantedtocopyanddistributemodified dversionsofthismanualundertheconditionsfordverbatimcopying,providedalsothatthesectionsdentitled``Copying''and``GNUGeneralPublicLicense''dareincludedexactlyasintheoriginal,andprovideddthattheentireresultingderivedworkisdistributeddunderthetermsofapermissionnoticeidenticaltothisdone.dPermissionisgrantedtocopyanddistributedtranslationsofthismanualintoanotherlanguage,dundertheaboveconditionsformodifiedversions,dexceptthatthispermissionnoticemaybestatedinadtranslationapprovedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundation.AppMendixfE:IncludeFilesی188f]App=endixME QIncludeFiles!When>T,[wEB X2oranInfoformattingcommandseesan@includecommand inAdaTeexinfo le,UitproMcessesthecon!tentsAdofthe lenamedb!ythecommandandincorpMoratesthemin!tothedviorInfo lebeingcreated.Indexen!triesfromftheincluded leareincorpMoratedin!totheindicesoftheoutput le.Include. leslety!oukeepasinglelargedoMcumentasacollectionofcon-v!enientlyfsmallparts. HE.1HowMtoUseIncludeFilesTeoincludeanother lewithinaTexinfo le,Ңwritethe@includecommandat3xthebMeginningofalineandfollo!witonthesamelinebythenameofa leftobMeincluded.Feorexample:d@includebuffers.texiAnincluded leshouldsimplybMeasegmen!toftextthatyouexpMecttobeincludedN-asisin!totheoverallorouterVTeexinfo le;kitshouldnotcontainthestandardbMeginningandendpartsofaTeexinfo le.Inparticular,0y!oushouldnotstartanincluded lewithalinesa!ying`\inputftexinfo';$~ifyoudo, thatphrasedisinsertedin!totheoutput leasis.Likewise,qyoushouldnotendanincludedf lewithan@byecommand;nothingafter@byeisformatted.In? thepast,1y!ouwererequiredtowritean@setfilenamelineatthebMeginningofanincluded le,butnolonger.No!w,itdoMesnotmatterwhethery!ouwritesuchaline.UIfan@setfilenamelineexistsinanincluded le,Bitisfignored.Con!ventionallye,1andincluded lebMeginswithan@nodelinethatisfollo!wedb!yd1an@chapterline. =Eachincluded leisonechapter. =ThismakesiteasytousetheregularnoMdeandmen!ucreatingandupdatingcommandstocreatethenoMdepoin!tersandmenuswithintheincluded le.j!However,theJsimpleEmacsnoMdeandmen!ucreatingandupdatingcommandsdonotw!orkwithmultipleTeexinfo les.CoThusyoucannotusethesecommandsto llinthe`Next',`Previous',and`Up'pMoin!tersofthe@nodelinethatbeginstheincluded le.o4Also,Jy!oucannotusetheregularcommandstocreateamastermen!uforthewhole le.Eitheryoumustinsertthemenusandthe`Next',U`Previous',andX`Up'pMoin!tersbyhand,UoryoumustusetheGNUEmacsqTeexinfomoMdecommand,ttexinfo-multiple-files-update,thatqisdesignedffor@include les.卍HE.2Ktexinfo-multiple-files-updateGNUEmacsTeexinfomoMdepro!videsthetexinfo-multiple-files-updateH8command. TThiscommandcreatesorupMdates`Next',`Previous',andU`Up'pMoin!tersofincluded lesaswellasthoseintheouteroroverallAppMendixfE:IncludeFilesی189f]Teexinfos| le,anditcreatesorupMdatesamainmen!uintheouter le.EDe- pMending:Twhethery!oucallitwithoptionalarguments,OthecommandupMdatesonlyfthepMoin!tersinthe rst@nodelineoftheincluded lesorallofthem:J:M-xftexinfo-multiple-files-update9Calledfwithoutan!yarguments:%?OWCreatelorupMdatethe`Next',3`Previous',andl`Up'poin!tersOWofsthe rst@nodelineineac!h leincludedinanouterorOWo!verallfTeexinfo le.?OWCreateorupMdatethe`Teop'lev!elnodepoin!tersoftheouterOWorfo!verall le.?OWCreateforupMdateamainmen!uintheouter le.J:C-ufM-xtexinfo-multiple-files-update9CalledfwithC-uasapre xargumen!t:?OWCreateorupMdatepoin!tersinthe rst@nodelineineachOWincludedf le.?OWCreateorupMdatethe`Teop'lev!elnodepoin!tersoftheouterOW le.?OWCreate>%andinsertamastermen!uintheouter le. TheOWmaster;men!uismadefromallthemenusinalltheincludedOW les.J:C-uf8M-xtexinfo-multiple-files-update9Calledfwithan!umericpre xargument,suchasC-u8:?OWCreatez_orupMdateallthe`Next',.`Previous',andz_`Up'poin!t-OWersfofalltheincluded les.?OWCreateforupMdateallthemen!usofalltheincluded les.?OWCreateorupMdatethe`Teop'lev!elnodepoin!tersoftheouterOWorfo!verall le.?OWAndpthencreateamastermen!uintheouter le.ThisisOWsimilarnwtoin!vokingnwtexinfo-master-menuwithanargu-OWmen!tfwhenyouareworkingwithjustone le.J:Notetheuseofthepre xargumen!tininteractiveuse:Zwitharegularpre x4vargumen!t,K@justC-ust,thetexinfo-multiple-files-updatecommandinsertsamastermen!u;Pwithanumericpre xargument,suchasC-uf8,thecommandgupMdatesev!erypoin!terandmenuinallthe lesandtheninsertsamasterfmen!u.uHE.3IncludeMFileRequirements%Ify!ouplantousethetexinfo-multiple-files-updatecommand,™theoutertbTeexinfo lethatlistsincluded leswithinitshouldcon!tainnothing%nAppMendixfE:IncludeFilesی190f]butPthebMeginningandendpartsofaTeexinfo le,.Tandan!umberPof@include commandslistingtheincluded les.VItshouldnotev!enincludeindices,ۇwhichshouldfbMelistedinanincluded leoftheiro!wn..ڍMoreo!ver,each0oftheincluded lesm!ustcontainexactlyonehighestlev!el͵noMde(conventionallye,׉@chapterorequivdDalent),׉andthisnoMdemustbMethe rstnoMdeintheincluded le.Feurthermore,eac!hofthesehighestlevelnoMdesineac!hincluded lemustbMeatthesamehierarchicallevelinthe lestructure.ףUsuallye,ueac!hisan@chapter,an@appendix,oran@unnumberednoMde.Th!us,Fnormallye,each/$included lecontainsone,Fandonlyone,c!hapterorfequivdDalen!t-levelnoMde.TheFouter leshouldcon!tainonlyonejMnoMde,the`Teop'node.}Itshouldnotcon!tain anynoMdesbesidesthesingle`Teop'node.DThetexinfo-multiple-files-updatefcommandwillnotproMcessthem.)*QHE.4SampleMFilewithK@include.ڍHereisanexampleofacompleteouterTeexinfo lewith@include leswithin1hitbMeforerunningtexinfo-multiple-files-update,'whic!hwouldinsertfamainormastermen!u:ڍd\inputtexinfo@c-*-texinfo-*- d@setfilename Tinclude-example.infod@settitleIncludeExample*/d@setchapternewpageodd d@titlepaged@sp12d@center@titlefont{IncludeExample}d@sp2d@centerbyWhomEverOd@page d@vskip0ptplus1fillldCopyright@copyright{}1990FreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.d@endtitlepage6d@ifinfo d@nodeTop,First,(dir),(dir)d@topMasterMenud@endifinfod@includefoo.texinfo d@includebar.texinfod@includeconcept-index.texinfo/AppMendixfE:IncludeFilesی191f]d@summarycontents d@contentsd@bye6XAnfincluded le,suc!has`foo.texinfo',mightloMoklikethis:\d@nodeFirst,Second,,Top d@chapterFirstChapterdContentsoffirstchapter:1::The^fullcon!tents^of`concept-index.texinfo'migh!tbMeassimpleasthis:d@nodeConceptIndex,,Second,Top d@unnumberedConceptIndexd@printindexcpTheouterTeexinfosource leforTheGNUEmacsLispReferenceMan!ual isnamed`elisp.texi'.Thisouter lecon!tainsamastermenuwith417en!triesfandalistof41@include les.#UqHE.5EvolutionMofIncludeFiles\WhenGInfow!as rstcreated,itwascustomarytocreatemanysmallInfo lesʯononesubject.Eac!hInfo lewasformattedfromitsownTeexinfosource le.?Thiscustommean!tthatEmacsdidnotneedtomakealargebu ertoholdthewholeofalargeInfo lewhensomeonew!antedinformation;instead,Emacs^alloMcatedjustenoughmemoryforthesmallInfo lethatcon!tainedthedparticularinformationsough!t.Thiswaye,I#Emacscouldavoidwastingmemorye.\Referencesfromone letoanotherw!eremadebyreferringtothe lenameasw!ellasthenoMdename.6(SeeSection7.5[ReferringtoOtherInfoFiles],page64.Also,?seeSection8.3.4[@xrefwithFeourandFiv!eArguments],pagef70.)Include lesw!eredesignedprimarilyasawaytocreateasingle,Tlargeprin!tedmanualoutofseveralsmallerInfo les.BInaprintedmanual,gallthereferencesw!erewithinthesamedoMcument,soT,[wEB Xcouldautomaticallydetermine thereferences'pagen!umbMers. The Infoformattingcommandsused{binclude lesonlyforcreatingjoin!tindices;eachoftheindividualTeexinfo lessphadtobMeformattedforInfoindividuallye.(Eac!h,}therefore,requiredspitso!wnf@setfilenameline.)Ho!wever,PbMecause%largeInfo lesareno!wsplitautomaticallye,itisnolongerfnecessarytok!eepthemsmall.8/AppMendixfE:IncludeFilesی192f]No!wadays,%?multipleخTeexinfo lesareusedmostlyforlargedoMcumen!ts, suc!hasTheGNUEmacsLispReferenceManual,andforprojectsinwhichsev!eral_di erentpMeoplewritedi erentsectionsofadoMcumentsimultaneouslye.Inݻaddition,theInfoformattingcommandsha!veݻbMeenextendedtow!orkwith5the@includecommandsoastocreateasinglelargeInfo lethatissplitin!tosmaller lesifnecessarye.jBThismeansthatyoucanwritemenusandfcrossreferenceswithoutnamingthedi eren!tTeexinfo les.AʍAppMendixfF:P!ageHeadingsҹ193f]App=endixMF QPuageHeadingsiҍMostprin!tedmanualscontainheadingsalongthetopofeverypageex- cept,`thetitleandcop!yright,`pages. oSomeman!ualsalsocontainfoMotings.(HeadingsfandfoMotingsha!vefnomeaningtoInfo,whic!hisnotpaginated.){Teexinfo/ pro!videsstandardpageheadingformatsformanualsthatareprin!tedfononesideofeachsheetofpapMerandformanualsthatareprintedonJbMothsidesofthepaper. ʒUsuallye,y!ouwilluseoneorotheroftheseformats,fbuty!oucanspMecifyyourownformat,ifyouwish.Inaddition,ҟy!oucanspMecifywhetherchaptersshouldbMeginonanewpage,or:merelycon!tinue:thesamepageasthepreviousc!hapter;andifchaptersbMegin@ onnewpages,fvy!oucanspecifywhethertheym!ustbeodd-n!umberedpages.By{ con!vention,4abMookisprin!tedonbothsidesofeac!hsheetofpaper.When6y!ouopMenabook,*therigh!t-handpageisodd-n!umbered,*and6chap-tersIbMeginonrigh!t-handpages|aprecedingleft-handpageisleftblankifnecessarye.RepMorts,ho!wever,areoftenprin!tedonjustonesideofpapMer,andtc!haptersbMeginonafreshpageimmediatelyfollowingtheendoftheprecedingec!hapter.XInshortorinformalrepMorts,rchaptersoftendonotbMeginonߔanewpageatall,butareseparatedfromtheprecedingtextb!yasmallamoun!tfofwhitespace.The@setchapternewpagecommandcon!trolswhetherchaptersbMeginonnew pages,3andwhetheroneofthestandardheadingformatsisused.Inaddition,g'Teexinfo@hassev!eralheadingandfoMotingcommandsthatyoucanuseftogeneratey!ourownheadingandfoMotingformats.In\Teexinfo,+headingsandfoMotingsaresinglelinesatthetopsandbottomsofpages;,~y!oucannotcreatemultilineheadingsorfoMotings. EachheaderorfoMoterilineisdividedin!tothreeparts:}aleftpart,uamiddlepart,andarigh!tpart.VAn!ypart,Corawholeline,ma!ybMeleftblank.VTeextfortheleftpartofaheaderorfoMoterlineisset ushleft;LStextforthemiddlepartiscen!tered;and,ftextfortherigh!tpartisset ushright.NHF.1StandardMHeadingFformats{Teexinfopro!videstwostandardheadingformats,oneformanualsprintedononesideofeac!hsheetofpapMer,@andtheotherformanualsprintedonbMothfsidesofthepaper.Byxdefault,qnothingisspMeci edforthefootingofaTeexinfo le,qsothefoMotingfremainsblank.Thestandardformatforsingle-sidedprin!tingconsistsofaheaderlineinwhic!htheleft-handpartcontainsthenameofthechapter,hthecentralpartisfblank,andtherigh!t-handpartcontainsthepagenumbMer.DAppMendixfF:P!ageHeadingsҹ194f] Afsingle-sidedpageloMokslik!ethis:&b_______________________ !-|8F|!-|chapter>pagenumber|!-|8F|!-|Startoftext...R|!-|...m9|!-|8F|fThe&standardformatfort!wo-sided&printingdepMendsonwhetherthepage n!umbMerhisev!enorodd.Bycon!vention,:heven-numberedhpagesareontheleft-andScoMdd-n!umberedScpagesareontherigh!t.(T,[wEB XS7willadjustthewidthsoftheleft-andrigh!t-handmargins.Usuallye,widthsarecorrect,butduringdouble-sidedprin!ting,<)itiswisetocheckthatpageswillbindpropMerly|sometimesaprin!terwillproMduceoutputinwhichtheeven-numbMeredpagesha!vefalargerrigh!t-handmarginthantheoMdd-numberedfpages.)Inedthestandarddouble-sidedformat,retheleftpartoftheleft-hand(ev!en-n!umbMered)kpagecon!tainsthepagenumbMer,thecentralpartisblank,andthe=righ!tpartcontainsthetitle(spMeci edbythe@settitlecommand).The leftpartoftherigh!t-hand(oMdd-numbered) pagecontainsthenameofthec!hapter,6thecentralpartisblank,6andtherightpartcontainsthepagen!umbMer.Tw!ofpages,sidebysideasinanopMenbook,looklik!ethis:&b_______________________R_______________________ !-|8F|>||!-|pagenumberRtitle|>|chapterpagenumber|!-|8F|>||!-|Startoftext...R|>|More Ttext...-P|!-|...m9|>|...|!-|8F|>||fThec!hapternameisprecededbytheword`Chapter',9|thechapternumbMerandacolon.Thismak!esiteasiertokeeptrackofwhereyouareintheman!ual.gHF.2Sps3ecifyingMtheTypeofHeadingT,[wEB XPdoMesPnotbegintogeneratepageheadingsforastandardTeexinfo leun!til>itreachesthe@endftitlepagecommand.Thus,thetitleandcopyrightpages/Uarenotn!umbMered. xThe/U@endftitlepagecommandcausesT,[wEB X.tobMegin5!togeneratepageheadingsaccordingtoastandardformatspeci edb!ythef@setchapternewpagecommandthatprecedesthe@titlepagesection.QAppMendixfF:P!ageHeadingsҹ195f]RTherefarefourpMossibilities:AXNof@setchapternewpagecommand 9CauseT,[wEB XQtospMecifythesingle-sidedheadingformat,withc!hap-9tersonnewpages. Thisisthesameas@setchapternewpagefon.@setchapternewpagefon9SpMecifydHthesingle-sidedheadingformat,withc!haptersonnew9pages.@setchapternewpagefoff9CauseeT,[wEB Xe3tostartanewc!hapteronthesamepageasthe9lastpageoftheprecedingc!hapter,2afterskippingsomevertical9whitespace.y#Also(causeT,[wEB Xtot!ypMesetforsingle-sidedprint-9ing.(Yeoucano!verridetheheadersformatwiththe@headings9doubleccommand; eseeSection3.4.6[The@headingsCommand],9pagef39.)@setchapternewpagefodd9SpMecify(thedouble-sidedheadingformat,Xwithc!haptersonnew9pages.Teexinfoflac!ksan@setchapternewpageevencommand.(񙍍HF.3HowMtoMakeYfourOwnHeadings Yeou1|canusethestandardheadingspro!videdwithTexinfoorspMecifyy!ouro!wn. Teexinfompro!videssixcommandsforspMecifyingheadingsandfootings.The@everyheadingcommandand@everyfootingcommandgeneratepageheadersandfoMotersthatarethesameforbothev!en-andodd-n!umberedpages. TheG@evenheadingcommandand@evenfootingcommandgen-erateŠheadersandfoMotersforev!en-numberedŠ(left-hand)pages;Лandthe@oddheadinglrcommandand@oddfootingcommandgenerateheadersandfoMotersfforodd-n!umberedf(right-hand)pages.Werite`-customheadingspMeci cationsintheTexinfo leimmediatelyaftertheX@endftitlepagecommand.Enclosey!ourspMeci cationsbet!weenX@iftexandg@endfiftexcommandssincethetexinfo-format-buffercommandma!ywnotrecognizethem.8Also,4 youmustcanceltheprede nedheadingcom-mands6withthe@headingsfoffcommandbMeforede ningy!ourownspMeci -cations.[AppMendixfF:P!ageHeadingsҹ196f] `Hereisho!wtotellT,[wEB Xtoplacethechapternameattheleft,.Cthepage n!umbMerinthecen!ter,andthedateattherightofeveryheaderforbMothev!en-fandoMdd-numberedfpages:E썍d@iftex d@headingsoffd@everyheading@thischapter@|@thispage@|@today{}d@endiftex5Yeou|needtodividetheleftpartfromthecen!tralpartandthecentralpartfromtherigh!thadpartbyinserting`@|'bMetweenparts. "Otherwise,mthespMeci cationKcommandwillnotbeabletotellwherethetextforonepartendsfandthenextpartbMegins.썑Eac!h@partcancontaintextor@-commands.kThetextisprintedasifthe4partw!erewithinanordinaryparagraphinthebMody4ofthepage.The@-commandsqreplacethemselv!eswiththepagenumbMer,|adate,chapterqname,orfwhatev!er.HerefarethesixheadingandfoMotingcommands:؍@everyheadingfleftf@|cen!tero@|right@everyfootingfleftf@|cen!tero@|right9The\`ev!ery'commandsspMecifytheformatforbothev!en-and9oMdd-n!umberedopages.@Thesecommandsarefordocumen!tsthat9areiprin!tedononesideofeachsheetofpapMer,uorfordocumen!ts9infwhic!hyouwantsymmetricalheadersorfoMoters.@evenheadingfleftf@|cen!tero@|right@oddheadingfleftf@|cen!tero@|right@evenfootingfleftf@|cen!tero@|right@oddfootingfleftf@|cen!tero@|right9The?`ev!en'and`oMdd'commandsspecifytheformatforev!en-9n!umbMered>hpagesandodd-n!umbered>hpages. Thesecommands9are)forbMooks)andman!ualsthatareprintedonbMothsidesof9eac!hfsheetofpapMer.Usethe`@this:1:: c'seriesof@-commandstopro!videthenamesofchaptersand'sectionsandthepagen!umbMer.Yeou'canusethe`@this:1:: c'commandsintheleft,cen!ter,orrigh!tpMortionsofheadersandfooters,oran!ywhereelseinaTeexinfoW" lesolongastheyarebMet!weenW"@iftexand@endfiftexcommands.! `Herefarethe`@this:1:: c'commands:Qč@thispage9Expandsftothecurren!tpagenumbMer.@thischaptername9Expandsftothenameofthecurren!tchapter.dÍAppMendixfF:P!ageHeadingsҹ197f]@thischapter 9ExpandsNtothen!umbMerNandnameofthecurren!tchapter,`#inthe9formatf`Chapter1:Title'.@thistitle9ExpandstothenameofthedoMcumen!t,Xasspeci edb!ythe9@settitlefcommand.@thisfile9Feor@include lesonly:~expandstothenameofthecurren!t9@includeI` le. Ifthecurren!tTeexinfosource leisnotan9@includel1 le,wthiscommandhasnoe ect.vThiscommanddoMes9notpro!videgthenameofthecurrentTeexinfosource leunlessit9isΓan@include le.Ve(SeeAppMendixEΉ[IncludeFiles],؟page189,9forfmoreinformationabMout@include les.)Yeou?canalsousethe@today{}command,whic!hexpandstothecurrentdate,inf`1Jan1900'format.Other-@-commandsandtextareprin!tedinaheaderorfoMoterjustasifthey$w!ereinthebMody$ofapage.ItisusefultoincorpMoratetext,>particularlywhenfy!ouarewritingdrafts:d@iftex d@headingsoffd@everyheading@emph{Draft!}@|@thispage@|@thischapterd@everyfooting@|@|Version:0.27:@today{}d@endiftexA?Bew!are7ofoverlongtitles:[theymayoverlapanotherpartoftheheaderorffoMoterandblotitout.opAppMendixfG:FeormattingMistak!esKg198f]App=endixMG QFaGormattingMistakues$xፑBesidesmistak!esinthecontentofyourdoMcumentation,Rtherearetwo kinds+]ofmistak!eyoucanmakewithTeexinfo:youcanmakemistakeswith@-commands,˰andy!oucanmakemistakeswiththestructureofthenoMdesandfc!hapters.EmacsBhast!woBtoMolsforcatc!hingthe@-commandmistakesandtwoforcatc!hingfstructuringmistakes.Feor@ ndingproblemswith@-commands,Qy!oucanrunT,[wEB Xoraregionformattinge3commandontheregionthathasaproblem;zindeed,r=y!oucanrunthesefcommandsoneac!hregionasyouwriteit.Feor ndingproblemswiththestructureofnoMdesandc!hapters,youcanuse1C-cfC-s(texinfo-show-structure)andtherelatedoccurcommandandfy!oucanusetheM-xInfo-validatecommand.TheۚmakeinfoprogramdoMesanexcellen!tjobofcatchingerrorsandrepMortingtextwillnotbMeformattedaftertheplacewheretheerroroccurred(orfmorepreciselye,whereitw!asdetected).upAppMendixfG:FeormattingMistak!esKg199f]Feor8example,/ify!ouaccidentallyendamenuwiththecommand@end menuswithan`s'ontheend,Qinsteadofwith@endfmenu,y!ouwillseeanerrorfmessagethatsa!ys:?d@endmenusisnothandledbytexinfoN?The?cursorwillstopatthepMoin!tinthebu erwheretheerroroccurs,TQornotlongfafterit.Thebu erwillloMoklik!ethis:d----------Buffer:*InfoRegion*---------- d*Menu:d*Usingtexinfo-show-structure:: THowtouse"`texinfo-show-structure'"tocatchmistakes.d*RunningInfo-Validate::3Howtocheckfor"unreferencednodes.d@endmenusd?d----------Buffer:*InfoRegion*----------4The#,texinfo-format-regioncommandsometimespro!videsslightlyoMdderrorfmessages.Feorexample,thefollo!wingcrossreferencefailstoformat:d(@xref{CatchingMistakes,formoreinfo.)N?In*thiscase,Ztexinfo-format-regiondetectsthemissingclosingbracebut@pardl.27d?d----------Buffer:*tex-shell*----------In^thiscase,T,[wEB X^proMducedanaccurateandunderstandableerrormes- sage:4dParagraphendedbefore@xrefwascomplete.`@par'isanin!ternalT,[wEB X`commandofnorelevdDancetoTeexinfo.=`l.27'meansthatT,[wEB Xdetectedtheproblemonline27oftheTeexinfo le.The`?'isthepromptfT,[wEB Xusesinthiscircumstance.Unfortunatelye,&T,[wEB XisVnotalw!aysVsohelpful,andsometimesy!oumusttrulyfbMeaSherloc!kHolmestodiscoverwhatwentwrong.AppMendixfG:FeormattingMistak!esKg201f]Inan!ycase,ifyourunintoaproblemlikethis,youcandooneofthree things.K1.dYeoucantellT,[wEB Xtocon!tinuerunningandignorejustthiserrorb!ytypingdRETfatthe`?'prompt.2.dYeoucantellT,[wEB Xtocon!tinuerunningandtoignoreallerrorsasbMestitdcanfb!ytypingrRETatthe`?'prompt.dThistisoftenthebMestthingtodo.eHo!wever,~beware:)thetoneerrorma!ydproMduceacascadeofadditionalerrormessagesasitsconsequencesaredfelt;throughtherestofthe le.(TeostopT,[wEB X:whenitisproMducingsuc!hdana!vdDalancheoferrormessages,typMeC-d(orC-cfC-d,ifyouarerunningdafshellinsideEmacs.))3.dYeoufcantellT,[wEB Xtostopthisrunb!ytypingxRETatthe`?'prompt.PleaseTnotethatify!ouarerunningT,[wEB X,insideEmacs,&Xyouneedtoswitchtoftheshellbu erandlineatwhic!hT,[wEB Xo ersthe`?'prompt.SometimeskT,[wEB Xk willformata lewithoutproMducingerrormessagesev!enthoughFthereisaproblem.~ThisusuallyoMccursifacommandisnotendedbutwT,[wEB Xcisabletocon!tinuewproMcessingan!yhow.Feorwexample,;ify!oufailtoendranitemizedlistwiththe@endfitemizecommand,}T,[wEB Xrwillwriteadvi le?thaty!oucanprintout.gTheonlyerrormessagethatT,[wEB X*willgiveyouisfthesomewhatm!ysteriouscommentthat˃d(@endoccurredinsideagroupatlevel1)Ho!wever,if:youprintthedvi le,youwill ndthatthetextofthe lethatfollo!wstheitemizedlistisentirelyindentedasifitwerepartofthelastitemintheitemizedlist.Theerrormessageisthew!ayT,[wEB XbsaysthatitexpMectedto ndan@endcommandsomewhereinthe le;butthatitcouldnotfdeterminewhereitw!asneeded.Anothersourceofnotoriouslyhard-to- nderrorsisamissing@endfgroupcommand.IfCMy!oueverarestumpMedbyincomprehensibleerrors,jloMokforamissingf@endgroupcommand rst.If3]theTeexinfo lelac!ksheaderlines,VT,[wEB X39maystopinthebMeginningofitsdrunanddispla!youtputthatloMokslikethefollowing.The`*'indicatesthatfT,[wEB Xisw!aitingforinput.˃dThisisTeX,Version2.0forBerkeleyUNIX d(preloadedformat=plain-cm87.10.25)d(test.texinfo[1])d*In[thiscase,jsimplyt!ypMe\endfRETaftertheasterisk.Thenwritetheheader linesԣintheTeexinfo leandruntheT,[wEB Xԗcommandagain.h(Notetheuseofthe|bac!kslash,`\'.T,[wEB X|uses`\'insteadof`@';andinthiscircumstance,y!ouarefw!orkingdirectlywithT,[wEB X,notwithTeexinfo.)4AppMendixfG:FeormattingMistak!esKg202f]HG.3UsingMKtexinfo-show-structureIt%isnotalw!ays%easytok!eeptrackofthenoMdes,Uchapters,sections,and subsectionsofaTeexinfo le.0ThisisespMeciallytrueify!ouarerevisingoraddingftoaTeexinfo lethatsomeoneelsehaswritten.InGNUEmacs,inTeexinfomoMde,thetexinfo-show-structurecom-mandčlistsallthelinesthatbMeginwiththe@-commandsthatspecifythestructure:a@chapter,@section,@appendix,andbsoon.Withanargumen!t(C-u'as)pre xargumen!t,ifinteractive),thecommandalsoshowsthe@nodelines.hThetexinfo-show-structurecommandisbMoundtoC-cfC-sinTeex-infofmoMde,b!ydefault.Thelinesaredispla!yedinabu ercalledthe`*Occur*'bu er,inden!tedb!yhierarchicallevel.GFeorexample, RhereisapartofwhatwasproMducedbyrunningftexinfo-show-structureonthisman!ual:nLinesmatching"^@\\(chapter\\|sect\\|subs\\|subh\\| nunnum\\|major\\|chapheading\\|heading\\|appendix\\)"ninbuffertexinfo.texi.n:1::n4177:@chapterNodesn4198:@headingTwoPathsn4231:@sectionNodeandMenuIllustrationn4337:@sectionThe@code{@@node}Commandn4393:-P@subheadingChoosingNodeandPointerNamesn4417:-P@subsectionHowtoWritean@code{@@node}Linen4469:-P@subsection@code{@@node}LineTipsn:1:: Thiswsa!ysthatlines4337,;4393,andw4417of`texinfo.texi'bMeginwiththeg@section,:@subheading,and@subsectioncommandsrespMectiv!elye.Ify!oumoveyourcursorintothe`*Occur*'window,youcanpMositionthecursoro!veroneofthelinesandusetheC-cfC-ccommand(occur-mode-goto-occurrence),'UtoXjumptothecorrespMondingspotintheTeexinfo le.ySeesection \UsingOccur"inTheGNUEmacsMan!ualnR,formoreinformationabMoutfoccur-mode-goto-occurrence.The`c rstlineinthe`*Occur*'windo!wdescribMestheregularexpressionspMeci ednb!ytexinfo-heading-pattern.FThisregularexpressionisthepatternthat{texinfo-show-structureloMoksfor.^Seesection\UsingRegularEx-pressions"finTheGNUEmacsMan!ualnR,formoreinformation.When;y!ouinvokethetexinfo-show-structurecommand,pEmacswilldispla!y;athestructureofthewholebu er.Ifyouwanttoseethestructureofѹjustapartofthebu er,ofonec!hapter,forexample,usetheC-xfnn(narrow-to-region)#commandtomarktheregion.S(Seesection\Narro!w-ing"YinTheGNUYEmacsMan!ualnR.)BThisishowtheexampleusedabMovewasgenerated.(Teofseethewholebu eragain,useC-xnw(widen).)~AppMendixfG:FeormattingMistak!esKg203f]If6y!oucalltexinfo-show-structurewithapre xargumentbytyping C-ufC-cC-s; ,&!Yeouonlyma!yneedtouseInfo-validateifyouareunabletorunmakeinfoandinstead?}m!ustcreateanInfo leusingtexinfo-format-regionortexinfo-format-buffer,forify!ouwriteanInfo lefromscratch.AppMendixfG:FeormattingMistak!esKg204f]QG.5.1d(RunningMTInfo-validate TeofuseInfo-validate,visittheInfo ley!ouwishtocheckandtypMe:dM-xInfo-validate (NotethattheInfo-validatecommandrequiresanuppMercase`I'.Yeou ma!yalsoneedtocreateatagtablebMeforerunningInfo-validate.ȔSeeSectionfG.5.3[Teagifying],page206.)If]y!our leisvdDalid,؛youwillreceiveamessagethatsays\FileappMearsvdDalid".}Ho!wever, if۹youhaveapMointerthatdoMesnotpoin!ttoanode, errormessagesfwillbMedispla!yedfinabu ercalled`*problemsininfofile*'.Feorexample,Info-validatew!asrunonatest lethatcontainedonlythef rstnoMdeofthisman!ual.Oneofthemessagessaid:dInnode"Overview",invalidNext:TexinfoModeThisEamean!tthatthenoMdecalled`Overview'hada`Next'poin!terthatdidnotzpMoin!ttoanything(whichwastrueinthiscase,sincethetest lehadonlyfonenoMdeinit).No!wsuppMoseweaddanoMdenamed`TexinfofMode'toourtestcasebutw!edonotspMecifya`Previous'forthisnode.Thenw!ewillgetthefollowingerrorfmessage:dInnode"TexinfoMode",shouldhavePrevious:OverviewThisisbMecauseev!ery`Next'poin!tershouldbematc!hedbya`Previous'(inthefnoMdewherethe`Next'poin!ts)whichpMointsback.Info-validate/alsoc!hecks/thatallmen!uentriesandcrossreferencespMoin!tftoactualnodes.NoteYfthatInfo-validaterequiresatagtableanddoMesnotw!orkwith les thatha!ve bMeensplit.(Thetexinfo-format-buffercommandauto-maticallysplitslarge les.)=InordertouseInfo-validateonalarge le,y!ouLmustruntexinfo-format-bufferwithanargumentsothatitdoMesnotfsplittheInfo le;andy!oumustcreateatagtablefortheunsplit le.%QG.5.2d(CreatingManUnsplitFile YeoucanrunInfo-validateonlyonasingleInfo lethathasatagtable.*TheKcommandwillnotw!orkontheindirectsub lesthataregeneratedwhenAamaster leissplit.Ify!ouhavealarge le(longerthan70,000bytesor%so),E\y!ouneedtorunthetexinfo-format-bufferormakeinfo-buffercommandB insuc!hawaythatitdoMesnotcreateindirectsub les. YeouwillalsoQ>needtocreateatagtablefortheInfo le.eAftery!ouhavedonethis,y!oufcanrunInfo-validateandloMokforbadlyreferencednodes.TheZ` rststepistocreateanunsplitInfo le. Teoprev!entZ`texinfo-format-bufferfromsplittingaTeexinfo lein!tosmallerInfo les,giveapre xftotheM-xtexinfo-format-buffercommand:AppMendixfG:FeormattingMistak!esKg205f]dC-uM-xtexinfo-format-buffer͍orfelseF͍dC-uC-cC-eC-bWhen[y!oudothis,Teexinfowillnotsplitthe leandwillnotcreateatag tablefforit.ThQG.5.3d(TģagifyingMaFile͍AftercreatinganunsplitInfo le,y!oumustcreateatagtableforit.VisitthefInfo ley!ouwishtotagifyandtypMe:dM-xInfo-tagify͍(Note(DtheuppMercaseIinInfo-tagify.)ThiscreatesanInfo lewithatagtablefthaty!oucanvdDalidate.ThefthirdstepistovdDalidatetheInfo le:F͍dM-xInfo-validate(NoteftheuppMercaseIinInfo-validate.)Inbrief,thestepsare:dC-uM-xtexinfo-format-buffer dM-xInfo-tagifydM-xInfo-validate)ʍAftery!ouhavevdDalidatedthenoMdestructure,F/youcanreruntexinfo- format-buffer]inthenormalw!ay]soitwillconstructatagtableandsplitthej leautomaticallye,ory!oucanmakethetagtableandsplitthe leman-uallye.ThQG.5.4d(SplittingMaFileManually͍Yeoudshouldsplitalarge leorelseletthetexinfo-format-bufferormakeinfo-buffercommanddoitfory!ouautomaticallye. @\(GenerallyyouwillDletoneoftheformattingcommandsdothisjobfory!ou.ZSeeChapter20[CreatefanInfoFile],page150.)Thefsplit-o lesarecalledtheindirectsub les.Info]^ lesaresplittosa!ve]^memorye.Withsmaller les,EmacsdoMesnotha!vefmakesuchalargebu ertoholdtheinformation.IfmanInfo lehasmorethan30noMdes,y!oushouldalsomakeatagtableforit.BSeeSectionG.5.1[UsingInfo-vdDalidate],page205,forinformationabMoutcreating-atagtable.(Again,Etagtablesareusuallycreatedautomaticallyb!ytheYformattingcommand;s*y!ouonlyneedtocreateatagtableyourselfifyouaredoingthejobman!uallye.Mostlikelye,youwilldothisforalarge,unsplit lefonwhic!hyouhaverunInfo-validate.)VisittheInfo ley!ouwishtotagifyandsplitandtypMethetwocommands:AppMendixfG:FeormattingMistak!esKg206f]dM-xInfo-tagify dM-xInfo-split(Notefthatthe`I'in`Info'isuppMercase.)Whenby!ouusetheInfo-splitcommand,thebu erismoMdi edintoa (small)_Info lewhic!hliststheindirectsub les. {This leshouldbMesavedinplaceoftheoriginalvisited le.DTheindirectsub lesarewritteninthesameJdirectorytheoriginal leisin,]withnamesgeneratedb!yappMending`-'andfan!umbMerftotheoriginal lename.The=primary lestillfunctionsasanInfo le,Rbutitcon!tainsjustthetagtablefandadirectoryofsub les.сAppMendixfH:Re llingP!aragraphs`207f]App=endixMH QRe llingPuaragraphsThe@refillcommandre llsand,*Ooptionallye,inden!tsthe rstlineofa paragraph.1 ,Then@refillcommandisnolongerimpMortan!t,9butwedescribMeitVherebMecausey!ouonceneededit.>YeouwillseeitinmanyoldTeexinfo les.WithoutKre lling,paragraphscon!taininglong@-constructsmayloMokbadaftermformattingbMecausetheformatterremo!vesm@-commandsandshortenssome linesmorethanothers. lInthepast,fneitherthetexinfo-format-regioncommandnorthetexinfo-format-buffercommandre lledpara-graphs2automaticallye.BThe@refillcommandhadtobMewrittenattheendofIev!eryparagraphtocausetheseformattersto llthem.u(BothT,[wEB XIandmakeinfoha!vealwaysre lledparagraphsautomaticallye.)3Now,alltheInfoformatters3automatically llandinden!tthoseparagraphsthatneedtobMe lledfandinden!ted.Thet@refillcommandcausestexinfo-format-regionandtexinfo-format-buffertore llaparagraphintheInfo leafter0alltheotherpro-cessinglhasbMeendone.CFeorthisreason,y!oucannotuse@refillwithaparagraphcon!tainingeither@*or@w{f:1::/}sincethere llingactionwillo!verridefthoset!wofcommands.Thevtexinfo-format-regionandtexinfo-format-buffercommandsno!wautomaticallyappMend@refilltotheendofeachparagraphthatshouldbMeS9 lled. WTheydonotappend@refilltotheendsofparagraphsthatcon!tainf@*or@w{:1::l}.=andthereforedonotre llorindentthem.< ff=  1P!erhapsDthecommandshouldhavebMeencalledthe@refillandindentcommand,abut@refillisshorterandthenamew!aschosenbMeforein-den!tingfwaspMossible.ԓAppMendixfI:@-CommandSyn!tax208f]App=endixMI QB@-CommandSynutaxqፑThe'rc!haracter`@'isusedtostartspMecialTeexinfocommands. a(Ithas the|samemeaningthat`\'hasinPlainT,[wEB X.)Teexinfohasfourt!ypMesof@-command:x1.Non-alphabMeticfcommands.9ThesePcommandsconsistofan@follo!wedPbyapunctuation9markorotherc!haracterthatisnotpartofthealphabMet.Non-9alphabMeticwcommandsarealmostalw!ayswpartofthetextwithin9aparagraph,Tandnev!ertakeanyargument.ԫThetwocharacters9(@l=andtheotherone)arecompleteinthemselv!es;(noneisfol-9lo!wednbybraces.5Thenon-alphabMeticcommandsare:@.,(@:,@*,9@@,f@{,and@}.2.AlphabMeticfcommandsthatdonotrequireargumen!ts.9Thesep{commandsstartwith@follo!wedp{byawordfollowedbyleft-9andrigh!t-handbraces.}ThesecommandsinsertspMecialsymbMols9in thedoMcumen!t;theydonotrequirearguments. Feorexam-9ple,o@dots{}GbJ)`:1:: c',@equiv{}GbJ)`}x U',@TeX{}GbJ)`T,[wEB X',Gband9@bullet{}fJ)@`'.3.AlphabMeticfcommandsthatrequireargumen!tswithinbraces.9Thesecommandsstartwith@follo!wedbyaletteroraword,9follo!wedbyanargumentwithinbraces. gFeorexample,5;the9commandK@dfnindicatesthein!troMductoryorde ninguseof9a!term;ߜitisusedasfollo!ws:`InfTexinfo,@@-commandsare9@dfn{mark-up}fcommands.'4.AlphabMeticfcommandsthatoccup!yanentireline.9ThesencommandsoMccup!yanentireline.yThelinestartswith@,9follo!wed bythenameofthecommand(aword);Zforexample,9@center4tor@cindex. Ifnoargumen!tisneeded,thewordis9follo!wedbytheendoftheline.Ifthereisanargument,itis9separatedfromthecommandnameb!yaspace.Bracesarenot9used.xTh!us,theoalphabMeticcommandsfallintoclassesthathavedi erentar-gumen!tsyntaxes.7YeoucannottelltowhichclassacommandbMelongsbythe appMearanceofitsname,ubuty!oucantellbythecommand'smeaning:ifthecommandstandsforaglyph,1itisinclass2anddoMesnotrequireanargumen!t;|/ifgitmakessensetousethecommandtogetherwithothertextaspart3ofaparagraph,thecommandisinclass3andm!ustbMefollowedbyanargumen!tTinbraces;potherwise,e&itisinclass4andusestherestofthelineasitsfargumen!t.TheہpurpMoseofha!vingadi erentsyntaxforcommandsofclasses3and4&Oistomak!eTeexinfo leseasiertoread,FIandalsotohelptheGNU&.Emacs,AppMendixfI:@-CommandSyn!tax209f]paragraphRand llingcommandsw!orkpropMerlye. Thereisonlyoneexception tothisrule:thecommand@refill,uwhic!hisalwaysusedattheendofa8paragraphimmediatelyfollo!wingthe nalpMeriod8orotherpunctuationc!haracter.?@refillɌtakesnoargumentanddoMesnotrequirebraces.?@refillnev!er2^confusestheEmacsparagraphcommandsbMecauseitcannotappearatthefbMeginningofaline.黍AppMendixfJ:Ho!wtoObtainT,[wEB X?210f]App=endixMJ QHouwtoObtainTc EXT,[wEB Xisfreelyredistributable.ޞYeoucanobtainT,[wEXforUnixsystemsvia anon!ymousJftporontapMeorCD-ROM.ThecorematerialconsistsofKarlBerry'sfweb2cT,[wEB Xpac!kdDage.On-line='retrievdDalinstructionsareinftp.cs.umb.edu[158.121.104.33]inf`pub/tex/unixtex.ftp'TheaFereeSoft!wareaFoundationpro!videsacoredistributiononitsSourceCoMde2CD-R!OM;theUniversityofWeashingtonmaintainsandsuppMortsatapMefdistribution.FeorftheFSFSourceCoMdeCD-R!OM,pleasecontact:dFereefSoft!wareFeoundation,Inc. d59fTeemplePlaceSuite330dBoston,fMA 202111-1307dUSAdTeelephone:f+1{617{542{5942dFeax:f(includingJapan)+1{617{542{2652dFereefDialFax(inJapan):+0031{13{2473f(KDD)+0066{3382{0158f(IDC)dElectronicfmail:gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu?TeoorderafulldistributionfromtheUniv!ersityofWashingtononeithera1/47inc!h4-trackQIC-24cartridgeora47mmDAeTcartridge,send$210.00to:dPierrefA.MacKa!y dDepartmen!tfofClassicsdDH-10,fDenn!yHall218dUniv!ersityfofWeashingtondSeattle,fWȈA 298195dUSAdTeelephone:f+1{206{543{2268dElectronicfmail:mackay@cs.washington.edus?Pleasemak!echeckspayabletotheUniversityofWeashington.;Checksm!ustfbMeinU.S.dollars,drawnonaU.S.bank.PrepaidX2ordersaretheonlyordersthatcanno!wbMehandled.BOverseassites:Ppleaseyaddtothebasecost,-ifdesired,$20.00forshipmen!tviaairparcelfpMost,or$30.00forshipmen!tviacourier.Pleasefc!heckwiththeabMoveforcurrentpricesandformats.AppMendixfK:SecondEditionFeeatures211f]App=endixMK QSecondEditionFaGeatures$ThesecondeditionoftheTeexinfoman!ualdescribMesmorethan20new TeexinfoimoMdecommandsandmorethan50previouslyundocumen!tedTeex-info›@-commands.2}Thiseditionismorethant!wicethelengthofthe rstedition.Herefisabriefdescriptionofthenewcommands. HK.1NewMTfexinfoMos3deCommandsTeexinfomoMdepro!videscommandsandfeaturesespeciallydesignedforw!orkingƽwithTeexinfo les.>Morethan20newcommandshavebMeenadded,includingcommandsforautomaticallycreatingandupMdatingbothnodesandfmen!us.Thisisatedioustaskwhendonebyhand.Thefk!eybindingsareintendedtobMesomewhatmnemonic.QUpidateMallnodesandmenusTheftexinfo-master-menucommandistheprimarycommand: C-cfC-umM-xftexinfo-master-menuHECreateaorupMdateamastermen!u.WithC-uasapre xargu-HEmen!t,f rstcreateorupMdateallnodesandregularmen!us.QUpidateMPointersCreateforupMdate`Next',`Previous',and`Up'nodepoin!ters.SeefSection2.4[UpMdatingNodesandMen!us],page17. C-cfC-uC-nM-xftexinfo-update-nodeHEUpMdatefanode.C-cfC-uC-eM-xftexinfo-every-node-updateHEUpMdatefev!erynodeinthebu er.QUpidateMMenusCreateforupMdatemen!us.SeefSection2.4[UpMdatingNodesandMen!us],page17. C-cfC-uC-mM-xftexinfo-make-menuHEMak!eforupMdateamenu.AppMendixfK:SecondEditionFeeatures212f]C-cfC-uC-a M-xftexinfo-all-menus-updateHEMak!e,orupMdateallthemenusinabu er.C0WithC-uasaHEpre xfargumen!t, rstupMdateallthenodes.QInsertMTitleasDescription>InsertanoMde'sc!hapterorsectiontitleinthespaceforthedescriptioninamen!u4entryline;pMositionpoin!tsoyoucanedittheinsert.G(Thiscommandw!orks%somewhatdi erentlythantheotherinsertioncommands,2whichinsertonlyfaprede nedstring.)>SeefSection2.2[Inserting],page14.}C-cfC-cC-dHEInsertftitle.QFģormatMforInfo>Pro!videkeybindingsbMothfortheInfoformattingcommandsthatarewritteninfEmacsLispandformakeinfothatiswritteninC.>SeefSection2.5[InfoFeormatting],page22.UseftheEmacslisptexinfo-format:1::lcommands:}C-cfC-eC-rHEFeormatftheregion.C-cfC-eC-bHEFeormatfthebu er.Usefmakeinfo:C-cfC-mC-rHEFeormatftheregion.C-cfC-mC-bHEFeormatfthebu er.C-cfC-mC-lHERecen!terfthemakeinfooutputbu er.C-cfC-mC-kHEKillfthemakeinfoformattingjob.QTypiesetMandPrint>T!ypMesetfandprintTeexinfodoMcumentsfromwithinEmacs.>SeefSection2.6[FeormattingandPrin!ting],page23.C-cfC-tC-bHERunftexi2dvionthebu er.C-cfC-tC-rHERunfT,[wEB Xontheregion.C-cfC-tC-iHERunftexindex.C-cfC-tC-pHEPrin!tfthedvi le.C-cfC-tC-qHESho!wftheprintqueue.AppMendixfK:SecondEditionFeeatures213f]C-cfC-tC-dHEDeletefajobfromtheprin!tqueue.Q̍C-cfC-tC-kHEKillfthecurren!tT,[wEB Xformattingjob.C-cfC-tC-xHEQuitfacurren!tlystoppMedT,[wEB Xformattingjob.C-cfC-tC-lHERecen!terftheoutputbu er.QOtherMUpidatingCommandsThe5\otherupMdatingcommands"donotha!ve5standardk!eybindingsbecause theyfareusedlessfrequen!tlye.SeefSection2.4.2[OtherUpMdatingCommands],page21.M-xftexinfo-insert-node-linesHEInsert-Fmissing@nodelinesusingsectiontitlesasnoMdenames.M-xftexinfo-multiple-files-updateHEUpMdate6am!ulti- ledocumen!t.Withanumericpre x,ZsuchHEasC-uf8,upMdateev!erypoin!terandmenuinallthe lesandHEthenfinsertamastermen!u.M-xftexinfo-indent-menu-descriptionHEInden!tfdescriptionsinmenus.M-xftexinfo-sequential-node-updateHEInsertfnoMdepoin!tersinstrictsequence.ĤHK.2NewMTfexinfoK@H-Commands捑The$secondeditionoftheTeexinfoman!ualdescribMesmorethan50com-mandsathatw!erenotdescribMedinthe rstedition.AathirdorsoofthesecommandsBexistedinTeexinfobutw!erenotdoMcumentedinthemanual;0theothersfarenew.Hereisalisting,withbriefdescriptionsofthem:QIndexingCreatefy!ourownindex,andmergeindices.SeefChapter12[Indices],page100.Q̍@defindexfindex-nameHEDe ne݌anewindexanditsindexingcommand.PSeealsotheHE@defcodeindexfcommand.@synindexffrom-indexgin!to-indexHEMergezrthefrom-index;indexin!totheinto-index;index.ZSeeHEalsofthe@syncodeindexcommand.zAppMendixfK:SecondEditionFeeatures214f]QDe nitions DescribMeNfunctions,DvdDariables,macros,commands,useroptions,spMecial forms,fandothersuc!hartifactsinauniformformat. SeefChapter16[De nitionCommands],page119.@deffnfcategory~nameCmargumen!tss:1::HEFeormateadescriptionforfunctions,win!teractiveecommands,HEandfsimilaren!tities.@defvr,f@defop,:1::HE15fotherrelatedcommands.%QGlyphs Indicate*theresultsofevdDaluation,expansion,prin!ted*output,anerrormes-sage,fequivdDalenceofexpressions,andtheloMcationofpoin!t. SeefChapter14[Glyphs],page111.@equiv{}}xHEEquivdDalence:@error{}b ͍@erro!r ͎ 7vHEErrorfmessage@expansion{}FM7!HEMacrofexpansion@point{}?HEP!ositionfofpMoint@print{}g"xaHEPrin!tedfoutput@result{}FJ)HEResultfofanexpression%QPageMHeadings Customizefpageheadings. SeefAppMendixF[Headings],page194.@headingsfon-o -single-doubleHEHeadingsfonoro ,single,ordouble-sided.@evenfootingf[left=]@|[cen!ter)]@|[right=]HEFeoMotingsfforev!en-numberedf(left-hand)pages.@evenheading,f@everyheading,@oddheading,:1::HEFiv!efotherrelatedcommands. 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