.TH BOOT 8 .SH NAME boot \- connect to the root file server .SH SYNOPSIS .B /boot/boot [ .B -fkm ] [ .BI -u username ] [ .IB method ! fs-addr ] [ .I args ] .SH DESCRIPTION .I Boot is the first program run after a kernel has been loaded. It connects to the file server that will serve the root, performs any authentication needed to connect to that server, and .IR exec (2)'s the .IR init (8) program. It is started by the kernel, never run directly by the user. See .IR booting (8) for information about the process of loading the kernel (and .IR boot ) into memory. .PP Once loaded, the kernel initializes its data structures and devices. It sets the two environment variables .B /env/cputype and .B /env/terminal to describe the processor. It then binds a place-holder file server, .IR root (3), onto .B / and crafts an initial process whose sole function is to .IR exec (2) .BR /boot/boot , a binary which is compiled into .IR root (3). .PP The command line passed depends on the information passed from boot ROM to kernel. Machines that boot directly from ROM (that is, most machines other than PCs) pass the boot line given to the ROM directly to .IR boot . .PP On the PC, each line in the DOS file .B plan9.ini of the form .IB name = value is passed to the boot program as an environment variable with the same name and value. The command line is .IP .B /386/9dos .IB method ! server .PP (The first argument is ignored by .IR boot .) .I Boot must determine the file .I server to use and a .I method with which to connect to it. Typically this will name a file server on the network, or state that the root file system is on local disk and name the partition. The complete list of methods is given below. .PP .I Boot must also set a user name to be used as the owner of devices and all console processes and an encryption key to be used when challenged. .I Boot will prompt for these. .PP Method and address are prompted for first. The prompt lists all valid methods, with the default in brackets, for example: .IP .EX root is from (tcp, local!#S/sdC0/fs)[tcp]: .EE .PP A newline picks the default. Other possible responses are .I method or .IB method ! address\f1. To aid in automatic reboot, the default is automatically taken on CPU servers if nothing is typed within 15 seconds. .PP The other interactions depend on whether the system is a terminal or a CPU server. .SS Terminal The terminal must have a .I username to set. If none is specified with the .B -u option, .I boot will prompt for one on the console: .IP .EX user: .EE .PP The user will also be prompted for a password to be used as an encryption key on each .IR attach (5): .IP .EX password: .EE .PP With most .I methods .I boot can now connect to the file server. However, with the serial line .I methods .B 9600 and .BR 19200 , the actual mechanics of setting up the complete connection are too varied to put into the boot program. Instead .I boot lets the user set up the connection. It prints a prompt on the console and then simulates a dumb terminal between the user and the serial line: .IP .EX Connect to file system now, type ctrl-d when done. (Use the view or down arrow key to send a break) .EE .PP The user can now type at the modem to dial the number. What is typed depends on the modem and is beyond this discussion. .PP When the user types a control-D, .I boot stops simulating a terminal and starts the file system protocol over the serial line. .PP Once connected, .I boot mounts the root file system before .B / and makes the connection available as .B #s/boot for subsequent processes to .B mount (see .IR bind (2)). .I Boot completes by .IR exec (2)'ing .B /$cputype/init .BR -t . If the .B -m option is given it is also passed as an option to .IR init . If the environment variable .B init is set (via .IR plan9.ini (8)), it is used as a command line to exec instead. .PP If the kernel has been built with the cache file system, .IR cfs (4), the local disk partition .BI /dev/sd XX /cache (where .B XX is a unit specifier) exists, and the root file system is from a remote server, then the kernel will insert a user level cache process between the remote server and the local namespace that caches all remote accesses on the local partition. The .B -f flag commands .B cfs to reformat the cache partition. .SS CPU Servers The user owning devices and console processes on CPU servers and that user's domain and encryption key are read from NVRAM on all machines except PC's. PC's keep the information in the disk partition .BI /dev/sd XX /nvram\f1. If a .B -k option is given or if no stored information is found .I boot will prompt for all three items and store them. .IP .EX password: authid: bootes authdom: research.bell-labs.com .EE .PP The key is used for mutual authentication of the server and its clients. The domain and id identify the owner of the key. .PP Once connected, .I boot behaves as on the terminal except for .IR exec (2)'ing .B /$cputype/init .BR -c . .SS Booting Methods The methods available to any system depend on what was compiled into the kernel. The complete list of booting methods are listed below. .TP 8 .BR tcp connect via Ethernet using the TCP protocol. The .I args are passed to .IR ipconfig (8) when configuring the IP stack. The .IR plan9.ini (8) variables .B fs and .B auth override the file server and authentication server IP addresses obtained (if any) from DHCP during .IR ipconfig (8). .TP 8 .B local connect to the local file system. The first argument is a disk holding a file system. .I Boot inspects the disk. If the disk is a .IR fossil (4) file system, it invokes .B /boot/fossil to serve it. If the .B venti environment variable (really, .IR plan9.ini (8) variable) is set, .I boot first arranges for fossil to be able to contact the named .IR venti (8) server. The variable's value can take the following forms: .RS .TP .B /dev/sdC0/arenas the file should be a venti partition with a configuration stored on it using .I venti/conf (see .IR venti-fmt (8)). .I Boot will start a loopback IP interface on 127.0.0.1 and start .I venti announcing on .B tcp!127.1!17034 for venti service and .B tcp!127.1!8000 for web service, using the configuration stored in that partition. .TP .B /dev/sdC0/arenas tcp!*!17034 same as the last but specify an alternate venti service address. In this example, using .B * will announce on all available IP interfaces (even ones configured later) rather than just the loopback device. The loopback interface is still configured. .TP .B /dev/sdC0/arenas tcp!*!17034 tcp!*!80 same as the last but specify alternate venti service and web addresses. The loopback interface is still configured. .TP .B tcp!135.104.9.2!17034 \fR[ \fIargs\fR ] the network address of a venti server running on a separate machine. .I Boot will configure the IP stack by passing .IR args , if any, to .IR ipconfig (8). .RE .IP .I Fossil is invoked as .RS .IP .EX /boot/fossil -f \fIpartition\fP -c 'srv -A fboot' -c 'srv -p fscons' .EE .RE .IP and .I boot then renames .L /srv/fboot to .LR /srv/boot , so .B fossil.conf should not use the .B srv command to create .LR fboot , .LR boot , nor .LR fscons . .IP If the disk is not a .IR fossil (4) partition, .I boot invokes .BR /boot/kfs . A variety of programs, like .I 9660srv and .IR dossrv (4) masquerade as .I kfs to allow booting from alternate media formats, so as long as the disk is not a .I fossil disk, no check is made that the disk is in fact a .I kfs disk. The args are passed to .IR kfs (4). .IP For the .B tcp method, the address must be a numeric IP address. If no address is specified, a file server address will be found from another system on the network using the BOOTP protocol and the Plan 9 vendor-specific fields. .SH EXAMPLES On PCs, the default arguments to boot are constructed using the .B bootargs variable in .IR plan9.ini (8). .PP Start .IR kfs (4) with extra disk buffers: .IP .EX bootargs=local!#S/sdC0/fs -B 4096 .EE .LP Use an IP stack on an alternate ethernet interface with a static address and fixed file server and authentication server addresses. .IP .EX fs=192.168.0.2 auth=192.168.0.3 bootargs=tcp -g 192.168.0.1 ether /net/ether1 \e 192.168.0.50 255.255.255.0 .EE .LP (The .B bootargs line is split only for presentation; it is one line in the file.) .SH FILES .B #s/boot .br .B #//boot/boot .SH SOURCE .B /sys/src/9/boot .SH "SEE ALSO" .IR root (3), .IR factotum (4), .IR dhcpd (8), .IR init (8) .SH BUGS The use of .B bootargs in general is odd. The configuration specification for fossil and venti servers is particularly odd, but it does cover the common cases well.