%!PS-Adobe-2.0
%%BeginResource: font lsunr00
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: LucidaSansUnicode00 0.9
%%CreationDate: 1994 Jun 04 09:53:35
% Lucida is a registered trademark of Bigelow & Holmes Inc.
% NOTE:  This is a partial font in Adobe Type 1 format.
% The complete font in fully hinted ATM compatible form is available from Y&Y
% (508) 371-3286 USA, email: tech-help@YandY.com, http://www.YandY.com
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
/version (0.9) readonly def
/Notice ((C) 1991, 1993 Bigelow & Holmes Inc.  Pat. Des.  289,420. All rights reserved.) readonly def
/Notice ((C) 1994 Y&Y Inc. All rights reserved.) readonly def
/FullName (Lucida Sans Unicode 00) readonly def
/FamilyName (LucidaSansUnicode) readonly def
/Weight (Normal) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -100 def
/UnderlineThickness 50 def
end readonly def
/FontName /LucidaSansUnicode00 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 100 /0064 put
dup 101 /0065 put
dup 102 /0066 put
dup 103 /0067 put
dup 104 /0068 put
dup 105 /0069 put
dup 106 /006a put
dup 107 /006b put
dup 108 /006c put
dup 109 /006d put
dup 110 /006e put
dup 111 /006f put
dup 112 /0070 put
dup 113 /0071 put
dup 114 /0072 put
dup 115 /0073 put
dup 116 /0074 put
dup 117 /0075 put
dup 118 /0076 put
dup 119 /0077 put
dup 120 /0078 put
dup 121 /0079 put
dup 122 /007a put
dup 123 /007b put
dup 124 /007c put
dup 125 /007d put
dup 126 /007e put
dup 163 /00a3 put
dup 167 /00a7 put
dup 169 /00a9 put
dup 173 /00ad put
dup 174 /00ae put
dup 176 /00b0 put
dup 177 /00b1 put
dup 180 /00b4 put
dup 181 /00b5 put
dup 182 /00b6 put
dup 185 /00b9 put
dup 186 /00ba put
dup 188 /00bc put
dup 189 /00bd put
dup 191 /00bf put
dup 198 /00c6 put
dup 215 /00d7 put
dup 223 /00df put
dup 231 /00e7 put
dup 233 /00e9 put
dup 237 /00ed put
dup 239 /00ef put
dup 241 /00f1 put
dup 247 /00f7 put
dup 252 /00fc put
dup 32 /0020 put
dup 33 /0021 put
dup 34 /0022 put
dup 35 /0023 put
dup 36 /0024 put
dup 37 /0025 put
dup 38 /0026 put
dup 40 /0028 put
dup 41 /0029 put
dup 42 /002a put
dup 43 /002b put
dup 44 /002c put
dup 45 /002d put
dup 46 /002e put
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dup 48 /0030 put
dup 49 /0031 put
dup 50 /0032 put
dup 51 /0033 put
dup 52 /0034 put
dup 53 /0035 put
dup 54 /0036 put
dup 55 /0037 put
dup 56 /0038 put
dup 57 /0039 put
dup 58 /003a put
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dup 60 /003c put
dup 61 /003d put
dup 62 /003e put
dup 63 /003f put
dup 65 /0041 put
dup 66 /0042 put
dup 67 /0043 put
dup 68 /0044 put
dup 69 /0045 put
dup 70 /0046 put
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dup 72 /0048 put
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dup 74 /004a put
dup 75 /004b put
dup 76 /004c put
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dup 78 /004e put
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dup 80 /0050 put
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dup 85 /0055 put
dup 86 /0056 put
dup 87 /0057 put
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dup 89 /0059 put
dup 90 /005a put
dup 91 /005b put
dup 92 /005c put
dup 93 /005d put
dup 95 /005f put
dup 96 /0060 put
dup 97 /0061 put
dup 98 /0062 put
dup 99 /0063 put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-90 -211 977 1005}readonly def
%/UniqueID 5054500 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndResource
%%BeginResource: font lsunr03
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: LucidaSansUnicode03 0.9
%%CreationDate: 1994 Jun 04 09:58:17
% Lucida is a registered trademark of Bigelow & Holmes Inc.
% NOTE:  This is a partial font in Adobe Type 1 format.
% The complete font in fully hinted ATM compatible form is available from Y&Y
% (508) 371-3286 USA, email: tech-help@YandY.com, http://www.YandY.com
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
/version (0.9) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1993 Bigelow & Holmes Inc. Pat. Des. 289,420. All rights reserved.) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1994 Y&Y Inc. All rights reserved.) readonly def
/FullName (Lucida Sans Unicode 03) readonly def
/FamilyName (LucidaSansUnicode) readonly def
/Weight (Normal) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -100 def
/UnderlineThickness 50 def
end readonly def
/FontName /LucidaSansUnicode03 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 148 /0394 put
dup 154 /039a put
dup 166 /03a6 put
dup 173 /03ad put
dup 177 /03b1 put
dup 178 /03b2 put
dup 180 /03b4 put
dup 181 /03b5 put
dup 183 /03b7 put
dup 186 /03ba put
dup 187 /03bb put
dup 188 /03bc put
dup 192 /03c0 put
dup 193 /03c1 put
dup 195 /03c3 put
dup 196 /03c4 put
dup 199 /03c7 put
dup 204 /03cc put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-615 -440 726 1024}readonly def
%/UniqueID 5054503 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndResource
%%BeginResource: font lsunr04
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: LucidaSansUnicode04 0.9
%%CreationDate: 1994 Jun 04 09:58:28
% Lucida is a registered trademark of Bigelow & Holmes Inc.
% NOTE:  This is a partial font in Adobe Type 1 format.
% The complete font in fully hinted ATM compatible form is available from Y&Y
% (508) 371-3286 USA, email: tech-help@YandY.com, http://www.YandY.com
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
/version (0.9) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1993 Bigelow & Holmes Inc. Pat. Des. 289,420. All rights reserved.) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1994 Y&Y Inc. All rights reserved.) readonly def
/FullName (Lucida Sans Unicode 04) readonly def
/FamilyName (LucidaSansUnicode) readonly def
/Weight (Normal) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -100 def
/UnderlineThickness 50 def
end readonly def
/FontName /LucidaSansUnicode04 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 57 /0439 put
dup 74 /044a put
dup 76 /044c put
dup 79 /044f put
dup 81 /0451 put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-90 -211 1024 940}readonly def
%/UniqueID 5054504 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndResource
%%BeginResource: font lsunr20
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: LucidaSansUnicode20 0.9
%%CreationDate: 1994 Jun 04 10:00:12
% Lucida is a registered trademark of Bigelow & Holmes Inc.
% NOTE:  This is a partial font in Adobe Type 1 format.
% The complete font in fully hinted ATM compatible form is available from Y&Y
% (508) 371-3286 USA, email: tech-help@YandY.com, http://www.YandY.com
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
/version (0.9) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1993 Bigelow & Holmes Inc. Pat. Des. 289,420. All rights reserved.) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1994 Y&Y Inc. All rights reserved.) readonly def
/FullName (Lucida Sans Unicode 20) readonly def
/FamilyName (LucidaSansUnicode) readonly def
/Weight (Normal) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -100 def
/UnderlineThickness 50 def
end readonly def
/FontName /LucidaSansUnicode20 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 19 /2013 put
dup 20 /2014 put
dup 24 /2018 put
dup 25 /2019 put
dup 32 /2020 put
dup 33 /2021 put
dup 34 /2022 put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-615 -440 726 1024}readonly def
%/UniqueID 5054520 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndResource
%%BeginResource: font lsunr21
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: LucidaSansUnicode21 0.9
%%CreationDate: 1994 Jun 04 10:04:24
% Lucida is a registered trademark of Bigelow & Holmes Inc.
% NOTE:  This is a partial font in Adobe Type 1 format.
% The complete font in fully hinted ATM compatible form is available from Y&Y
% (508) 371-3286 USA, email: tech-help@YandY.com, http://www.YandY.com
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
/version (0.9) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1993 Bigelow & Holmes Inc. Pat. Des. 289,420. All rights reserved.) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1994 Y&Y Inc. All rights reserved.) readonly def
/FullName (Lucida Sans Unicode 21) readonly def
/FamilyName (LucidaSansUnicode) readonly def
/Weight (Normal) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -100 def
/UnderlineThickness 50 def
end readonly def
/FontName /LucidaSansUnicode21 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 144 /2190 put
dup 145 /2191 put
dup 146 /2192 put
dup 147 /2193 put
dup 34 /2122 put
dup 49 /2131 put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-30 -325 1384 883}readonly def
%/UniqueID 5054521 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndResource
%%BeginResource: font lsunr22
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: LucidaSansUnicode22 0.9
%%CreationDate: 1994 Jun 04 10:23:13
% Lucida is a registered trademark of Bigelow & Holmes Inc.
% NOTE:  This is a partial font in Adobe Type 1 format.
% The complete font in fully hinted ATM compatible form is available from Y&Y
% (508) 371-3286 USA, email: tech-help@YandY.com, http://www.YandY.com
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
/version (0.9) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1993 Bigelow & Holmes Inc. Pat. Des. 289,420. All rights reserved.) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1994 Y&Y Inc. All rights reserved.) readonly def
/FullName (Lucida Sans Unicode 22) readonly def
/FamilyName (LucidaSansUnicode) readonly def
/Weight (Normal) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -100 def
/UnderlineThickness 50 def
end readonly def
/FontName /LucidaSansUnicode22 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 100 /2264 put
dup 102 /2266 put
dup 103 /2267 put
dup 130 /2282 put
dup 131 /2283 put
dup 134 /2286 put
dup 135 /2287 put
dup 41 /2229 put
dup 42 /222a put
dup 43 /222b put
dup 67 /2243 put
dup 96 /2260 put
dup 97 /2261 put
dup 23 /2217 put
dup 25 /2219 put
dup 26 /221a put
dup 29 /221d put
dup 30 /221e put
dup 2 /2202 put
dup 5 /2205 put
dup 7 /2207 put
readonly def
/FontBBox{84 -166 1060 898}readonly def
%/UniqueID 5054522 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndResource
%%BeginResource: font lsunr25
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: LucidaSansUnicode25 0.9
%%CreationDate: 1994 Jun 04 10:42:59
% Lucida is a registered trademark of Bigelow & Holmes Inc.
% NOTE:  This is a partial font in Adobe Type 1 format.
% The complete font in fully hinted ATM compatible form is available from Y&Y
% (508) 371-3286 USA, email: tech-help@YandY.com, http://www.YandY.com
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
/version (0.9) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1993 Bigelow & Holmes Inc. Pat. Des. 289,420. All rights reserved.) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1994 Y&Y Inc. All rights reserved.) readonly def
/FullName (Lucida Sans Unicode 25) readonly def
/FamilyName (LucidaSansUnicode) readonly def
/Weight (Normal) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -100 def
/UnderlineThickness 50 def
end readonly def
/FontName /LucidaSansUnicode25 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 161 /25a1 put
dup 202 /25ca put
dup 203 /25cb put
dup 230 /25e6 put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-26 -236 1026 815}readonly def
%/UniqueID 5054525 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndResource
%%BeginResource: font lsi
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: LucidaSans-Italic 1.001
%%CreationDate: 1993 Aug 11 21:10:09
% Lucida is a registered trademark of Bigelow & Holmes Inc.
% NOTE:  This is a partial font in Adobe Type 1 format.
% The complete font in fully hinted ATM compatible form is available from Y&Y
% (508) 371-3286 USA, email: tech-help@YandY.com, http://www.YandY.com
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
/version (1.001) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1992 Bigelow & Holmes Inc. Pat. Des. 289,421. All rights reserved.) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1992 by Y&Y Inc. All Rights Reserved.) readonly def
/FullName (Lucida Sans Italic) readonly def
/FamilyName (LucidaSans) readonly def
/Weight (Normal) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -11.3 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -100 def
/UnderlineThickness 50 def
end readonly def
/FontName /LucidaSans-Italic def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 54 /Aditi put
dup 39 /Alessio put
dup 41 /Ali put
dup 43 /Alois put
dup 173 /Ammar put
dup 47 /Andre put
dup 49 /Andrzej put
dup 51 /Angelika put
dup 53 /Anton put
dup 55 /Ari put
dup 33 /Arne put
dup 59 /Art put
dup 61 /Ayman put
dup 63 /Barry put
dup 65 /Bent put
dup 67 /Blair put
dup 69 /Bonnie put
dup 71 /Brian put
dup 73 /Burkhard put
dup 75 /Castor put
dup 77 /Charles put
dup 79 /Chi put
dup 81 /Christian put
dup 83 /Christoph put
dup 85 /Chuck put
dup 87 /Clovis put
dup 96 /Curt put
dup 89 /Cyrus put
dup 234 /Glen put
dup 189 /Heinz put
dup 56 /Jacqueline put
dup 57 /Jagannatha put
dup 58 /Jan put
dup 60 /Jason put
dup 32 /Jeff put
dup 62 /Jerzy put
dup 34 /Jim put
dup 64 /Jiri put
dup 36 /Joe put
dup 66 /Joel put
dup 38 /Johan put
dup 68 /John put
dup 40 /Johnnie put
dup 70 /Jon put
dup 42 /Jonas put
dup 72 /Jonathan put
dup 44 /Jorgen put
dup 74 /Jose put
dup 46 /Josh put
dup 76 /Juan put
dup 48 /Justin put
dup 78 /Kamal put
dup 50 /Karl put
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dup 82 /Kees put
dup 84 /Keith put
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dup 110 /Malka put
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dup 113 /Saul put
dup 115 /Saulius put
dup 117 /Scott put
dup 119 /Sean put
dup 121 /Sebastian put
dup 215 /Wilfred put
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readonly def
/FontBBox{-250 -211 1099 967}readonly def
%/UniqueID 5029007 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndResource
%%BeginResource: font lsd
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: LucidaSans-Demi 1.001
%%CreationDate: 1993 Aug 11 21:10:03
% Lucida is a registered trademark of Bigelow & Holmes Inc.
% NOTE:  This is a partial font in Adobe Type 1 format.
% The complete font in fully hinted ATM compatible form is available from Y&Y
% (508) 371-3286 USA, email: tech-help@YandY.com, http://www.YandY.com
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
/version (1.001) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1992 Bigelow & Holmes Inc. All rights reserved. ) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1992 by Y&Y Inc. All Rights Reserved.) readonly def
/FullName (Lucida Sans Demibold) readonly def
/FamilyName (LucidaSans) readonly def
/Weight (Demibold) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -100 def
/UnderlineThickness 50 def
end readonly def
/FontName /LucidaSans-Demi def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 54 /Aditi put
dup 39 /Alessio put
dup 41 /Ali put
dup 47 /Andre put
dup 49 /Andrzej put
dup 51 /Angelika put
dup 53 /Anton put
dup 55 /Ari put
dup 65 /Bent put
dup 67 /Blair put
dup 69 /Bonnie put
dup 71 /Brian put
dup 73 /Burkhard put
dup 75 /Castor put
dup 77 /Charles put
dup 79 /Chi put
dup 81 /Christian put
dup 83 /Christoph put
dup 85 /Chuck put
dup 87 /Clovis put
dup 89 /Cyrus put
dup 189 /Heinz put
dup 56 /Jacqueline put
dup 57 /Jagannatha put
dup 58 /Jan put
dup 32 /Jeff put
dup 66 /Joel put
dup 38 /Johan put
dup 68 /John put
dup 40 /Johnnie put
dup 70 /Jon put
dup 72 /Jonathan put
dup 44 /Jorgen put
dup 74 /Jose put
dup 46 /Josh put
dup 76 /Juan put
dup 48 /Justin put
dup 78 /Kamal put
dup 50 /Karl put
dup 80 /Karlheinz put
dup 52 /Kaspar put
dup 82 /Kees put
dup 84 /Keith put
dup 86 /Kenchi put
dup 88 /Kettleson put
dup 90 /Kieran put
dup 98 /Lalu put
dup 100 /Leon put
dup 102 /Louis put
dup 104 /Luc put
dup 106 /Lunjin put
dup 110 /Malka put
dup 112 /Manuel put
dup 108 /Marcy put
dup 114 /Mariusz put
dup 116 /Martin put
dup 118 /Masahiro put
dup 120 /Matt put
dup 122 /Maurizio put
dup 121 /Sebastian put
dup 97 /Roger put
dup 99 /Ron put
dup 101 /Rudi put
dup 103 /Russell put
dup 45 /Will put
dup 105 /Sam put
dup 107 /Sami put
dup 109 /Sanjay put
dup 111 /Saroj put
dup 113 /Saul put
dup 115 /Saulius put
dup 117 /Scott put
dup 119 /Sean put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-309 -205 1151 967}readonly def
%/UniqueID 5029006 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndResource
%%BeginResource: font lbtr
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: LucidaTypewriter 1.001
%%CreationDate: 1994 Nov 12 10:47:10
% Lucida is a registered trademark of Bigelow & Holmes Inc.
% NOTE:  This is a partial font in Adobe Type 1 format.
% The complete font in fully hinted ATM compatible form is available from Y&Y
% (508) 371-3286 USA, email: tech-help@YandY.com, http://www.YandY.com
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
/version (1.001) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1993, 1994 Bigelow & Homes Inc. Pat. Des. 289,422. All Rights Reserved.) readonly def
/Notice ((c) 1994 Y&Y Inc. All Rights Reserved.) readonly def
/FullName (Lucida Typewriter) readonly def
/FamilyName (LucidaTypewriter) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch true def
/UnderlinePosition -100 def
/UnderlineThickness 50 def
end readonly def
/FontName /LucidaTypewriter def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 54 /Aditi put
dup 35 /Ahmed put
dup 37 /Alasdair put
dup 39 /Alessio put
dup 41 /Ali put
dup 43 /Alois put
dup 173 /Ammar put
dup 47 /Andre put
dup 49 /Andrzej put
dup 51 /Angelika put
dup 53 /Anton put
dup 55 /Ari put
dup 33 /Arne put
dup 59 /Art put
dup 61 /Ayman put
dup 63 /Barry put
dup 65 /Bent put
dup 67 /Blair put
dup 69 /Bonnie put
dup 71 /Brian put
dup 73 /Burkhard put
dup 75 /Castor put
dup 77 /Charles put
dup 79 /Chi put
dup 81 /Christian put
dup 83 /Christoph put
dup 85 /Chuck put
dup 87 /Clovis put
dup 96 /Curt put
dup 89 /Cyrus put
dup 187 /Don put
dup 255 /George put
dup 189 /Heinz put
dup 179 /Hong put
dup 178 /Ivan put
dup 56 /Jacqueline put
dup 57 /Jagannatha put
dup 58 /Jan put
dup 60 /Jason put
dup 32 /Jeff put
dup 62 /Jerzy put
dup 34 /Jim put
dup 64 /Jiri put
dup 36 /Joe put
dup 66 /Joel put
dup 38 /Johan put
dup 68 /John put
dup 40 /Johnnie put
dup 70 /Jon put
dup 42 /Jonas put
dup 72 /Jonathan put
dup 44 /Jorgen put
dup 74 /Jose put
dup 46 /Josh put
dup 76 /Juan put
dup 48 /Justin put
dup 78 /Kamal put
dup 50 /Karl put
dup 80 /Karlheinz put
dup 52 /Kaspar put
dup 82 /Kees put
dup 84 /Keith put
dup 86 /Kenchi put
dup 252 /Kendall put
dup 88 /Kettleson put
dup 90 /Kieran put
dup 92 /Koen put
dup 94 /Kristian put
dup 98 /Lalu put
dup 100 /Leon put
dup 102 /Louis put
dup 104 /Luc put
dup 106 /Lunjin put
dup 110 /Malka put
dup 112 /Manuel put
dup 108 /Marcy put
dup 114 /Mariusz put
dup 116 /Martin put
dup 118 /Masahiro put
dup 120 /Matt put
dup 122 /Maurizio put
dup 124 /Max put
dup 126 /Michael put
dup 177 /Murad put
dup 91 /Robert put
dup 93 /Robin put
dup 95 /Rod put
dup 97 /Roger put
dup 99 /Ron put
dup 101 /Rudi put
dup 103 /Russell put
dup 105 /Sam put
dup 107 /Sami put
dup 109 /Sanjay put
dup 111 /Saroj put
dup 113 /Saul put
dup 115 /Saulius put
dup 117 /Scott put
dup 119 /Sean put
dup 121 /Sebastian put
dup 123 /Shuichi put
dup 125 /Stan put
dup 163 /Stefan put
dup 171 /Surendar put
dup 188 /Vladimir put
dup 45 /Will put
dup 247 /Waldo put
dup 215 /Wilfred put
readonly def
/FontBBox{0 -211 743 940}readonly def
%/UniqueID 5054489 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndResource
%!PS-Adobe-2.0
%%Version: 0.1
%%Pages: (atend)
%%EndComments
%
% Version 3.3.2 prologue for troff files.
%

/#copies 1 store
/aspectratio 1 def
/formsperpage 1 def
/landscape false def
/linewidth .3 def
/magnification 1 def
/margin 0 def
/orientation 0 def
/resolution 720 def
/rotation 1 def
/xoffset 0 def
/yoffset 0 def

/roundpage true def
/useclippath true def
/pagebbox [0 0 612 792] def

/R  /Times-Roman def
/I  /Times-Italic def
/B  /Times-Bold def
/BI /Times-BoldItalic def
/H  /Helvetica def
/HI /Helvetica-Oblique def
/HB /Helvetica-Bold def
/HX /Helvetica-BoldOblique def
/CW /Courier def
/CO /Courier def
/CI /Courier-Oblique def
/CB /Courier-Bold def
/CX /Courier-BoldOblique def
/PA /Palatino-Roman def
/PI /Palatino-Italic def
/PB /Palatino-Bold def
/PX /Palatino-BoldItalic def
/Hr /Helvetica-Narrow def
/Hi /Helvetica-Narrow-Oblique def
/Hb /Helvetica-Narrow-Bold def
/Hx /Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique def
/KR /Bookman-Light def
/KI /Bookman-LightItalic def
/KB /Bookman-Demi def
/KX /Bookman-DemiItalic def
/AR /AvantGarde-Book def
/AI /AvantGarde-BookOblique def
/AB /AvantGarde-Demi def
/AX /AvantGarde-DemiOblique def
/NR /NewCenturySchlbk-Roman def
/NI /NewCenturySchlbk-Italic def
/NB /NewCenturySchlbk-Bold def
/NX /NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic def
/ZD /ZapfDingbats def
/ZI /ZapfChancery-MediumItalic def
/S  /S def
/S1 /S1 def
/GR /Symbol def

/inch {72 mul} bind def
/min {2 copy gt {exch} if pop} bind def

/setup {
	counttomark 2 idiv {def} repeat pop

	landscape {/orientation 90 orientation add def} if
	/scaling 72 resolution div def
	linewidth setlinewidth
	1 setlinecap

	pagedimensions
	xcenter ycenter translate
	orientation rotation mul rotate
	width 2 div neg height 2 div translate
	xoffset inch yoffset inch neg translate
	margin 2 div dup neg translate
	magnification dup aspectratio mul scale
	scaling scaling scale

	addmetrics
	0 0 moveto
} def

/pagedimensions {
	useclippath userdict /gotpagebbox known not and {
		/pagebbox [clippath pathbbox newpath] def
		roundpage currentdict /roundpagebbox known and {roundpagebbox} if
	} if
	pagebbox aload pop
	4 -1 roll exch 4 1 roll 4 copy
	landscape {4 2 roll} if
	sub /width exch def
	sub /height exch def
	add 2 div /xcenter exch def
	add 2 div /ycenter exch def
	userdict /gotpagebbox true put
} def

/addmetrics {
	/Symbol /S null Sdefs cf
	/Times-Roman /S1 StandardEncoding dup length array copy S1defs cf
} def

/pagesetup {
	/page exch def
	currentdict /pagedict known currentdict page known and {
		page load pagedict exch get cvx exec
	} if
} def

/decodingdefs [
	{counttomark 2 idiv {y moveto show} repeat}
	{neg /y exch def counttomark 2 idiv {y moveto show} repeat}
	{neg moveto {2 index stringwidth pop sub exch div 0 32 4 -1 roll widthshow} repeat}
	{neg moveto {spacewidth sub 0.0 32 4 -1 roll widthshow} repeat}
	{counttomark 2 idiv {y moveto show} repeat}
	{neg setfunnytext}
] def

/setdecoding {/t decodingdefs 3 -1 roll get bind def} bind def

/w {neg moveto show} bind def
/m {neg dup /y exch def moveto} bind def
/done {/lastpage where {pop lastpage} if} def

/f {
	dup /font exch def findfont exch
	dup /ptsize exch def scaling div dup /size exch def scalefont setfont
	linewidth ptsize mul scaling 10 mul div setlinewidth
	/spacewidth ( ) stringwidth pop def
} bind def

/changefont {
	/fontheight exch def
	/fontslant exch def
	currentfont [
		1 0
		fontheight ptsize div fontslant sin mul fontslant cos div
		fontheight ptsize div
		0 0
	] makefont setfont
} bind def

/sf {f} bind def

/cf {
	dup length 2 idiv
	/entries exch def
	/chtab exch def
	/newencoding exch def
	/newfont exch def

	findfont dup length 1 add dict
	/newdict exch def
	{1 index /FID ne {newdict 3 1 roll put}{pop pop} ifelse} forall

	newencoding type /arraytype eq {newdict /Encoding newencoding put} if

	newdict /Metrics entries dict put
	newdict /Metrics get
	begin
		chtab aload pop
		1 1 entries {pop def} for
		newfont newdict definefont pop
	end
} bind def

%
% A few arrays used to adjust reference points and character widths in some
% of the printer resident fonts. If square roots are too high try changing
% the lines describing /radical and /radicalex to,
%
%	/radical	[0 -75 550 0]
%	/radicalex	[-50 -75 500 0]
%
% Move braceleftbt a bit - default PostScript character is off a bit.
%

/Sdefs [
	/bracketlefttp		[201 500]
	/bracketleftbt		[201 500]
	/bracketrighttp		[-81 380]
	/bracketrightbt		[-83 380]
	/braceleftbt		[203 490]
	/bracketrightex		[220 -125 500 0]
	/radical		[0 0 550 0]
	/radicalex		[-50 0 500 0]
	/parenleftex		[-20 -170 0 0]
	/integral		[100 -50 500 0]
	/infinity		[10 -75 730 0]
] def

/S1defs [
	/underscore		[0 80 500 0]
	/endash			[7 90 650 0]
] def
%
% Tries to round clipping path dimensions, as stored in array pagebbox, so they
% match one of the known sizes in the papersizes array. Lower left coordinates
% are always set to 0.
%

/roundpagebbox {
    7 dict begin
	/papersizes [8.5 inch 11 inch 14 inch 17 inch] def

	/mappapersize {
		/val exch def
		/slop .5 inch def
		/diff slop def
		/j 0 def
		0 1 papersizes length 1 sub {
			/i exch def
			papersizes i get val sub abs
			dup diff le {/diff exch def /j i def} {pop} ifelse
		} for
		diff slop lt {papersizes j get} {val} ifelse
	} def

	pagebbox 0 0 put
	pagebbox 1 0 put
	pagebbox dup 2 get mappapersize 2 exch put
	pagebbox dup 3 get mappapersize 3 exch put
    end
} bind def

%%EndProlog
%%BeginSetup
mark
%
% Encoding vector and redefinition of findfont for the ISO Latin1 standard.
% The 18 characters missing from ROM based fonts on older printers are noted
% below.
%

/ISOLatin1Encoding [
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/.notdef
	/space
	/exclam
	/quotedbl
	/numbersign
	/dollar
	/percent
	/ampersand
	/quoteright
	/parenleft
	/parenright
	/asterisk
	/plus
	/comma
	/minus
	/period
	/slash
	/zero
	/one
	/two
	/three
	/four
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1 pagesetup
12 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(Using) 2558 1230 w
11 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(SPIN) 2951 1230 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(Gerard J. Holzmann) 2395 1470 w
(gerard@plan9.bell-labs.com) 2183 1590 w
(ABSTRACT) 2626 2030 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 1330 2290 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(can) 1558 2290 w
(be) 1762 2290 w
(used) 1917 2290 w
(for) 2185 2290 w
(proving) 2360 2290 w
(or) 2766 2290 w
(disproving) 2904 2290 w
(logical) 3453 2290 w
(properties) 3805 2290 w
(of) 4339 2290 w
(con\255) 4473 2290 w
(current) 1080 2410 w
(systems.) 1467 2410 w
(To) 1959 2410 w
(render) 2120 2410 w
(the) 2476 2410 w
(proofs,) 2668 2410 w
(a) 3051 2410 w
(concurrent) 3143 2410 w
(system) 3704 2410 w
(is) 4081 2410 w
(first) 4198 2410 w
(mod\255) 4430 2410 w
(eled) 1080 2530 w
(in) 1339 2530 w
(a) 1485 2530 w
(formal) 1595 2530 w
(specification) 1966 2530 w
(language) 2632 2530 w
(called) 3130 2530 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 3468 2530 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 3881 2530 w
(The) 4000 2530 w
(language) 4237 2530 w
(allows) 1080 2650 w
(one) 1442 2650 w
(to) 1681 2650 w
(specify) 1838 2650 w
(the) 2236 2650 w
(behaviors) 2450 2650 w
(of) 2979 2650 w
(asynchronously) 3136 2650 w
(executing) 3947 2650 w
(pro\255) 4482 2650 w
(cesses) 1080 2770 w
(that) 1436 2770 w
(may) 1667 2770 w
(interact) 1907 2770 w
(through) 2316 2770 w
(synchronous) 2744 2770 w
(or) 3401 2770 w
(asynchronous) 3544 2770 w
(message) 4256 2770 w
(passing, or through direct access to shared variables.) 1080 2890 w
(System) 1080 3046 w
(models) 1467 3046 w
(specified) 1864 3046 w
(in) 2343 3046 w
(this) 2478 3046 w
(way) 2701 3046 w
(can) 2930 3046 w
(be) 3143 3046 w
(verified) 3307 3046 w
(for) 3715 3046 w
(both) 3899 3046 w
(safety) 4167 3046 w
(and) 4500 3046 w
(liveness) 1080 3166 w
(properties.) 1506 3166 w
(The) 2076 3166 w
(specification) 2297 3166 w
(of) 2948 3166 w
(general) 3086 3166 w
(properties) 3487 3166 w
(in) 4024 3166 w
(linear) 4154 3166 w
(time) 4465 3166 w
(temporal logic is also supported.) 1080 3286 w
(The) 1080 3442 w
(first) 1296 3442 w
(part) 1526 3442 w
(of) 1757 3442 w
(this) 1890 3442 w
(manual) 2104 3442 w
(discusses) 2495 3442 w
(the) 2995 3442 w
(basic) 3185 3442 w
(features) 3469 3442 w
(of) 3900 3442 w
(the) 4034 3442 w
(specifica\255) 4225 3442 w
(tion language) 1080 3562 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 1776 3562 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 2189 3562 w
(The second part describes the verifier) 2285 3562 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 4155 3562 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 4347 3562 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.) 720 3922 w
(The Language) 873 3922 w
9 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(PROMELA) 1630 3922 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 720 4078 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 1173 4078 w
(short) 1293 4078 w
(for) 1585 4078 w
(Protocol) 1764 4078 w
(Meta) 2200 4078 w
(Language) 2474 4078 w
([Ho91].) 2982 4078 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 3408 4078 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 3862 4078 w
(a) 3983 4078 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(modeling) 4079 4078 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(language,) 4565 4078 w
(not) 720 4198 w
(a) 931 4198 w
(programming) 1037 4198 w
(language.) 1750 4198 w
(A) 2308 4198 w
(formal) 2428 4198 w
(model) 2795 4198 w
(differs) 3148 4198 w
(in) 3513 4198 w
(two) 3655 4198 w
(essential) 3880 4198 w
(ways) 4356 4198 w
(from) 4641 4198 w
(an) 4923 4198 w
(implementation.) 720 4318 w
(First,) 1585 4318 w
(a) 1869 4318 w
(model) 1964 4318 w
(is) 2306 4318 w
(meant) 2426 4318 w
(to) 2769 4318 w
(be) 2907 4318 w
(an) 3066 4318 w
(abstraction) 3223 4318 w
(of) 3805 4318 w
(a) 3943 4318 w
(design) 4038 4318 w
(that) 4401 4318 w
(contains) 4632 4318 w
(only) 720 4438 w
(those) 961 4438 w
(aspects) 1265 4438 w
(of) 1666 4438 w
(the) 1801 4438 w
(design) 1993 4438 w
(that) 2353 4438 w
(are) 2581 4438 w
(directly) 2770 4438 w
(relevant) 3165 4438 w
(to) 3590 4438 w
(the) 3725 4438 w
(properties) 3917 4438 w
(one) 4451 4438 w
(is) 4666 4438 w
(inter\255) 4782 4438 w
(ested) 720 4558 w
(in) 1017 4558 w
(proving.) 1142 4558 w
(Second,) 1610 4558 w
(a) 2023 4558 w
(formal) 2112 4558 w
(model) 2462 4558 w
(must) 2798 4558 w
(contain) 3075 4558 w
(things) 3466 4558 w
(that) 3804 4558 w
(are) 4030 4558 w
(typically) 4217 4558 w
(not) 4649 4558 w
(part) 4844 4558 w
(of) 720 4678 w
(an) 859 4678 w
(implementation,) 1017 4678 w
(such) 1852 4678 w
(as) 2119 4678 w
(worst-case) 2266 4678 w
(assumptions) 2845 4678 w
(about) 3501 4678 w
(the) 3820 4678 w
(behavior) 4016 4678 w
(of) 4475 4678 w
(the) 4613 4678 w
(envi\255) 4808 4678 w
(ronment) 720 4798 w
(that) 1167 4798 w
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(with) 2031 4798 w
(the) 2271 4798 w
(system) 2461 4798 w
(being) 2836 4798 w
(studied,) 3143 4798 w
(and) 3571 4798 w
(a) 3786 4798 w
(formal) 3876 4798 w
(statement) 4227 4798 w
(of) 4747 4798 w
(rel\255) 4881 4798 w
(evant) 720 4918 w
(correctness) 1018 4918 w
(properties.) 1611 4918 w
(It) 2176 4918 w
(is) 2277 4918 w
(possible) 2392 4918 w
(to) 2830 4918 w
(mechanically) 2963 4918 w
(extract) 3622 4918 w
(abstract) 3995 4918 w
(models) 4420 4918 w
(from) 4808 4918 w
(implementation level code, as discussed, for instance in [HS99].) 720 5038 w
(Verification) 720 5194 w
(with) 1318 5194 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 1569 5194 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 1807 5194 w
(often) 1933 5194 w
(performed) 2232 5194 w
(in) 2789 5194 w
(a) 2926 5194 w
(series) 3027 5194 w
(of) 3357 5194 w
(steps,) 3501 5194 w
(with) 3837 5194 w
(the) 4088 5194 w
(construction) 4290 5194 w
(of) 4942 5194 w
(increasingly) 720 5314 w
(detailed) 1363 5314 w
(models.) 1815 5314 w
(Each) 2296 5314 w
(model) 2582 5314 w
(can) 2948 5314 w
(be) 3180 5314 w
(verified) 3363 5314 w
(under) 3790 5314 w
(different) 4138 5314 w
(types) 4620 5314 w
(of) 4942 5314 w
(assumptions) 720 5434 w
(about) 1369 5434 w
(the) 1681 5434 w
(environment) 1870 5434 w
(and) 2515 5434 w
(for) 2730 5434 w
(different) 2904 5434 w
(types) 3357 5434 w
(of) 3651 5434 w
(correctness) 3784 5434 w
(properties.) 4377 5434 w
(If) 4974 5434 w
(a) 720 5554 w
(property) 810 5554 w
(is) 1259 5554 w
(not) 1374 5554 w
(valid) 1569 5554 w
(for) 1831 5554 w
(the) 2004 5554 w
(given) 2193 5554 w
(assumptions) 2488 5554 w
(about) 3137 5554 w
(system) 3449 5554 w
(behavior,) 3823 5554 w
(the) 4308 5554 w
(verifier) 4497 5554 w
(can) 4872 5554 w
(produce) 720 5674 w
(a) 1160 5674 w
(counter-example) 1258 5674 w
(that) 2142 5674 w
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(how) 3082 5674 w
(the) 3325 5674 w
(property) 3523 5674 w
(may) 3980 5674 w
(be) 4223 5674 w
(violated.) 4385 5674 w
(If) 4875 5674 w
(a) 4985 5674 w
(property) 720 5794 w
(is) 1170 5794 w
(valid,) 1286 5794 w
(it) 1582 5794 w
(may) 1684 5794 w
(be) 1920 5794 w
(possible) 2075 5794 w
(to) 2514 5794 w
(simplify) 2648 5794 w
(the) 3067 5794 w
(model) 3258 5794 w
(based) 3596 5794 w
(on) 3920 5794 w
(that) 4079 5794 w
(fact,) 4305 5794 w
(and) 4552 5794 w
(prove) 4767 5794 w
(still other properties.) 720 5914 w
(Section) 720 6070 w
(1.1) 1104 6070 w
(covers) 1296 6070 w
(the) 1642 6070 w
(basic) 1831 6070 w
(building) 2114 6070 w
(blocks) 2547 6070 w
(of) 2894 6070 w
(the) 3027 6070 w
(language.) 3217 6070 w
(Section) 3759 6070 w
(1.2) 4144 6070 w
(introduces) 4337 6070 w
(the) 4885 6070 w
(control) 720 6190 w
(flow) 1106 6190 w
(structures.) 1354 6190 w
(Section) 1950 6190 w
(1.3) 2343 6190 w
(explains) 2544 6190 w
(how) 2993 6190 w
(correctness) 3236 6190 w
(properties) 3837 6190 w
(are) 4378 6190 w
(specified.) 4573 6190 w
(Section) 720 6310 w
(1.4) 1103 6310 w
(concludes) 1295 6310 w
(the) 1815 6310 w
(first) 2004 6310 w
(part) 2233 6310 w
(with) 2463 6310 w
(a) 2702 6310 w
(discussion) 2791 6310 w
(of) 3335 6310 w
(special) 3467 6310 w
(predefined) 3835 6310 w
(variables) 4395 6310 w
(and) 4860 6310 w
(functions that can be used to express some correctness properties.) 720 6430 w
(Up) 720 6586 w
(to) 984 6586 w
(date) 1214 6586 w
(manual) 1557 6586 w
(pages) 2045 6586 w
(for) 2464 6586 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 2736 6586 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(can) 3061 6586 w
(always) 3362 6586 w
(be) 3814 6586 w
(found) 4066 6586 w
(online) 4484 6586 w
(at:) 4916 6586 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/what/spin/Man/) 720 6706 w
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10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 2 \255) 2783 480 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.1.) 720 840 w
(Basics) 962 840 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(A) 720 996 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 821 996 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(model can contain three different types of objects:) 1266 996 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 1152 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Processes \(section 1.1.1\),) 1058 1152 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 1272 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Variables \(section 1.1.2\),) 1058 1272 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 1392 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Message channels \(section 1.1.3\).) 1058 1392 w
(All) 720 1548 w
(processes) 881 1548 w
(are) 1396 1548 w
(global) 1582 1548 w
(objects.) 1915 1548 w
(For) 2362 1548 w
(obvious) 2552 1548 w
(reasons,) 2965 1548 w
(a) 3408 1548 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 3497 1548 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(model) 3944 1548 w
(must) 4280 1548 w
(contain) 4557 1548 w
(at) 4948 1548 w
(least) 720 1668 w
(one) 986 1668 w
(process) 1203 1668 w
(to) 1614 1668 w
(be) 1749 1668 w
(meaningful.) 1905 1668 w
(Since) 2553 1668 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 2842 1668 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 3071 1668 w
(specifically) 3188 1668 w
(meant) 3757 1668 w
(to) 4097 1668 w
(prove) 4232 1668 w
(properties) 4542 1668 w
(of concurrent systems, a model typically contains more than one process.) 720 1788 w
(Message) 720 1944 w
(channels) 1183 1944 w
(and) 1657 1944 w
(variables,) 1883 1944 w
(the) 2392 1944 w
(two) 2593 1944 w
(basic) 2814 1944 w
(types) 3109 1944 w
(of) 3415 1944 w
(data) 3560 1944 w
(objects,) 3817 1944 w
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(be) 4460 1944 w
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(with) 720 2064 w
(either) 977 2064 w
(a) 1310 2064 w
(global) 1417 2064 w
(scope) 1768 2064 w
(or) 2101 2064 w
(a) 2254 2064 w
(local) 2360 2064 w
(scope.) 2636 2064 w
(A) 3033 2064 w
(data) 3153 2064 w
(object) 3414 2064 w
(with) 3763 2064 w
(global) 4019 2064 w
(scope) 4369 2064 w
(can) 4702 2064 w
(be) 4921 2064 w
(referred to by all processes.) 720 2184 w
(A data) 2142 2184 w
(object) 2486 2184 w
(with) 2817 2184 w
(a) 3055 2184 w
(local) 3143 2184 w
(scope) 3401 2184 w
(can) 3716 2184 w
(be) 3917 2184 w
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(to) 4493 2184 w
(by) 4624 2184 w
(just) 4772 2184 w
(a) 4985 2184 w
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(process:) 1070 2304 w
(the) 1536 2304 w
(process) 1751 2304 w
(that) 2185 2304 w
(declares) 2436 2304 w
(and) 2898 2304 w
(instantiates) 3138 2304 w
(the) 3759 2304 w
(object.) 3974 2304 w
(As) 4396 2304 w
(usual,) 4576 2304 w
(all) 4927 2304 w
(objects must be declared in the specification before they are referenced.) 720 2424 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.1.1.) 720 2664 w
(Processes) 1051 2664 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Here is a simple process that does nothing except print a line of text:) 720 2820 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(init) 1008 2990 w
({) 1333 2990 w
(printf\("it) 1528 3100 w
(works\\n"\)) 2243 3100 w
(}) 1008 3210 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(There) 720 3390 w
(are) 1042 3390 w
(a) 1238 3390 w
(few) 1337 3390 w
(things) 1551 3390 w
(to) 1898 3390 w
(note.) 2040 3390 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Init) 2364 3390 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 2696 3390 w
(a) 2821 3390 w
(predefined) 2921 3390 w
(keyword) 3492 3390 w
(from) 3945 3390 w
(the) 4222 3390 w
(language.) 4422 3390 w
(It) 4974 3390 w
(can) 720 3510 w
(be) 921 3510 w
(used) 1073 3510 w
(to) 1338 3510 w
(declare) 1469 3510 w
(and) 1853 3510 w
(instantiate) 2066 3510 w
(a) 2609 3510 w
(single) 2697 3510 w
(initial) 3019 3510 w
(process) 3322 3510 w
(in) 3729 3510 w
(the) 3853 3510 w
(model.) 4041 3510 w
(\(It) 4440 3510 w
(is compa\255) 4572 3510 w
(rable) 720 3630 w
(to) 1004 3630 w
(the) 1142 3630 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(main) 1338 3630 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(procedure) 1667 3630 w
(of) 2202 3630 w
(a) 2341 3630 w
(C) 2437 3630 w
(program.\)) 2547 3630 w
(The) 3101 3630 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(init) 3323 3630 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(process) 3652 3630 w
(does) 4067 3630 w
(not) 4339 3630 w
(take) 4540 3630 w
(argu\255) 4787 3630 w
(ments,) 720 3750 w
(but) 1085 3750 w
(it) 1281 3750 w
(can) 1381 3750 w
(start) 1583 3750 w
(up) 1838 3750 w
(\(instantiate\)) 1997 3750 w
(other) 2607 3750 w
(processes) 2898 3750 w
(that) 3413 3750 w
(do.) 3638 3750 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Printf) 3860 3750 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 4326 3750 w
(one) 4439 3750 w
(of) 4651 3750 w
(a) 4782 3750 w
(few) 4870 3750 w
(built-in procedures in the language.) 720 3870 w
(It behaves the same as the C) 2547 3870 w
(version.) 3973 3870 w
(Note,) 4422 3870 w
(finally,) 4715 3870 w
(that) 720 3990 w
(no) 970 3990 w
(semicolon) 1152 3990 w
(follows) 1704 3990 w
(the) 2108 3990 w
(single) 2322 3990 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(printf) 2670 3990 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(statement) 3161 3990 w
(in) 3704 3990 w
(the) 3854 3990 w
(above) 4068 3990 w
(example.) 4414 3990 w
(In) 4949 3990 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 720 4110 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(, semicolons) 1133 4110 w
(are) 1774 4110 w
(used) 1959 4110 w
(as) 2224 4110 w
(statement) 2363 4110 w
(separators,) 2880 4110 w
(not) 3456 4110 w
(statement) 3649 4110 w
(terminators.) 4166 4110 w
(\(The) 4826 4110 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 720 4230 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(parser, however, is lenient on this issue.\)) 944 4230 w
(Any) 720 4386 w
(process) 948 4386 w
(can) 1367 4386 w
(start) 1580 4386 w
(new) 1847 4386 w
(processes) 2088 4386 w
(by) 2615 4386 w
(using) 2776 4386 w
(another) 3088 4386 w
(built-in) 3508 4386 w
(procedure) 3923 4386 w
(called) 4463 4386 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(run) 4792 4386 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 5008 4386 w
(For example,) 720 4506 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(proctype) 1008 4676 w
(you_run\(byte) 1593 4676 w
(x\)) 2438 4676 w
({) 1008 4786 w
(printf\("my) 1528 4896 w
(x) 2243 4896 w
(is:) 2373 4896 w
(%d\\n",) 2633 4896 w
(x\)) 3088 4896 w
(}) 1008 5006 w
(init) 1008 5236 w
({) 1333 5236 w
(run) 1528 5346 w
(you_run\(1\);) 1788 5346 w
(run) 1528 5456 w
(you_run\(2\)) 1788 5456 w
(}) 1008 5566 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 5746 w
(word) 941 5746 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(proctype) 1223 5746 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 1839 5746 w
(again) 1959 5746 w
(a) 2262 5746 w
(keyword) 2357 5746 w
(that) 2805 5746 w
(introduces) 3036 5746 w
(the) 3589 5746 w
(declaration) 3784 5746 w
(of) 4363 5746 w
(a) 4501 5746 w
(new) 4596 5746 w
(type) 4832 5746 w
(of) 720 5866 w
(process.) 874 5866 w
(In) 1368 5866 w
(this) 1515 5866 w
(case,) 1750 5866 w
(we) 2051 5866 w
(have) 2240 5866 w
(named) 2521 5866 w
(that) 2906 5866 w
(type) 3153 5866 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(you_run) 3417 5866 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 3977 5866 w
(declared) 4212 5866 w
(that) 4681 5866 w
(all) 4927 5866 w
(instantiations) 720 5986 w
(of) 1423 5986 w
(processes) 1567 5986 w
(of) 2094 5986 w
(this) 2238 5986 w
(type) 2463 5986 w
(will) 2717 5986 w
(take) 2927 5986 w
(one) 3179 5986 w
(argument:) 3404 5986 w
(a) 3983 5986 w
(data) 4085 5986 w
(object) 4342 5986 w
(of) 4687 5986 w
(type) 4832 5986 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(byte) 720 6106 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 1008 6106 w
(that) 1101 6106 w
(can) 1353 6106 w
(be) 1582 6106 w
(referred) 1762 6106 w
(to) 2214 6106 w
(within) 2372 6106 w
(this) 2728 6106 w
(process) 2967 6106 w
(by) 3401 6106 w
(the) 3576 6106 w
(name) 3791 6106 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(x) 4117 6106 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 4189 6106 w
(Instances) 4313 6106 w
(of) 4827 6106 w
(a) 4985 6106 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(proctype) 720 6226 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(can) 1335 6226 w
(be) 1542 6226 w
(created) 1700 6226 w
(with) 2098 6226 w
(the) 2342 6226 w
(predefined) 2536 6226 w
(procedure) 3101 6226 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(run) 3634 6226 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 3850 6226 w
(as) 3921 6226 w
(shown) 4066 6226 w
(in) 4418 6226 w
(the) 4548 6226 w
(exam\255) 4742 6226 w
(ple.) 720 6346 w
(When) 975 6346 w
(the) 1284 6346 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(run) 1482 6346 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(statement) 1741 6346 w
(completes,) 2267 6346 w
(a) 2838 6346 w
(copy) 2935 6346 w
(of) 3204 6346 w
(the) 3344 6346 w
(process) 3541 6346 w
(has) 3957 6346 w
(been) 4167 6346 w
(started,) 4446 6346 w
(and) 4860 6346 w
(all) 720 6466 w
(its) 872 6466 w
(arguments) 1028 6466 w
(have) 1586 6466 w
(been) 1850 6466 w
(initialized) 2127 6466 w
(with) 2642 6466 w
(the) 2887 6466 w
(arguments) 3082 6466 w
(provided.) 3641 6466 w
(The) 4173 6466 w
(process) 4394 6466 w
(may,) 4808 6466 w
(but) 720 6586 w
(need) 922 6586 w
(not,) 1199 6586 w
(have) 1430 6586 w
(performed) 1694 6586 w
(any) 2244 6586 w
(statement) 2452 6586 w
(executions) 2975 6586 w
(at) 3540 6586 w
(this) 3671 6586 w
(point.) 3889 6586 w
(It) 4244 6586 w
(is) 4349 6586 w
(now) 4468 6586 w
(part) 4707 6586 w
(of) 4942 6586 w
(the) 720 6706 w
(concurrent) 911 6706 w
(system,) 1471 6706 w
(and) 1879 6706 w
(its) 2095 6706 w
(execution) 2249 6706 w
(can) 2761 6706 w
(be) 2966 6706 w
(interleaved) 3122 6706 w
(arbitrarily) 3695 6706 w
(with) 4204 6706 w
(those) 4446 6706 w
(of) 4750 6706 w
(the) 4885 6706 w
(other,) 720 6826 w
(already) 1064 6826 w
(executing) 1470 6826 w
(processes.) 2001 6826 w
(\(More) 2601 6826 w
(about) 2933 6826 w
(the) 3266 6826 w
(semantics) 3475 6826 w
(of) 4014 6826 w
(execution) 4166 6826 w
(follows) 4695 6826 w
(shortly.\)) 720 6946 w
(In) 720 7102 w
(many) 848 7102 w
(cases,) 1147 7102 w
(we) 1480 7102 w
(are) 1650 7102 w
(only) 1839 7102 w
(interested) 2080 7102 w
(in) 2605 7102 w
(creating) 2733 7102 w
(a) 3163 7102 w
(single) 3255 7102 w
(instance) 3581 7102 w
(of) 4022 7102 w
(each) 4158 7102 w
(process) 4420 7102 w
(type) 4832 7102 w
(that) 720 7222 w
(is) 975 7222 w
(declared,) 1119 7222 w
(and) 1629 7222 w
(the) 1873 7222 w
(processes) 2092 7222 w
(require) 2637 7222 w
(no) 3049 7222 w
(arguments.) 3235 7222 w
(We) 3881 7222 w
(can) 4086 7222 w
(define) 4317 7222 w
(this) 4683 7222 w
(by) 4925 7222 w
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10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 3 \255) 2783 480 w
(prefixing) 720 840 w
(the) 1202 840 w
(keyword) 1399 840 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(proctype) 1849 840 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(from) 2467 840 w
(the) 2741 840 w
(process) 2938 840 w
(declaration) 3354 840 w
(with) 3935 840 w
(another) 4183 840 w
(keyword:) 4600 840 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(active) 720 960 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 1152 960 w
(Instances) 1256 960 w
(of) 1750 960 w
(all) 1888 960 w
(active) 2041 960 w
(proctypes) 2361 960 w
(are) 2876 960 w
(created) 3068 960 w
(when) 3467 960 w
(the) 3764 960 w
(system) 3959 960 w
(itself) 4339 960 w
(is) 4618 960 w
(initial\255) 4737 960 w
(ized.) 720 1080 w
(We) 1040 1080 w
(could,) 1233 1080 w
(for) 1582 1080 w
(instance,) 1772 1080 w
(have) 2258 1080 w
(avoided) 2534 1080 w
(the) 2965 1080 w
(use) 3172 1080 w
(of) 3393 1080 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(init) 3543 1080 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(by) 3883 1080 w
(declaring) 4050 1080 w
(the) 4550 1080 w
(corre\255) 4757 1080 w
(sponding process in the last example as follows:) 720 1200 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(active) 1008 1370 w
(proctype) 1463 1370 w
(main\(\)) 2048 1370 w
({) 2503 1370 w
(run) 1528 1480 w
(you_run\(1\);) 1788 1480 w
(run) 1528 1590 w
(you_run\(2\)) 1788 1590 w
(}) 1008 1700 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Note) 720 1880 w
(that) 990 1880 w
(there) 1223 1880 w
(are) 1517 1880 w
(no) 1711 1880 w
(parameters) 1876 1880 w
(to) 2466 1880 w
(instantiate) 2606 1880 w
(in) 3158 1880 w
(this) 3291 1880 w
(case.) 3512 1880 w
(Had) 3831 1880 w
(they) 4065 1880 w
(been) 4314 1880 w
(declared,) 4594 1880 w
(they) 720 2000 w
(would) 965 2000 w
(default) 1295 2000 w
(to) 1672 2000 w
(a) 1808 2000 w
(zero) 1901 2000 w
(value,) 2154 2000 w
(just) 2478 2000 w
(like) 2696 2000 w
(all) 2906 2000 w
(other) 3057 2000 w
(data) 3352 2000 w
(objects) 3600 2000 w
(that) 3987 2000 w
(are) 4216 2000 w
(not) 4406 2000 w
(explicitly) 4604 2000 w
(instantiated.) 720 2120 w
(Multiple copies of a process type can also be created in this way.) 720 2276 w
(For example:) 3933 2276 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(active) 1008 2446 w
([4]) 1463 2446 w
(proctype) 1723 2446 w
(try_me\(\)) 2308 2446 w
({) 2893 2446 w
(printf\("hi,) 1528 2556 w
(i) 2308 2556 w
(am) 2438 2556 w
(process) 2633 2556 w
(%d\\n",) 3153 2556 w
(_pid\)) 3608 2556 w
(}) 1008 2666 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(creates) 720 2846 w
(four) 1113 2846 w
(processes.) 1360 2846 w
(A) 1951 2846 w
(predefined) 2066 2846 w
(variable) 2638 2846 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(_pid) 3064 2846 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 3398 2846 w
(assigned) 3524 2846 w
(to) 3999 2846 w
(each) 4144 2846 w
(running) 4415 2846 w
(pro\255) 4842 2846 w
(cess,) 720 2966 w
(and) 998 2966 w
(holds) 1215 2966 w
(its) 1518 2966 w
(unique) 1672 2966 w
(process) 2043 2966 w
(instantiation) 2454 2966 w
(number.) 3097 2966 w
(In) 3575 2966 w
(some) 3703 2966 w
(cases,) 4000 2966 w
(this) 4332 2966 w
(number) 4547 2966 w
(is) 4960 2966 w
(needed when a reference has to be made to a specific process.) 720 3086 w
(Summarizing:) 720 3242 w
(process) 1457 3242 w
(behavior) 1867 3242 w
(is) 2322 3242 w
(declared) 2438 3242 w
(in) 2888 3242 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(proctype) 3015 3242 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(definitions,) 3627 3242 w
(and) 4211 3242 w
(it) 4427 3242 w
(is) 4529 3242 w
(instanti\255) 4645 3242 w
(ated) 720 3362 w
(with) 967 3362 w
(either) 1208 3362 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(run) 1525 3362 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(statements) 1777 3362 w
(or) 2348 3362 w
(with) 2485 3362 w
(the) 2725 3362 w
(prefix) 2915 3362 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(active) 3237 3362 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 3669 3362 w
(Within) 3768 3362 w
(a) 4108 3362 w
(proctype) 4198 3362 w
(declara\255) 4657 3362 w
(tion, statements are separated) 720 3482 w
(\(not) 2234 3482 w
(terminated\)) 2460 3482 w
(by) 3055 3482 w
(semicolons.) 3203 3482 w
(As) 3844 3482 w
(we) 3997 3482 w
(shall) 4163 3482 w
(see) 4422 3482 w
(in) 4618 3482 w
(exam\255) 4742 3482 w
(ples) 720 3602 w
(that) 955 3602 w
(follow,) 1182 3602 w
(instead) 1544 3602 w
(of) 1932 3602 w
(the) 2065 3602 w
(semicolon,) 2255 3602 w
(one) 2815 3602 w
(can) 3029 3602 w
(also) 3232 3602 w
(use) 3463 3602 w
(the) 3667 3602 w
(alternative) 3857 3602 w
(separator) 4401 3602 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(->) 4896 3602 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\(arrow\), wherever that may help to clarify the structure of a) 720 3722 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 3625 3722 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(model.) 4070 3722 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(Semantics of Execution) 720 3962 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(In) 720 4118 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 855 4118 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(there) 1312 4118 w
(is) 1608 4118 w
(no) 1732 4118 w
(difference) 1899 4118 w
(between) 2431 4118 w
(a) 2882 4118 w
(condition) 2981 4118 w
(or) 3480 4118 w
(expression) 3626 4118 w
(and) 4201 4118 w
(a) 4425 4118 w
(statement.) 4524 4118 w
(Fundamental) 720 4238 w
(to) 1383 4238 w
(the) 1516 4238 w
(semantics) 1706 4238 w
(of) 2225 4238 w
(the) 2357 4238 w
(language) 2546 4238 w
(is) 3023 4238 w
(the) 3137 4238 w
(notion) 3326 4238 w
(of) 3672 4238 w
(the) 3804 4238 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(executability) 3993 4238 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(of) 4639 4238 w
(state\255) 4771 4238 w
(ments.) 720 4358 w
(Statements) 1116 4358 w
(are) 1687 4358 w
(either) 1872 4358 w
(executable) 2186 4358 w
(or) 2745 4358 w
(blocked.) 2880 4358 w
(Executability) 3358 4358 w
(is) 4006 4358 w
(the) 4119 4358 w
(basic) 4308 4358 w
(means) 4591 4358 w
(of) 4942 4358 w
(enforcing synchronization between the processes in a distributed system.) 720 4478 w
(A process can) 4365 4478 w
(wait) 720 4598 w
(for) 973 4598 w
(an) 1167 4598 w
(event) 1339 4598 w
(to) 1657 4598 w
(happen) 1810 4598 w
(by) 2226 4598 w
(waiting) 2396 4598 w
(for) 2802 4598 w
(a) 2997 4598 w
(statement) 3108 4598 w
(to) 3648 4598 w
(become) 3802 4598 w
(executable.) 4238 4598 w
(For) 4884 4598 w
(instance, instead of writing a busy wait loop:) 720 4718 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(while) 1008 4888 w
(\(a) 1398 4888 w
(!=) 1593 4888 w
(b\)) 1788 4888 w
(/*) 2048 4888 w
(not) 2243 4888 w
(valid) 2503 4888 w
(Promela) 2893 4888 w
(syntax) 3413 4888 w
(*/) 3868 4888 w
(skip;) 1528 4998 w
(/*) 2048 4998 w
(wait) 2243 4998 w
(for) 2568 4998 w
(a==b) 2828 4998 w
(*/) 3153 4998 w
(...) 1008 5108 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(we achieve the same effect in) 720 5288 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 2181 5288 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(with the statement) 2626 5288 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(\(a) 1008 5458 w
(==) 1203 5458 w
(b\);) 1398 5458 w
(...) 1008 5568 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Often) 720 5748 w
(we) 1036 5748 w
(indicate) 1216 5748 w
(that) 1645 5748 w
(the) 1883 5748 w
(continuation) 2085 5748 w
(of) 2740 5748 w
(an) 2885 5748 w
(execution) 3049 5748 w
(is) 3571 5748 w
(conditional) 3698 5748 w
(on) 4284 5748 w
(the) 4454 5748 w
(truth) 4656 5748 w
(of) 4942 5748 w
(some expression by using the alternate statement separator:) 720 5868 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(\(a) 1008 6038 w
(==) 1203 6038 w
(b\)) 1398 6038 w
(->) 1593 6038 w
(...) 1788 6038 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Assignments) 720 6218 w
(and) 1385 6218 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(printf) 1608 6218 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(statements) 2083 6218 w
(are) 2661 6218 w
(always) 2856 6218 w
(executable) 3218 6218 w
(in) 3787 6218 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 3921 6218 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 4334 6218 w
(A) 4441 6218 w
(condition,) 4553 6218 w
(however,) 720 6338 w
(can) 1199 6338 w
(only) 1409 6338 w
(be) 1655 6338 w
(executed) 1816 6338 w
(\(passed\)) 2299 6338 w
(when) 2745 6338 w
(it) 3043 6338 w
(holds.) 3150 6338 w
(If) 3521 6338 w
(the) 3628 6338 w
(condition) 3824 6338 w
(does) 4320 6338 w
(not) 4592 6338 w
(hold,) 4793 6338 w
(execution) 720 6458 w
(blocks) 1232 6458 w
(until) 1583 6458 w
(it) 1840 6458 w
(does.) 1944 6458 w
(There) 2277 6458 w
(are) 2593 6458 w
(similar) 2783 6458 w
(rules) 3148 6458 w
(for) 3425 6458 w
(determining) 3602 6458 w
(the) 4230 6458 w
(executability) 4423 6458 w
(of) 720 6578 w
(all) 853 6578 w
(other) 1001 6578 w
(primitive) 1293 6578 w
(and) 1757 6578 w
(compound) 1972 6578 w
(statements) 2523 6578 w
(in) 3093 6578 w
(the) 3219 6578 w
(language.) 3409 6578 w
(The) 3950 6578 w
(semantics) 4165 6578 w
(of) 4684 6578 w
(each) 4816 6578 w
(statement) 720 6698 w
(is) 1250 6698 w
(defined) 1376 6698 w
(in) 1788 6698 w
(terms) 1925 6698 w
(of) 2249 6698 w
(rules) 2393 6698 w
(for) 2678 6698 w
(executability) 2863 6698 w
(and) 3526 6698 w
(effect.) 3752 6698 w
(The) 4136 6698 w
(rules) 4363 6698 w
(for) 4648 6698 w
(exe\255) 4834 6698 w
(cutability) 720 6818 w
(set) 1199 6818 w
(a) 1378 6818 w
(precondition) 1468 6818 w
(on) 2118 6818 w
(the) 2276 6818 w
(state) 2466 6818 w
(of) 2737 6818 w
(the) 2869 6818 w
(system) 3058 6818 w
(in) 3432 6818 w
(which) 3557 6818 w
(a) 3872 6818 w
(statement) 3961 6818 w
(can) 4479 6818 w
(be) 4681 6818 w
(exe\255) 4834 6818 w
(cuted.) 720 6938 w
(The effect defines how a statement will alter a system state when executed.) 1085 6938 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 720 7094 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(assumes) 1182 7094 w
(that) 1651 7094 w
(all) 1892 7094 w
(individual) 2055 7094 w
(statements) 2578 7094 w
(are) 3163 7094 w
(executed) 3365 7094 w
(atomically:) 3857 7094 w
(that) 4430 7094 w
(is,) 4671 7094 w
(they) 4833 7094 w
(model) 720 7214 w
(the) 1064 7214 w
(smallest) 1261 7214 w
(meaningful) 1704 7214 w
(entities) 2293 7214 w
(of) 2692 7214 w
(execution) 2831 7214 w
(in) 3347 7214 w
(the) 3479 7214 w
(system) 3675 7214 w
(being) 4056 7214 w
(studied.) 4369 7214 w
(This) 4835 7214 w
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10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 4 \255) 2783 480 w
(means) 720 840 w
(that) 1087 840 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 1328 840 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(defines) 1791 840 w
(the) 2195 840 w
(standard) 2400 840 w
(asynchronous) 2877 840 w
(interleaving) 3598 840 w
(model) 4219 840 w
(of) 4572 840 w
(execu\255) 4721 840 w
(tion,) 720 960 w
(where) 974 960 w
(a) 1299 960 w
(supposed) 1387 960 w
(scheduler) 1890 960 w
(is) 2394 960 w
(free) 2507 960 w
(at) 2730 960 w
(each) 2855 960 w
(point) 3112 960 w
(in) 3397 960 w
(the) 3521 960 w
(execution) 3709 960 w
(to) 4217 960 w
(select any one) 4348 960 w
(of) 720 1080 w
(the) 855 1080 w
(processes) 1047 1080 w
(to) 1565 1080 w
(proceed) 1700 1080 w
(by) 2128 1080 w
(executing) 2280 1080 w
(a) 2793 1080 w
(single) 2885 1080 w
(primitive) 3212 1080 w
(statement.) 3679 1080 w
(Synchronization) 4265 1080 w
(constraints) 720 1200 w
(can) 1306 1200 w
(be) 1523 1200 w
(used) 1691 1200 w
(to) 1972 1200 w
(influence) 2119 1200 w
(the) 2612 1200 w
(interleaving) 2816 1200 w
(patterns.) 3435 1200 w
(It) 3949 1200 w
(is) 4063 1200 w
(the) 4191 1200 w
(purpose) 4394 1200 w
(of) 4839 1200 w
(a) 4985 1200 w
(concurrent) 720 1320 w
(system) 1289 1320 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031) 1629 1320 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(s) 1661 1320 w
(design) 1757 1320 w
(to) 2125 1320 w
(constrain) 2268 1320 w
(those) 2762 1320 w
(patterns) 3075 1320 w
(in) 3523 1320 w
(such) 3660 1320 w
(a) 3932 1320 w
(way) 4033 1320 w
(that) 4263 1320 w
(no) 4500 1320 w
(correct\255) 4669 1320 w
(ness) 720 1440 w
(requirements) 981 1440 w
(can) 1669 1440 w
(be) 1878 1440 w
(violated,) 2038 1440 w
(and) 2493 1440 w
(all) 2714 1440 w
(service) 2868 1440 w
(requirements) 3245 1440 w
(are) 3933 1440 w
(met.) 4126 1440 w
(It) 4417 1440 w
(is) 4524 1440 w
(the) 4645 1440 w
(pur\255) 4841 1440 w
(pose) 720 1560 w
(of) 989 1560 w
(the) 1125 1560 w
(verifier) 1318 1560 w
(either) 1698 1560 w
(to) 2018 1560 w
(find) 2155 1560 w
(counter-examples) 2385 1560 w
(to) 3316 1560 w
(a) 3453 1560 w
(designer) 3547 1560 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031) 3967 1560 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(s) 3999 1560 w
(claim) 4089 1560 w
(that) 4385 1560 w
(this) 4615 1560 w
(goal) 4833 1560 w
(has been met, or to demonstrate that the claim is indeed valid.) 720 1680 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.1.2.) 720 1920 w
(Variables) 1051 1920 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 2076 w
(table) 945 2076 w
(summarizes) 1229 2076 w
(the) 1862 2076 w
(five) 2062 2076 w
(basic) 2281 2076 w
(data) 2575 2076 w
(types) 2830 2076 w
(used) 3134 2076 w
(in) 3411 2076 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 3547 2076 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 3960 2076 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Bit) 4069 2076 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 4330 2076 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(bool) 4555 2076 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(are) 4888 2076 w
(synonyms) 720 2196 w
(for) 1243 2196 w
(a) 1421 2196 w
(single) 1515 2196 w
(bit) 1843 2196 w
(of) 2011 2196 w
(information.) 2148 2196 w
(The) 2818 2196 w
(first) 3038 2196 w
(three) 3272 2196 w
(types) 3563 2196 w
(can) 3861 2196 w
(store) 4067 2196 w
(only) 4351 2196 w
(unsigned) 4593 2196 w
(quantities.) 720 2316 w
(The) 1306 2316 w
(last) 1528 2316 w
(two) 1741 2316 w
(can) 1958 2316 w
(hold) 2168 2316 w
(either) 2425 2316 w
(positive) 2748 2316 w
(or) 3168 2316 w
(negative) 3312 2316 w
(values.) 3763 2316 w
(The) 4174 2316 w
(precise) 4397 2316 w
(value) 4786 2316 w
(ranges) 720 2436 w
(of) 1089 2436 w
(variables) 1229 2436 w
(of) 1702 2436 w
(types) 1842 2436 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(short) 2142 2436 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 2543 2436 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(int) 2764 2436 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 3021 2436 w
(implementation) 3142 2436 w
(dependent,) 3945 2436 w
(and) 4536 2436 w
(corre\255) 4757 2436 w
(sponds) 720 2556 w
(to) 1109 2556 w
(those) 1245 2556 w
(of) 1550 2556 w
(the) 1686 2556 w
(same) 1879 2556 w
(types) 2173 2556 w
(in) 2471 2556 w
(C) 2601 2556 w
(programs) 2709 2556 w
(that) 3215 2556 w
(are) 3445 2556 w
(compiled) 3636 2556 w
(for) 4120 2556 w
(the) 4298 2556 w
(same) 4492 2556 w
(hard\255) 4786 2556 w
(ware.) 720 2676 w
(The values given in the table are most common.) 1045 2676 w
10 /S f
(_________________________) 2255 2746 w
(_________________________) 2255 2766 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(Type) 2255 2876 w
(Range) 2905 2876 w
10 /S f
(_________________________) 2255 2896 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(bit) 2255 3016 w
(0..1) 2905 3016 w
(bool) 2255 3136 w
(0..1) 2905 3136 w
(byte) 2255 3256 w
(0..255) 2905 3256 w
(short) 2255 3376 w
10 /S f
(-) 2851 3376 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(2) 2922 3376 w
7 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(15) 2990 3336 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.. 2) 3118 3376 w
7 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(15) 3282 3336 w
10 /S f
(-) 3394 3376 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(1) 3465 3376 w
(int) 2255 3496 w
10 /S f
(-) 2851 3496 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(2) 2922 3496 w
7 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(31) 2990 3456 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.. 2) 3118 3496 w
7 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(31) 3282 3456 w
10 /S f
(-) 3394 3496 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(1) 3465 3496 w
10 /S f
(_________________________) 2255 3516 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 3732 w
(following) 945 3732 w
(example) 1436 3732 w
(program) 1893 3732 w
(declares) 2353 3732 w
(a) 2799 3732 w
(array) 2898 3732 w
(of) 3186 3732 w
(two) 3328 3732 w
(elements) 3547 3732 w
(of) 4031 3732 w
(type) 4174 3732 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(bool) 4427 3732 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 4760 3732 w
(a) 4985 3732 w
(scalar) 720 3852 w
(variable) 1049 3852 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(turn) 1476 3852 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(of) 1810 3852 w
(the) 1954 3852 w
(same) 2155 3852 w
(type.) 2456 3852 w
(Note) 2774 3852 w
(that) 3048 3852 w
(the) 3285 3852 w
(example) 3486 3852 w
(relies) 3945 3852 w
(on) 4253 3852 w
(the) 4422 3852 w
(fact) 4623 3852 w
(that) 4849 3852 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(_pid) 720 3972 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is either 0 or 1 here.) 1040 3972 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(/*) 1008 4142 w
(*) 1073 4252 w
(Peterson's) 1203 4252 w
(algorithm) 1918 4252 w
(for) 2568 4252 w
(enforcing) 2828 4252 w
(*) 1073 4362 w
(mutual) 1203 4362 w
(exclusion) 1658 4362 w
(between) 2308 4362 w
(two) 2828 4362 w
(processes) 3088 4362 w
(*) 1073 4472 w
(competing) 1203 4472 w
(for) 1853 4472 w
(access) 2113 4472 w
(to) 2568 4472 w
(a) 2763 4472 w
(critical) 2893 4472 w
(section) 3478 4472 w
(*/) 1073 4582 w
(bool) 1008 4692 w
(turn,) 1333 4692 w
(want[2];) 1723 4692 w
(active) 1008 4912 w
([2]) 1463 4912 w
(proctype) 1723 4912 w
(user\(\)) 2308 4912 w
({) 1008 5022 w
(again:) 1008 5132 w
(want[_pid]) 1528 5242 w
(=) 2243 5242 w
(1;) 2373 5242 w
(turn) 2568 5242 w
(=) 2893 5242 w
(_pid;) 3023 5242 w
(/*) 1528 5462 w
(wait) 1723 5462 w
(until) 2048 5462 w
(this) 2438 5462 w
(condition) 2763 5462 w
(holds:) 3413 5462 w
(*/) 3868 5462 w
(\(want[1) 1528 5572 w
(-) 2048 5572 w
(_pid]) 2178 5572 w
(==) 2568 5572 w
(0) 2763 5572 w
(||) 2893 5572 w
(turn) 3088 5572 w
(==) 3413 5572 w
(1) 3608 5572 w
(-) 3738 5572 w
(_pid\);) 3868 5572 w
(/*) 1528 5792 w
(enter) 1723 5792 w
(*/) 2113 5792 w
(critical:) 1008 5902 w
(skip;) 2048 5902 w
(/*) 1528 6012 w
(leave) 1723 6012 w
(*/) 2113 6012 w
(want[_pid]) 1528 6232 w
(=) 2243 6232 w
(0;) 2373 6232 w
(goto) 1528 6342 w
(again) 1853 6342 w
(}) 1008 6452 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(In) 720 6632 w
(the) 850 6632 w
(above) 1044 6632 w
(case,) 1370 6632 w
(all) 1654 6632 w
(variables) 1806 6632 w
(are) 2276 6632 w
(initialized) 2467 6632 w
(to) 2981 6632 w
(zero.) 3118 6632 w
(The) 3436 6632 w
(general) 3656 6632 w
(syntax) 4056 6632 w
(for) 4413 6632 w
(declaring) 4592 6632 w
(and instantiating a variable, respectively for scalar and array variables, is:) 720 6752 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(type) 1008 6922 w
(name) 1333 6922 w
(=) 1658 6922 w
(expression;) 1788 6922 w
(type) 1008 7032 w
(name[constant]) 1333 7032 w
(=) 2308 7032 w
(expression) 2438 7032 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(In) 720 7212 w
(the) 846 7212 w
(latter) 1036 7212 w
(case,) 1327 7212 w
(all) 1608 7212 w
(elements) 1757 7212 w
(of) 2233 7212 w
(the) 2367 7212 w
(array) 2558 7212 w
(are) 2838 7212 w
(initialized) 3026 7212 w
(to) 3537 7212 w
(the) 3671 7212 w
(value) 3862 7212 w
(of) 4152 7212 w
(the) 4286 7212 w
(expression.) 4477 7212 w
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10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 5 \255) 2783 480 w
(A) 720 840 w
(missing) 824 840 w
(initializer) 1236 840 w
(fields) 1724 840 w
(defaults) 2024 840 w
(to) 2449 840 w
(the) 2582 840 w
(value) 2772 840 w
(zero.) 3061 840 w
(As) 3375 840 w
(usual,) 3530 840 w
(multiple) 3856 840 w
(variables) 4288 840 w
(of) 4753 840 w
(the) 4885 840 w
(same type can be grouped behind a single type name, as in:) 720 960 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(byte) 1008 1130 w
(a,) 1333 1130 w
(b[3],) 1528 1130 w
(c) 1918 1130 w
(=) 2048 1130 w
(4) 2178 1130 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(In) 720 1310 w
(this) 849 1310 w
(example,) 1066 1310 w
(the) 1549 1310 w
(variable) 1742 1310 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(c) 2160 1310 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 2270 1310 w
(initialized) 2388 1310 w
(to) 2901 1310 w
(the) 3037 1310 w
(value) 3230 1310 w
(4;) 3523 1310 w
(variable) 3657 1310 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(a) 4076 1310 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 4187 1310 w
(the) 4406 1310 w
(elements) 4600 1310 w
(of array) 720 1430 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(b) 1126 1430 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(are all initialized to zero.) 1230 1430 w
(Variables can also be declared as structures.) 720 1586 w
(For example:) 2944 1586 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(typedef) 1008 1756 w
(Field) 1528 1756 w
({) 1918 1756 w
(short) 1528 1866 w
(f) 1918 1866 w
(=) 2048 1866 w
(3;) 2178 1866 w
(byte) 1528 1976 w
(g) 1918 1976 w
(};) 1008 2086 w
(typedef) 1008 2306 w
(Msg) 1528 2306 w
({) 1788 2306 w
(byte) 1528 2416 w
(a[3];) 1853 2416 w
(int) 1528 2526 w
(fld1;) 1788 2526 w
(Field) 1528 2636 w
(fld2;) 1918 2636 w
(chan) 1528 2746 w
(p[3];) 1853 2746 w
(bit) 1528 2856 w
(b) 1788 2856 w
(};) 1008 2966 w
(Msg) 1008 3186 w
(foo;) 1268 3186 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(introduces) 720 3366 w
(two) 1270 3366 w
(user-defined) 1482 3366 w
(data) 2153 3366 w
(types,) 2400 3366 w
(the) 2728 3366 w
(first) 2920 3366 w
(named) 3153 3366 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Field) 3520 3366 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 3918 3366 w
(the) 4136 3366 w
(second) 4329 3366 w
(named) 4711 3366 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Msg) 720 3486 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 936 3486 w
(A) 1040 3486 w
(single) 1149 3486 w
(variable) 1478 3486 w
(named) 1898 3486 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(foo) 2266 3486 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(of) 2521 3486 w
(type) 2658 3486 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Msg) 2905 3486 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 3160 3486 w
(declared.) 3279 3486 w
(All) 3796 3486 w
(fields) 3962 3486 w
(of) 4266 3486 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(foo) 4403 3486 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(that) 4658 3486 w
(are) 4888 3486 w
(not) 720 3606 w
(explicitly) 920 3606 w
(initialized) 1396 3606 w
(\(in) 1911 3606 w
(the) 2075 3606 w
(example,) 2270 3606 w
(all) 2755 3606 w
(fields) 2908 3606 w
(except) 3213 3606 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(foo.fld2.f) 3578 3606 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\)) 4298 3606 w
(are) 4372 3606 w
(initialized) 4565 3606 w
(to zero.) 720 3726 w
(References to the elements of a structure are written as:) 1161 3726 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(foo.a[2]) 1008 3896 w
(=) 1593 3896 w
(foo.fld2.f) 1723 3896 w
(+) 2438 3896 w
(12) 2568 3896 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(A) 720 4076 w
(variable) 827 4076 w
(of) 1245 4076 w
(a) 1381 4076 w
(user-defined) 1474 4076 w
(type) 2146 4076 w
(can) 2392 4076 w
(be) 2598 4076 w
(passed) 2755 4076 w
(as) 3132 4076 w
(a) 3276 4076 w
(single) 3369 4076 w
(argument) 3696 4076 w
(to) 4202 4076 w
(a) 4338 4076 w
(new) 4432 4076 w
(process) 4666 4076 w
(in) 720 4196 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(run) 843 4196 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(statements.) 1091 4196 w
(For instance,) 1722 4196 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(proctype) 1008 4366 w
(me\(Msg) 1593 4366 w
(z\)) 2048 4366 w
({) 2243 4366 w
(z.a[2]) 1528 4476 w
(=) 1983 4476 w
(12) 2113 4476 w
(}) 1008 4586 w
(init) 1008 4696 w
({) 1333 4696 w
(Msg) 1528 4806 w
(foo;) 1788 4806 w
(run) 1528 4916 w
(me\(foo\)) 1788 4916 w
(}) 1008 5026 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Note) 720 5242 w
(that) 1032 5242 w
(even) 1307 5242 w
(though) 1617 5242 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 2047 5242 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(supports) 2544 5242 w
(only) 3057 5242 w
(one-dimensional) 3345 5242 w
(arrays,) 4256 5242 w
(a) 4667 5242 w
(two-) 4807 5242 w
(dimensional) 720 5362 w
(array) 1345 5362 w
(can) 1624 5362 w
(be) 1827 5362 w
(created) 1981 5362 w
(indirectly) 2375 5362 w
(with) 2859 5362 w
(user-defined) 3099 5362 w
(structures,) 3768 5362 w
(for) 4324 5362 w
(instance) 4497 5362 w
(as) 4934 5362 w
(follows:) 720 5482 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(typedef) 1008 5652 w
(Array) 1528 5652 w
({) 1918 5652 w
(byte) 1528 5762 w
(el[4]) 1853 5762 w
(};) 1008 5872 w
(Array) 1008 6092 w
(a[4];) 1398 6092 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(This) 720 6272 w
(creates) 974 6272 w
(a) 1370 6272 w
(data) 1474 6272 w
(structure) 1733 6272 w
(of) 2220 6272 w
(16) 2367 6272 w
(elements) 2542 6272 w
(that) 3031 6272 w
(can) 3272 6272 w
(be) 3490 6272 w
(referenced,) 3659 6272 w
(for) 4260 6272 w
(instance,) 4449 6272 w
(as) 4934 6272 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(a[i].el[j]) 720 6392 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 1440 6392 w
(As in C, the indices of an array of) 720 6548 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(N) 2373 6548 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(elements range from 0 to) 2477 6548 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(N-1) 3746 6548 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 3962 6548 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(Expressions) 720 6788 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Expressions) 720 6944 w
(must) 1365 6944 w
(be) 1673 6944 w
(side-effect) 1857 6944 w
(free) 2453 6944 w
(in) 2708 6944 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 2864 6944 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 3277 6944 w
(Specifically,) 3406 6944 w
(this) 4038 6944 w
(means) 4283 6944 w
(that) 4666 6944 w
(an) 4923 6944 w
(expression) 720 7064 w
(cannot) 1306 7064 w
(contain) 1689 7064 w
(assignments,) 2101 7064 w
(or) 2797 7064 w
(send) 2954 7064 w
(and) 3241 7064 w
(receive) 3476 7064 w
(operations) 3872 7064 w
(\(see) 4443 7064 w
(section) 4693 7064 w
(1.1.3\).) 720 7184 w
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10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 6 \255) 2783 480 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(c) 1008 830 w
(=) 1138 830 w
(c) 1268 830 w
(+) 1398 830 w
(1;) 1528 830 w
(c) 1723 830 w
(=) 1853 830 w
(c) 1983 830 w
(-) 2113 830 w
(1) 2243 830 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 720 1010 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(c++;) 1008 1180 w
(c--) 1333 1180 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(are assignments in) 720 1360 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 1668 1360 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(, with the same effects.) 2081 1360 w
(But, unlike in C,) 3277 1360 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(b) 1008 1530 w
(=) 1138 1530 w
(c++) 1268 1530 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 720 1710 w
(not) 833 1710 w
(a) 1026 1710 w
(valid) 1114 1710 w
(assignment,) 1376 1710 w
(because) 2000 1710 w
(the) 2428 1710 w
(right-hand) 2617 1710 w
(side) 3182 1710 w
(operand) 3415 1710 w
(is) 3850 1710 w
(not) 3964 1710 w
(a) 4158 1710 w
(valid) 4247 1710 w
(expression) 4509 1710 w
(in) 720 1830 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 843 1830 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\(it is not side-effect free\).) 1288 1830 w
(It) 720 1986 w
(is) 828 1986 w
(also) 950 1986 w
(possible) 1188 1986 w
(to) 1633 1986 w
(write) 1773 1986 w
(a) 2055 1986 w
(side-effect) 2152 1986 w
(free) 2726 1986 w
(conditional) 2959 1986 w
(expression,) 3541 1986 w
(with) 4147 1986 w
(the) 4395 1986 w
(following) 4593 1986 w
(syntax:) 720 2106 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(\(expr1) 1008 2276 w
(->) 1463 2276 w
(expr2) 1658 2276 w
(:) 2048 2276 w
(expr3\)) 2178 2276 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 2456 w
(parentheses) 938 2456 w
(around) 1565 2456 w
(the) 1946 2456 w
(conditional) 2138 2456 w
(expression) 2715 2456 w
(are) 3284 2456 w
(required) 3474 2456 w
(to) 3923 2456 w
(avoid) 4059 2456 w
(misinterpreta\255) 4357 2456 w
(tion) 720 2576 w
(of) 943 2576 w
(the) 1075 2576 w
(arrow.) 1264 2576 w
(The) 1637 2576 w
(example) 1852 2576 w
(expression) 2299 2576 w
(has) 2864 2576 w
(the) 3066 2576 w
(value) 3255 2576 w
(of) 3543 2576 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(expr2) 3675 2576 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(when) 4069 2576 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(expr1) 4360 2576 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(evalu\255) 4753 2576 w
(ates to a non-zero value, and the value of) 720 2696 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(expr3) 2791 2696 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(otherwise.) 3183 2696 w
(In assignments like) 720 2852 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(variable) 1008 3022 w
(=) 1593 3022 w
(expression) 1723 3022 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(the) 720 3202 w
(values) 920 3202 w
(of) 1270 3202 w
(all) 1413 3202 w
(operands) 1571 3202 w
(used) 2068 3202 w
(inside) 2345 3202 w
(the) 2680 3202 w
(expression) 2880 3202 w
(are) 3456 3202 w
(first) 3653 3202 w
(cast) 3893 3202 w
(to) 4133 3202 w
(signed) 4277 3202 w
(integers) 4646 3202 w
(before) 720 3322 w
(the) 1073 3322 w
(operands) 1267 3322 w
(are) 1758 3322 w
(applied.) 1949 3322 w
(After) 2410 3322 w
(the) 2689 3322 w
(evaluation) 2883 3322 w
(of) 3420 3322 w
(the) 3556 3322 w
(expression) 3749 3322 w
(completes,) 4318 3322 w
(the) 4885 3322 w
(value) 720 3442 w
(produced) 1021 3442 w
(is) 1528 3442 w
(cast) 1655 3442 w
(to) 1896 3442 w
(the) 2041 3442 w
(type) 2243 3442 w
(of) 2499 3442 w
(the) 2645 3442 w
(target) 2848 3442 w
(variable) 3184 3442 w
(before) 3612 3442 w
(the) 3974 3442 w
(assignment) 4177 3442 w
(takes) 4783 3442 w
(place.) 720 3562 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.1.3.) 720 3802 w
(Message Channels) 1051 3802 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Message) 720 3958 w
(channels) 1176 3958 w
(are) 1643 3958 w
(used) 1834 3958 w
(to) 2105 3958 w
(model) 2242 3958 w
(the) 2583 3958 w
(transfer) 2777 3958 w
(of) 3196 3958 w
(data) 3333 3958 w
(between) 3583 3958 w
(processes.) 4030 3958 w
(They) 4615 3958 w
(are) 4888 3958 w
(declared either locally or globally, for instance as follows:) 720 4078 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(chan) 1008 4248 w
(qname) 1333 4248 w
(=) 1723 4248 w
([16]) 1853 4248 w
(of) 2178 4248 w
({) 2373 4248 w
(short,) 2503 4248 w
(byte) 2958 4248 w
(}) 3283 4248 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 4428 w
(keyword) 934 4428 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(chan) 1375 4428 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(introduces) 1696 4428 w
(a) 2243 4428 w
(channel) 2332 4428 w
(declaration.) 2743 4428 w
(In) 3380 4428 w
(this) 3505 4428 w
(case,) 3718 4428 w
(the) 3997 4428 w
(channel) 4186 4428 w
(is) 4597 4428 w
(named) 4711 4428 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(qname) 720 4548 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 1080 4548 w
(and) 1154 4548 w
(it) 1376 4548 w
(is) 1484 4548 w
(declared) 1606 4548 w
(to) 2062 4548 w
(be) 2202 4548 w
(capable) 2363 4548 w
(of) 2777 4548 w
(storing) 2917 4548 w
(up) 3301 4548 w
(to) 3467 4548 w
(16) 3606 4548 w
(messages.) 3773 4548 w
(Each) 4353 4548 w
(message) 4616 4548 w
(stored) 720 4668 w
(in) 1069 4668 w
(the) 1200 4668 w
(channel) 1395 4668 w
(is) 1812 4668 w
(declared) 1932 4668 w
(here) 2386 4668 w
(to) 2641 4668 w
(consist) 2779 4668 w
(of) 3161 4668 w
(two) 3299 4668 w
(fields:) 3514 4668 w
(one) 3851 4668 w
(of) 4071 4668 w
(type) 4210 4668 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(short) 4459 4668 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 4860 4668 w
(one) 720 4788 w
(of) 947 4788 w
(type) 1093 4788 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(byte) 1349 4788 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 1637 4788 w
(The) 1749 4788 w
(fields) 1978 4788 w
(of) 2291 4788 w
(a) 2437 4788 w
(message) 2540 4788 w
(can) 3012 4788 w
(be) 3228 4788 w
(any) 3395 4788 w
(one) 3612 4788 w
(of) 3839 4788 w
(the) 3985 4788 w
(basic) 4188 4788 w
(types) 4485 4788 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(bit) 4792 4788 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 5008 4788 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(bool) 720 4908 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 1008 4908 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(byte) 1080 4908 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 1368 4908 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(short) 1440 4908 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 1800 4908 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(int) 1872 4908 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 2088 4908 w
(and) 2160 4908 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(chan) 2380 4908 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 2668 4908 w
(or) 2740 4908 w
(any) 2882 4908 w
(user-defined) 3091 4908 w
(type.) 3765 4908 w
(Message) 4077 4908 w
(fields) 4534 4908 w
(can\255) 4839 4908 w
(not be declared as arrays.) 720 5028 w
(A) 720 5184 w
(message) 826 5184 w
(field) 1287 5184 w
(of) 1539 5184 w
(type) 1675 5184 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(chan) 1921 5184 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(can) 2247 5184 w
(be) 2453 5184 w
(used) 2610 5184 w
(to) 2880 5184 w
(pass) 3016 5184 w
(a) 3274 5184 w
(channel) 3367 5184 w
(identifier) 3782 5184 w
(through) 4259 5184 w
(a) 4684 5184 w
(chan\255) 4777 5184 w
(nel from one process to another.) 720 5304 w
(The statement) 720 5460 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(qname!expr1,expr2) 1008 5630 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(sends) 720 5810 w
(the) 1036 5810 w
(values) 1224 5810 w
(of) 1562 5810 w
(expressions) 1693 5810 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(expr1) 2309 5810 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 2703 5810 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(expr2) 2917 5810 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(to) 3311 5810 w
(the) 3443 5810 w
(channel) 3632 5810 w
(that) 4043 5810 w
(we) 4268 5810 w
(just) 4435 5810 w
(created.) 4649 5810 w
(It) 720 5930 w
(appends) 819 5930 w
(the message field created from the values of the two expressions \(and cast to) 1265 5930 w
(the) 720 6050 w
(appropriate) 912 6050 w
(types) 1513 6050 w
(of) 1809 6050 w
(the) 1944 6050 w
(message) 2136 6050 w
(fields) 2598 6050 w
(declared) 2901 6050 w
(for) 3353 6050 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(qname) 3530 6050 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\)) 3890 6050 w
(to) 3961 6050 w
(the) 4097 6050 w
(tail) 4290 6050 w
(of) 4478 6050 w
(the) 4614 6050 w
(mes\255) 4807 6050 w
(sage) 720 6170 w
(buffer) 984 6170 w
(of) 1320 6170 w
(16) 1458 6170 w
(slots) 1624 6170 w
(that) 1893 6170 w
(belongs) 2124 6170 w
(to) 2548 6170 w
(channel) 2685 6170 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(qname) 3101 6170 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 3461 6170 w
(By) 3564 6170 w
(default) 3713 6170 w
(the) 4091 6170 w
(send) 4285 6170 w
(statement) 4556 6170 w
(is) 720 6290 w
(only) 856 6290 w
(executable) 1116 6290 w
(if) 1698 6290 w
(the) 1820 6290 w
(target) 2031 6290 w
(channel) 2375 6290 w
(is) 2808 6290 w
(non-full.) 2944 6290 w
(\(This) 3464 6290 w
(default) 3758 6290 w
(semantics) 4154 6290 w
(can) 4696 6290 w
(be) 4921 6290 w
(changed) 720 6410 w
(in) 1168 6410 w
(the) 1296 6410 w
(verifier) 1488 6410 w
(into) 1866 6410 w
(one) 2092 6410 w
(where) 2308 6410 w
(the) 2637 6410 w
(send) 2829 6410 w
(statement) 3098 6410 w
(is) 3619 6410 w
(always) 3736 6410 w
(executable,) 4092 6410 w
(but) 4687 6410 w
(the) 4885 6410 w
(message will be lost when an attempt is made to append it to a full channel.\)) 720 6530 w
(The statement) 720 6686 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(qname?var1,var2) 1008 6856 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(retrieves a message from the head of the same buffer, and stores the) 720 7036 w
(two) 4126 7036 w
(expressions) 4334 7036 w
(in) 4949 7036 w
(variables) 720 7156 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(var1) 1183 7156 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 1503 7156 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(var2) 1715 7156 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 2003 7156 w
(The receive statement is executable only if the source channel is non-empty.) 720 7312 w
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10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 7 \255) 2783 480 w
(If) 720 840 w
(more) 826 840 w
(parameters) 1117 840 w
(are) 1705 840 w
(sent) 1897 840 w
(per) 2143 840 w
(message) 2343 840 w
(than) 2807 840 w
(were) 3064 840 w
(declared) 3335 840 w
(for) 3790 840 w
(the) 3970 840 w
(message) 4166 840 w
(channel,) 4631 840 w
(the) 720 960 w
(redundant) 931 960 w
(parameters) 1488 960 w
(are) 2092 960 w
(lost.) 2300 960 w
(If) 2598 960 w
(fewer) 2720 960 w
(parameters) 3042 960 w
(are) 3645 960 w
(sent) 3852 960 w
(than) 4113 960 w
(declared,) 4384 960 w
(the) 4885 960 w
(value) 720 1080 w
(of) 1012 1080 w
(the) 1148 1080 w
(remaining) 1341 1080 w
(parameters) 1868 1080 w
(is) 2454 1080 w
(undefined.) 2572 1080 w
(Similarly,) 3164 1080 w
(if) 3645 1080 w
(the) 3749 1080 w
(receive) 3942 1080 w
(operation) 4322 1080 w
(tries) 4826 1080 w
(to) 720 1200 w
(retrieve) 862 1200 w
(more) 1274 1200 w
(parameters) 1569 1200 w
(than) 2161 1200 w
(available,) 2421 1200 w
(the) 2920 1200 w
(value) 3119 1200 w
(of) 3417 1200 w
(the) 3559 1200 w
(extra) 3757 1200 w
(parameters) 4050 1200 w
(is) 4641 1200 w
(unde\255) 4764 1200 w
(fined;) 720 1320 w
(if) 1039 1320 w
(it) 1145 1320 w
(receives) 1251 1320 w
(fewer) 1683 1320 w
(than) 1990 1320 w
(the) 2246 1320 w
(number) 2441 1320 w
(of) 2858 1320 w
(parameters) 2997 1320 w
(sent,) 3586 1320 w
(the) 3865 1320 w
(extra) 4061 1320 w
(information) 4352 1320 w
(is) 4960 1320 w
(lost.) 720 1440 w
(An) 720 1596 w
(alternative,) 890 1596 w
(and) 1470 1596 w
(equivalent,) 1689 1596 w
(notation) 2261 1596 w
(for) 2704 1596 w
(the) 2883 1596 w
(send) 3078 1596 w
(and) 3350 1596 w
(receive) 3570 1596 w
(operations) 3951 1596 w
(is) 4507 1596 w
(to) 4627 1596 w
(struc\255) 4765 1596 w
(ture the message fields with parentheses, as follows:) 720 1716 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(qname!expr1\(expr2,expr3\)) 1008 1886 w
(qname?var1\(var2,var3\)) 1008 1996 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(In) 720 2176 w
(the) 847 2176 w
(above) 1038 2176 w
(case,) 1361 2176 w
(we) 1642 2176 w
(assume) 1811 2176 w
(that) 2215 2176 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(qname) 2443 2176 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(was) 2840 2176 w
(declared) 3060 2176 w
(to) 3511 2176 w
(hold) 3646 2176 w
(messages) 3898 2176 w
(consisting) 4410 2176 w
(of) 4942 2176 w
(three fields.) 720 2296 w
(Some) 970 2452 w
(or) 1279 2452 w
(all) 1426 2452 w
(of) 1584 2452 w
(the) 1727 2452 w
(arguments) 1927 2452 w
(of) 2492 2452 w
(the) 2636 2452 w
(receive) 2837 2452 w
(operation) 3224 2452 w
(can) 3735 2452 w
(be) 3949 2452 w
(given) 4114 2452 w
(as) 4421 2452 w
(constants) 4573 2452 w
(instead of as variables:) 720 2572 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(qname?cons1,var2,cons2) 1008 2742 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(In) 720 2922 w
(this) 851 2922 w
(case,) 1070 2922 w
(an) 1355 2922 w
(extra) 1512 2922 w
(condition) 1802 2922 w
(on) 2297 2922 w
(the) 2460 2922 w
(executability) 2655 2922 w
(of) 3312 2922 w
(the) 3450 2922 w
(receive) 3645 2922 w
(operation) 4026 2922 w
(is) 4532 2922 w
(that) 4653 2922 w
(the) 4885 2922 w
(value) 720 3042 w
(of) 1013 3042 w
(all) 1149 3042 w
(message) 1300 3042 w
(fields) 1762 3042 w
(specified) 2065 3042 w
(as) 2538 3042 w
(constants) 2682 3042 w
(match) 3187 3042 w
(the) 3523 3042 w
(value) 3716 3042 w
(of) 4008 3042 w
(the) 4144 3042 w
(corresponding) 4337 3042 w
(fields in the message that is to be received.) 720 3162 w
(Here is an example that uses some of the mechanisms introduced so far.) 720 3318 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(proctype) 1008 3488 w
(A\(chan) 1593 3488 w
(q1\)) 2048 3488 w
({) 1008 3598 w
(chan) 1528 3598 w
(q2;) 1853 3598 w
(q1?q2;) 1528 3708 w
(q2!123) 1528 3818 w
(}) 1008 3928 w
(proctype) 1008 4158 w
(B\(chan) 1593 4158 w
(qforb\)) 2048 4158 w
({) 1008 4268 w
(int) 1528 4268 w
(x;) 1788 4268 w
(qforb?x;) 1528 4378 w
(printf\("x) 1528 4488 w
(=) 2178 4488 w
(%d\\n",) 2308 4488 w
(x\)) 2763 4488 w
(}) 1008 4598 w
(init) 1008 4828 w
({) 1333 4828 w
(chan) 1528 4938 w
(qname) 1853 4938 w
(=) 2243 4938 w
([1]) 2373 4938 w
(of) 2633 4938 w
({) 2828 4938 w
(chan) 2958 4938 w
(};) 3283 4938 w
(chan) 1528 5048 w
(qforb) 1853 5048 w
(=) 2243 5048 w
([1]) 2373 5048 w
(of) 2633 5048 w
({) 2828 5048 w
(int) 2958 5048 w
(};) 3218 5048 w
(run) 1528 5158 w
(A\(qname\);) 1788 5158 w
(run) 1528 5268 w
(B\(qforb\);) 1788 5268 w
(qname!qforb) 1528 5378 w
(}) 1008 5488 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The value printed by the process of type) 720 5668 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(B) 2712 5668 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(will be) 2816 5668 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(123) 3163 5668 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 3379 5668 w
(A) 720 5824 w
(predefined) 829 5824 w
(function) 1396 5824 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(len\(qname\)) 1838 5824 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(returns) 2599 5824 w
(the) 2990 5824 w
(number) 3186 5824 w
(of) 3604 5824 w
(messages) 3743 5824 w
(currently) 4259 5824 w
(stored) 4731 5824 w
(in) 720 5944 w
(channel) 863 5944 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(qname) 1292 5944 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 1652 5944 w
(Two) 1768 5944 w
(shorthands) 2021 5944 w
(for) 2618 5944 w
(the) 2809 5944 w
(most) 3016 5944 w
(common) 3310 5944 w
(uses) 3783 5944 w
(of) 4055 5944 w
(this) 4205 5944 w
(function) 4436 5944 w
(are) 4888 5944 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(empty\(qname\)) 720 6064 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 1616 6064 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(full\(qname\)) 1828 6064 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(, with the obvious connotations.) 2620 6064 w
(Since all expressions must be side-effect free, it is not valid to say:) 720 6220 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(\(qname?var) 1008 6390 w
(==) 1723 6390 w
(0\)) 1918 6390 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(or) 720 6570 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(\(a) 1008 6740 w
(>) 1203 6740 w
(b) 1333 6740 w
(&&) 1463 6740 w
(qname!123\)) 1658 6740 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(We could rewrite the second) 720 6920 w
(example) 2125 6920 w
(\(using) 2571 6920 w
(an) 2903 6920 w
(atomic) 3053 6920 w
(sequence,) 3412 6920 w
(as) 3934 6920 w
(explained) 4073 6920 w
(further) 4580 6920 w
(in) 4949 6920 w
(section 1.2.1\):) 720 7040 w
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10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 8 \255) 2783 480 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(atomic) 1008 830 w
({) 1463 830 w
(\(a) 1593 830 w
(>) 1788 830 w
(b) 1918 830 w
(&&) 2048 830 w
(!full\(qname\)\)) 2243 830 w
(->) 3153 830 w
(qname!123) 3348 830 w
(}) 3998 830 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 1010 w
(meaning) 939 1010 w
(of) 1396 1010 w
(the) 1532 1010 w
(first) 1725 1010 w
(example) 1958 1010 w
(is) 2409 1010 w
(ambiguous.) 2527 1010 w
(It) 3167 1010 w
(could) 3271 1010 w
(mean) 3575 1010 w
(that) 3879 1010 w
(we) 4108 1010 w
(want) 4279 1010 w
(the) 4548 1010 w
(condi\255) 4741 1010 w
(tion) 720 1130 w
(to) 951 1130 w
(be) 1091 1130 w
(true) 1252 1130 w
(if) 1490 1130 w
(the) 1598 1130 w
(receive) 1795 1130 w
(operation) 2178 1130 w
(is) 2685 1130 w
(unexecutable.) 2807 1130 w
(In) 3563 1130 w
(that) 3695 1130 w
(case,) 3927 1130 w
(we) 4213 1130 w
(can) 4387 1130 w
(rewrite) 4596 1130 w
(it) 4974 1130 w
(without side-effects as:) 720 1250 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(empty\(qname\)) 1008 1420 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(It) 720 1600 w
(could) 821 1600 w
(also) 1122 1600 w
(mean) 1353 1600 w
(that) 1654 1600 w
(we) 1880 1600 w
(want) 2049 1600 w
(the) 2316 1600 w
(condition) 2507 1600 w
(to) 2998 1600 w
(be) 3132 1600 w
(true) 3287 1600 w
(when) 3519 1600 w
(the) 3812 1600 w
(channel) 4003 1600 w
(does) 4416 1600 w
(contain) 4683 1600 w
(a message with value zero.) 720 1720 w
(We can specify that as follows:) 2097 1720 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(atomic) 1008 1890 w
({) 1463 1890 w
(qname?[0]) 1593 1890 w
(->) 2243 1890 w
(qname?var) 2438 1890 w
(}) 3088 1890 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 2070 w
(first) 945 2070 w
(statement) 1184 2070 w
(of) 1712 2070 w
(this) 1854 2070 w
(atomic) 2077 2070 w
(sequence) 2447 2070 w
(is) 2949 2070 w
(an) 3074 2070 w
(expression) 3236 2070 w
(without) 3812 2070 w
(side-effects) 4222 2070 w
(that) 4849 2070 w
(evaluates to a non-zero value only if the receive operation) 720 2190 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(qname?0) 1008 2360 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(would) 720 2540 w
(have) 1061 2540 w
(been) 1335 2540 w
(executable) 1621 2540 w
(at) 2197 2540 w
(that) 2339 2540 w
(point) 2580 2540 w
(\(i.e.,) 2882 2540 w
(channel) 3146 2540 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(qname) 3573 2540 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(contains) 3983 2540 w
(at) 4441 2540 w
(least) 4583 2540 w
(one) 4861 2540 w
(message) 720 2660 w
(and) 1189 2660 w
(the) 1414 2660 w
(oldest) 1614 2660 w
(message) 1956 2660 w
(stored) 2425 2660 w
(consists) 2779 2660 w
(of) 3217 2660 w
(one) 3360 2660 w
(message) 3583 2660 w
(field) 4051 2660 w
(equal) 4309 2660 w
(to) 4618 2660 w
(zero\).) 4760 2660 w
(Any) 720 2780 w
(receive) 964 2780 w
(statement) 1366 2780 w
(can) 1912 2780 w
(be) 2142 2780 w
(turned) 2323 2780 w
(into) 2706 2780 w
(a) 2957 2780 w
(side-effect) 3074 2780 w
(free) 3667 2780 w
(expression) 3919 2780 w
(by) 4512 2780 w
(placing) 4689 2780 w
(square) 720 2900 w
(brackets) 1113 2900 w
(around) 1590 2900 w
(the) 1999 2900 w
(list) 2219 2900 w
(of) 2430 2900 w
(all) 2593 2900 w
(message) 2771 2900 w
(parameters.) 3260 2900 w
(The) 3937 2900 w
(channel) 4182 2900 w
(contents) 4623 2900 w
(remain undisturbed by the evaluation of such expressions.) 720 3020 w
(Note carefully, however, that in non-atomic sequences of two statements such as) 720 3176 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(!full\(qname\)) 1008 3346 w
(->) 1853 3346 w
(qname!msgtype) 2048 3346 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 720 3526 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(qname?[msgtype]) 1008 3696 w
(->) 2048 3696 w
(qname?msgtype) 2243 3696 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(the) 720 3876 w
(second) 926 3876 w
(statement) 1321 3876 w
(is) 1856 3876 w
(not) 1987 3876 w
(necessarily) 2199 3876 w
(executable) 2784 3876 w
(after) 3362 3876 w
(the) 3640 3876 w
(first) 3847 3876 w
(one) 4094 3876 w
(has) 4325 3876 w
(been) 4545 3876 w
(exe\255) 4834 3876 w
(cuted.) 720 3996 w
(There) 1101 3996 w
(may) 1427 3996 w
(be) 1674 3996 w
(race) 1840 3996 w
(conditions) 2090 3996 w
(when) 2643 3996 w
(access) 2947 3996 w
(to) 3309 3996 w
(the) 3454 3996 w
(channels) 3656 3996 w
(is) 4131 3996 w
(shared) 4258 3996 w
(between) 4633 3996 w
(several) 720 4116 w
(processes.) 1104 4116 w
(Another) 1693 4116 w
(process) 2125 4116 w
(can) 2543 4116 w
(send) 2755 4116 w
(a) 3031 4116 w
(message) 3131 4116 w
(to) 3600 4116 w
(the) 3743 4116 w
(channel) 3943 4116 w
(just) 4365 4116 w
(after) 4590 4116 w
(this) 4861 4116 w
(process) 720 4236 w
(determined) 1133 4236 w
(that) 1728 4236 w
(it) 1958 4236 w
(was) 2063 4236 w
(not) 2285 4236 w
(full,) 2483 4236 w
(or) 2710 4236 w
(another) 2850 4236 w
(process) 3262 4236 w
(can) 3674 4236 w
(steal) 3880 4236 w
(away) 4146 4236 w
(the) 4423 4236 w
(message) 4616 4236 w
(just after our process determined its presence.) 720 4356 w
(Two) 720 4512 w
(other) 965 4512 w
(types) 1266 4512 w
(of) 1569 4512 w
(send) 1711 4512 w
(and) 1987 4512 w
(receive) 2211 4512 w
(statements) 2596 4512 w
(are) 3176 4512 w
(used) 3373 4512 w
(less) 3650 4512 w
(frequently:) 3882 4512 w
(sorted) 4454 4512 w
(send) 4808 4512 w
(and) 720 4632 w
(random) 937 4632 w
(receive.) 1349 4632 w
(A) 1791 4632 w
(sorted) 1896 4632 w
(send) 2241 4632 w
(operation) 2509 4632 w
(is) 3010 4632 w
(written) 3126 4632 w
(with) 3501 4632 w
(two,) 3742 4632 w
(instead) 3985 4632 w
(of) 4374 4632 w
(one,) 4508 4632 w
(excla\255) 4755 4632 w
(mation marks, as follows:) 720 4752 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(qname!!msg) 1008 4922 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(A) 720 5102 w
(sorted) 839 5102 w
(send) 1198 5102 w
(operation) 1480 5102 w
(will) 1995 5102 w
(insert) 2209 5102 w
(a) 2535 5102 w
(message) 2641 5102 w
(into) 3116 5102 w
(the) 3356 5102 w
(channel) 3562 5102 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031) 3939 5102 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(s) 3971 5102 w
(buffer) 4073 5102 w
(in) 4420 5102 w
(numerical) 4562 5102 w
(order,) 720 5222 w
(instead) 1057 5222 w
(of) 1453 5222 w
(in) 1594 5222 w
(FIFO) 1728 5222 w
(order.) 1986 5222 w
(The) 2355 5222 w
(channel) 2579 5222 w
(contents) 2999 5222 w
(are) 3459 5222 w
(scanned) 3654 5222 w
(from) 4097 5222 w
(the) 4372 5222 w
(first) 4570 5222 w
(mes\255) 4807 5222 w
(sage) 720 5342 w
(towards) 977 5342 w
(the) 1395 5342 w
(last,) 1583 5342 w
(and) 1820 5342 w
(the) 2034 5342 w
(message) 2223 5342 w
(is) 2681 5342 w
(inserted) 2795 5342 w
(immediately) 3224 5342 w
(before) 3850 5342 w
(the) 4198 5342 w
(first) 4387 5342 w
(message) 4616 5342 w
(that) 720 5462 w
(follows) 948 5462 w
(it) 1330 5462 w
(in) 1433 5462 w
(numerical) 1561 5462 w
(order.) 2076 5462 w
(To) 2439 5462 w
(determine) 2600 5462 w
(the) 3130 5462 w
(numerical) 3322 5462 w
(order,) 3836 5462 w
(all) 4166 5462 w
(message) 4315 5462 w
(fields) 4775 5462 w
(are taken into account.) 720 5582 w
(The) 720 5738 w
(logical) 936 5738 w
(counterpart) 1287 5738 w
(of) 1888 5738 w
(the) 2021 5738 w
(sorted) 2211 5738 w
(send) 2555 5738 w
(operation) 2823 5738 w
(is) 3324 5738 w
(the) 3440 5738 w
(random) 3631 5738 w
(receive.) 4042 5738 w
(It) 4483 5738 w
(is) 4585 5738 w
(written) 4701 5738 w
(with two, instead of one, question marks:) 720 5858 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(qname??msg) 1008 6028 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(A) 720 6208 w
(random) 824 6208 w
(receive) 1234 6208 w
(operation) 1610 6208 w
(is) 2110 6208 w
(executable) 2225 6208 w
(if) 2786 6208 w
(it) 2887 6208 w
(is) 2988 6208 w
(executable) 3103 6208 w
(for) 3664 6208 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(any) 3838 6208 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(message) 4051 6208 w
(that) 4510 6208 w
(is) 4737 6208 w
(cur\255) 4853 6208 w
(rently) 720 6328 w
(buffered) 1036 6328 w
(in) 1489 6328 w
(a) 1618 6328 w
(message) 1711 6328 w
(channel) 2173 6328 w
(\(instead) 2588 6328 w
(of) 3012 6328 w
(only) 3148 6328 w
(for) 3390 6328 w
(the) 3567 6328 w
(first) 3760 6328 w
(message) 3993 6328 w
(in) 4455 6328 w
(the) 4584 6328 w
(chan\255) 4777 6328 w
(nel\).) 720 6448 w
(Normal) 1001 6448 w
(send) 1391 6448 w
(and) 1661 6448 w
(receive) 1879 6448 w
(operations) 2258 6448 w
(can) 2812 6448 w
(freely) 3018 6448 w
(be) 3327 6448 w
(combined) 3484 6448 w
(with) 4000 6448 w
(sorted) 4243 6448 w
(send) 4590 6448 w
(and) 4860 6448 w
(random receive operations.) 720 6568 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(Rendezvous Communication) 720 6808 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(So) 720 6964 w
(far) 877 6964 w
(we) 1052 6964 w
(have) 1227 6964 w
(talked) 1494 6964 w
(about) 1834 6964 w
(asynchronous) 2154 6964 w
(communication) 2867 6964 w
(between) 3655 6964 w
(processes) 4104 6964 w
(via) 4628 6964 w
(mes\255) 4807 6964 w
(sage channels, declared in statements such as) 720 7084 w
cleartomark
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9 pagesetup
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 9 \255) 2783 480 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(chan) 1008 830 w
(qname) 1333 830 w
(=) 1723 830 w
([N]) 1853 830 w
(of) 2113 830 w
({) 2308 830 w
(byte) 2438 830 w
(}) 2763 830 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(where) 720 1010 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(N) 1061 1010 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 1182 1010 w
(a) 1311 1010 w
(positive) 1415 1010 w
(constant) 1842 1010 w
(that) 2307 1010 w
(defines) 2547 1010 w
(the) 2950 1010 w
(buffer) 3154 1010 w
(size.) 3499 1010 w
(A) 3805 1010 w
(logical) 3923 1010 w
(extension) 4288 1010 w
(is) 4812 1010 w
(to) 4942 1010 w
(allow for the declaration) 720 1130 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(chan) 1008 1300 w
(port) 1333 1300 w
(=) 1658 1300 w
([0]) 1788 1300 w
(of) 2048 1300 w
({) 2243 1300 w
(byte) 2373 1300 w
(}) 2698 1300 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(to) 720 1480 w
(define) 862 1480 w
(a) 1209 1480 w
(rendezvous) 1308 1480 w
(port.) 1913 1480 w
(The) 2223 1480 w
(channel) 2448 1480 w
(size) 2869 1480 w
(is) 3107 1480 w
(zero,) 3232 1480 w
(that) 3524 1480 w
(is,) 3760 1480 w
(the) 3917 1480 w
(channel) 4117 1480 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(port) 4539 1480 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(can) 4872 1480 w
(pass,) 720 1600 w
(but) 1013 1600 w
(cannot) 1216 1600 w
(store,) 1585 1600 w
(messages.) 1904 1600 w
(Message) 2484 1600 w
(interactions) 2941 1600 w
(via) 3552 1600 w
(such) 3728 1600 w
(rendezvous) 3994 1600 w
(ports) 4595 1600 w
(are) 4888 1600 w
(by definition synchronous.) 720 1720 w
(Consider the following example:) 2076 1720 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(#define) 1008 1890 w
(msgtype) 1528 1890 w
(33) 2048 1890 w
(chan) 1008 2110 w
(name) 1333 2110 w
(=) 1658 2110 w
([0]) 1788 2110 w
(of) 2048 2110 w
({) 2243 2110 w
(byte,) 2373 2110 w
(byte) 2763 2110 w
(};) 3088 2110 w
(active) 1008 2330 w
(proctype) 1463 2330 w
(A\(\)) 2048 2330 w
({) 1008 2440 w
(name!msgtype\(124\);) 1528 2440 w
(name!msgtype\(121\)) 1528 2550 w
(}) 1008 2660 w
(active) 1008 2890 w
(proctype) 1463 2890 w
(B\(\)) 2048 2890 w
({) 1008 3000 w
(byte) 1528 3000 w
(state;) 1853 3000 w
(name?msgtype\(state\)) 1528 3110 w
(}) 1008 3220 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Channel) 720 3400 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(name) 1154 3400 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 1481 3400 w
(a) 1600 3400 w
(global) 1694 3400 w
(rendezvous) 2032 3400 w
(port.) 2632 3400 w
(The) 2937 3400 w
(two) 3157 3400 w
(processes) 3372 3400 w
(will) 3893 3400 w
(synchronously) 4097 3400 w
(exe\255) 4834 3400 w
(cute) 720 3520 w
(their) 979 3520 w
(first) 1257 3520 w
(statement:) 1505 3520 w
(a) 2074 3520 w
(handshake) 2181 3520 w
(on) 2757 3520 w
(message) 2932 3520 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(msgtype) 3408 3520 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 3964 3520 w
(a) 4196 3520 w
(transfer) 4303 3520 w
(of) 4735 3520 w
(the) 4885 3520 w
(value) 720 3640 w
(124) 1016 3640 w
(to) 1247 3640 w
(local) 1387 3640 w
(variable) 1654 3640 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(state) 2076 3640 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 2436 3640 w
(The) 2542 3640 w
(second) 2765 3640 w
(statement) 3151 3640 w
(in) 3677 3640 w
(process) 3810 3640 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(A) 4226 3640 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(will) 4341 3640 w
(be) 4548 3640 w
(unexe\255) 4710 3640 w
(cutable, because there is no matching receive operation in process) 720 3760 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(B) 3996 3760 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 4068 3760 w
(If) 720 3916 w
(the) 826 3916 w
(channel) 1021 3916 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(name) 1438 3916 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 1766 3916 w
(defined) 1886 3916 w
(with) 2324 3916 w
(a) 2569 3916 w
(non-zero) 2665 3916 w
(buffer) 3164 3916 w
(capacity,) 3501 3916 w
(the) 3967 3916 w
(behavior) 4163 3916 w
(is) 4623 3916 w
(differ\255) 4744 3916 w
(ent.) 720 4036 w
(If) 984 4036 w
(the) 1095 4036 w
(buffer) 1295 4036 w
(size) 1635 4036 w
(is) 1872 4036 w
(at) 1996 4036 w
(least) 2132 4036 w
(2,) 2404 4036 w
(the) 2543 4036 w
(process) 2742 4036 w
(of) 3160 4036 w
(type) 3302 4036 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(A) 3554 4036 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(can) 3670 4036 w
(complete) 3882 4036 w
(its) 4372 4036 w
(execution,) 4533 4036 w
(before) 720 4156 w
(its) 1071 4156 w
(peer) 1225 4156 w
(even) 1478 4156 w
(starts.) 1741 4156 w
(If) 2114 4156 w
(the) 2217 4156 w
(buffer) 2409 4156 w
(size) 2743 4156 w
(is) 2974 4156 w
(1,) 3092 4156 w
(the) 3225 4156 w
(sequence) 3418 4156 w
(of) 3913 4156 w
(events) 4049 4156 w
(is) 4401 4156 w
(as) 4519 4156 w
(follows.) 4663 4156 w
(The) 720 4276 w
(process) 946 4276 w
(of) 1365 4276 w
(type) 1508 4276 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(A) 1760 4276 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(can) 1876 4276 w
(complete) 2088 4276 w
(its) 2578 4276 w
(first) 2739 4276 w
(send) 2978 4276 w
(action,) 3254 4276 w
(but) 3625 4276 w
(it) 3831 4276 w
(blocks) 3941 4276 w
(on) 4298 4276 w
(the) 4465 4276 w
(second,) 4664 4276 w
(because) 720 4396 w
(the) 1156 4396 w
(channel) 1353 4396 w
(is) 1772 4396 w
(now) 1894 4396 w
(filled) 2136 4396 w
(to) 2421 4396 w
(capacity.) 2561 4396 w
(The) 3060 4396 w
(process) 3283 4396 w
(of) 3699 4396 w
(type) 3839 4396 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(B) 4089 4396 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(can) 4203 4396 w
(then) 4413 4396 w
(retrieve) 4672 4396 w
(the) 720 4516 w
(first) 922 4516 w
(message) 1164 4516 w
(and) 1635 4516 w
(complete.) 1862 4516 w
(At) 2419 4516 w
(this) 2572 4516 w
(point) 2798 4516 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(A) 3097 4516 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(becomes) 3216 4516 w
(executable) 3694 4516 w
(again) 4267 4516 w
(and) 4576 4516 w
(com\255) 4802 4516 w
(pletes, leaving its last message as a residual in the channel.) 720 4636 w
(Rendezvous) 720 4792 w
(communication) 1343 4792 w
(is) 2129 4792 w
(binary:) 2249 4792 w
(only) 2623 4792 w
(two) 2867 4792 w
(processes,) 3082 4792 w
(a) 3635 4792 w
(sender) 3730 4792 w
(and) 4100 4792 w
(a) 4321 4792 w
(receiver,) 4417 4792 w
(can) 4872 4792 w
(be synchronized in a rendezvous handshake.) 720 4912 w
(As) 720 5068 w
(the) 890 5068 w
(example) 1095 5068 w
(shows,) 1558 5068 w
(symbolic) 1942 5068 w
(constants) 2421 5068 w
(can) 2939 5068 w
(be) 3158 5068 w
(defined) 3328 5068 w
(with) 3745 5068 w
(preprocessor) 4001 5068 w
(macros) 4688 5068 w
(using) 720 5188 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(#define) 1029 5188 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 1533 5188 w
(The) 1640 5188 w
(source) 1864 5188 w
(text) 2229 5188 w
(of) 2462 5188 w
(a) 2602 5188 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 2699 5188 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(model) 3154 5188 w
(is) 3498 5188 w
(translated) 3620 5188 w
(by) 4148 5188 w
(the) 4305 5188 w
(standard) 4502 5188 w
(C) 4971 5188 w
(preprocessor.) 720 5308 w
(The) 1470 5308 w
(disadvantage) 1701 5308 w
(of) 2391 5308 w
(defining) 2539 5308 w
(symbolic) 2989 5308 w
(names) 3468 5308 w
(in) 3835 5308 w
(this) 3976 5308 w
(way) 4205 5308 w
(is,) 4440 5308 w
(however,) 4603 5308 w
(that) 720 5428 w
(the) 954 5428 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 1152 5428 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(parser) 1608 5428 w
(will) 1958 5428 w
(only) 2165 5428 w
(see) 2412 5428 w
(the) 2618 5428 w
(expanded) 2816 5428 w
(text,) 3338 5428 w
(and) 3604 5428 w
(cannot) 3827 5428 w
(refer) 4198 5428 w
(to) 4472 5428 w
(the) 4613 5428 w
(sym\255) 4811 5428 w
(bolic) 720 5548 w
(names) 990 5548 w
(themselves.) 1344 5548 w
(To) 1988 5548 w
(prevent) 2149 5548 w
(that,) 2554 5548 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 2815 5548 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(also) 3266 5548 w
(supports) 3500 5548 w
(another) 3967 5548 w
(way) 4379 5548 w
(to) 4601 5548 w
(define) 4737 5548 w
(symbolic) 720 5668 w
(names,) 1197 5668 w
(which) 1594 5668 w
(are) 1923 5668 w
(preserved) 2123 5668 w
(in) 2650 5668 w
(error) 2789 5668 w
(reports.) 3077 5668 w
(For) 3539 5668 w
(instance,) 3743 5668 w
(by) 4226 5668 w
(including) 4389 5668 w
(the) 4885 5668 w
(declaration) 720 5788 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(mtype) 1008 5958 w
(=) 1398 5958 w
({) 1528 5958 w
(ack,) 1658 5958 w
(msg,) 1983 5958 w
(error,) 2308 5958 w
(data) 2763 5958 w
(};) 3088 5958 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(at) 720 6138 w
(the) 845 6138 w
(top) 1033 6138 w
(of) 1227 6138 w
(a) 1358 6138 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 1446 6138 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(model,) 1892 6138 w
(the) 2259 6138 w
(names) 2447 6138 w
(provided) 2797 6138 w
(between) 3258 6138 w
(the) 3698 6138 w
(curly) 3886 6138 w
(braces) 4154 6138 w
(are) 4504 6138 w
(equiva\255) 4690 6138 w
(lent) 720 6258 w
(to) 937 6258 w
(integers) 1068 6258 w
(of) 1495 6258 w
(type) 1626 6258 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(byte) 1867 6258 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 2155 6258 w
(but known by their symbolic names to the) 2220 6258 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 4297 6258 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(parser and) 4521 6258 w
(the) 720 6378 w
(verifiers) 911 6378 w
(it) 1339 6378 w
(generates.) 1441 6378 w
(The) 2017 6378 w
(constant) 2234 6378 w
(values) 2686 6378 w
(assigned) 3027 6378 w
(start) 3492 6378 w
(at) 3749 6378 w
(1,) 3877 6378 w
(and) 4009 6378 w
(count) 4226 6378 w
(up.) 4536 6378 w
(There) 4762 6378 w
(can be only one) 720 6498 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(mtype) 1518 6498 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(declaration per model.) 1910 6498 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.2.) 720 6738 w
(Control Flow) 962 6738 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(So) 720 6894 w
(far,) 885 6894 w
(we) 1100 6894 w
(have) 1283 6894 w
(seen) 1558 6894 w
(only) 1833 6894 w
(some) 2087 6894 w
(of) 2398 6894 w
(the) 2546 6894 w
(basic) 2751 6894 w
(statements) 3050 6894 w
(of) 3635 6894 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 3783 6894 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 4196 6894 w
(and) 4278 6894 w
(the) 4508 6894 w
(way) 4714 6894 w
(in) 4949 6894 w
(which) 720 7014 w
(they) 1041 7014 w
(can) 1288 7014 w
(be) 1496 7014 w
(combined) 1655 7014 w
(to) 2173 7014 w
(model) 2310 7014 w
(process) 2651 7014 w
(behaviors.) 3064 7014 w
(The) 3637 7014 w
(five) 3857 7014 w
(types) 4070 7014 w
(of) 4368 7014 w
(statements) 4505 7014 w
(we have mentioned are:) 720 7134 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(printf) 1909 7134 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 2341 7134 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(assignment) 2405 7134 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 3125 7134 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(condition) 3189 7134 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 3837 7134 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(send) 3901 7134 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(, and) 4189 7134 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(receive) 4465 7134 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 4969 7134 w
(The) 720 7290 w
(pseudo-statement) 984 7290 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(skip) 1965 7290 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 2336 7290 w
(syntactically) 2499 7290 w
(and) 3172 7290 w
(semantically) 3435 7290 w
(equivalent) 4118 7290 w
(to) 4703 7290 w
(the) 4885 7290 w
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10 pagesetup
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 10 \255) 2752 480 w
(condition) 720 840 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(\(1\)) 1217 840 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\(i.e.,) 1475 840 w
(to) 1731 840 w
(true\),) 1870 840 w
(and) 2172 840 w
(is) 2393 840 w
(in) 2514 840 w
(fact) 2646 840 w
(quietly) 2867 840 w
(replaced) 3236 840 w
(with) 3691 840 w
(this) 3937 840 w
(expression) 4157 840 w
(by) 4729 840 w
(the) 4885 840 w
(lexical analyzer of) 720 960 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 1631 960 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 1823 960 w
(There are also five types of compound statements.) 720 1116 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 1272 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Atomic sequences \(section 1.2.1\),) 1058 1272 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 1392 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Deterministic steps \(section 1.2.2\),) 1058 1392 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 1512 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Selections \(section 1.2.3\),) 1058 1512 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 1632 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Repetitions \(section 1.2.4\),) 1058 1632 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 1752 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Escape sequences \(section 1.2.5\).) 1058 1752 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.2.1.) 720 2028 w
(Atomic Sequences) 1051 2028 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The simplest compound statement is the) 720 2184 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(atomic) 2737 2184 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(sequence:) 3201 2184 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(atomic) 1008 2354 w
({) 1463 2354 w
(/*) 2048 2354 w
(swap) 2243 2354 w
(the) 2568 2354 w
(values) 2828 2354 w
(of) 3283 2354 w
(a) 3478 2354 w
(and) 3608 2354 w
(b) 3868 2354 w
(*/) 3998 2354 w
(tmp) 1528 2464 w
(=) 1788 2464 w
(b;) 1918 2464 w
(b) 1528 2574 w
(=) 1658 2574 w
(a;) 1788 2574 w
(a) 1528 2684 w
(=) 1658 2684 w
(tmp) 1788 2684 w
(}) 1008 2794 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(In) 720 2974 w
(the) 845 2974 w
(example,) 1034 2974 w
(the) 1513 2974 w
(values) 1702 2974 w
(of) 2042 2974 w
(two) 2175 2974 w
(variables) 2385 2974 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(a) 2851 2974 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 2958 2974 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(b) 3173 2974 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(are) 3280 2974 w
(swapped) 3467 2974 w
(in) 3930 2974 w
(a) 4056 2974 w
(sequence) 4146 2974 w
(of) 4638 2974 w
(state\255) 4771 2974 w
(ment) 720 3094 w
(executions) 1017 3094 w
(that) 1592 3094 w
(is) 1832 3094 w
(defined) 1961 3094 w
(to) 2376 3094 w
(be) 2523 3094 w
(uninterruptable.) 2690 3094 w
(That) 3557 3094 w
(is,) 3822 3094 w
(in) 3982 3094 w
(the) 4121 3094 w
(interleaving) 4324 3094 w
(of) 4942 3094 w
(process) 720 3214 w
(executions,) 1128 3214 w
(no) 1720 3214 w
(other) 1877 3214 w
(process) 2169 3214 w
(can) 2578 3214 w
(execute) 2781 3214 w
(statements) 3195 3214 w
(from) 3765 3214 w
(the) 4032 3214 w
(moment) 4222 3214 w
(that) 4659 3214 w
(the) 4885 3214 w
(first statement of this sequence begins to execute until the last one has completed.) 720 3334 w
(It) 720 3490 w
(is) 822 3490 w
(often) 938 3490 w
(useful) 1227 3490 w
(to) 1560 3490 w
(use) 1694 3490 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(atomic) 1900 3490 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(sequences) 2369 3490 w
(to) 2914 3490 w
(start) 3049 3490 w
(a) 3307 3490 w
(series) 3399 3490 w
(of) 3720 3490 w
(processes) 3855 3490 w
(in) 4373 3490 w
(such) 4501 3490 w
(a) 4764 3490 w
(way) 4856 3490 w
(that none of them can start executing statements until all of them have been initialized:) 720 3610 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(init) 1008 3780 w
({) 1333 3780 w
(atomic) 1528 3890 w
({) 1983 3890 w
(run) 2048 4000 w
(A\(1,2\);) 2308 4000 w
(run) 2048 4110 w
(B\(2,3\);) 2308 4110 w
(run) 2048 4220 w
(C\(3,1\)) 2308 4220 w
(}) 1528 4330 w
(}) 1008 4440 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Atomic) 720 4620 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(sequences) 1208 4620 w
(may) 1772 4620 w
(be) 2028 4620 w
(non-deterministic.) 2203 4620 w
(If) 3200 4620 w
(any) 3322 4620 w
(statement) 3547 4620 w
(inside) 4087 4620 w
(an) 4434 4620 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(atomic) 4608 4620 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(sequence) 720 4740 w
(is) 1243 4740 w
(found) 1389 4740 w
(to) 1740 4740 w
(be) 1904 4740 w
(unexecutable,) 2089 4740 w
(however,) 2837 4740 w
(the) 3340 4740 w
(atomic) 3561 4740 w
(chain) 3953 4740 w
(is) 4277 4740 w
(broken,) 4422 4740 w
(and) 4860 4740 w
(another) 720 4860 w
(process) 1150 4860 w
(can) 1580 4860 w
(take) 1805 4860 w
(over) 2068 4860 w
(control.) 2335 4860 w
(When) 2798 4860 w
(the) 3121 4860 w
(blocking) 3333 4860 w
(statement) 3805 4860 w
(becomes) 4346 4860 w
(exe\255) 4834 4860 w
(cutable) 720 4980 w
(later,) 1123 4980 w
(control) 1423 4980 w
(can) 1815 4980 w
(non-deterministically) 2033 4980 w
(return) 3125 4980 w
(to) 3474 4980 w
(the) 3622 4980 w
(process,) 3826 4980 w
(and) 4281 4980 w
(the) 4510 4980 w
(atomic) 4714 4980 w
(execution of the sequence resumes as if it had not been interrupted.) 720 5100 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.2.2.) 720 5340 w
(Deterministic Steps) 1051 5340 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Another) 720 5496 w
(way) 1153 5496 w
(to) 1382 5496 w
(define) 1525 5496 w
(an) 1873 5496 w
(indivisible) 2035 5496 w
(sequence) 2572 5496 w
(of) 3074 5496 w
(actions) 3217 5496 w
(is) 3608 5496 w
(to) 3733 5496 w
(use) 3877 5496 w
(the) 4092 5496 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(d_step) 4293 5496 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(state\255) 4771 5496 w
(ment.) 720 5616 w
(In the above case, for instance, we could also have written:) 1064 5616 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(d_step) 1008 5786 w
({) 1463 5786 w
(/*) 2048 5786 w
(swap) 2243 5786 w
(the) 2568 5786 w
(values) 2828 5786 w
(of) 3283 5786 w
(a) 3478 5786 w
(and) 3608 5786 w
(b) 3868 5786 w
(*/) 3998 5786 w
(tmp) 1528 5896 w
(=) 1788 5896 w
(b;) 1918 5896 w
(b) 1528 6006 w
(=) 1658 6006 w
(a;) 1788 6006 w
(a) 1528 6116 w
(=) 1658 6116 w
(tmp) 1788 6116 w
(}) 1008 6226 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The difference between a) 720 6406 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(d_step) 1979 6406 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(sequence and an) 2443 6406 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(atomic) 3293 6406 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(sequence are:) 3757 6406 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 720 6562 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(A) 970 6562 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(d_step) 1093 6562 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(sequence) 1579 6562 w
(must) 2091 6562 w
(be) 2389 6562 w
(completely) 2563 6562 w
(deterministic.) 3145 6562 w
(\(If) 3898 6562 w
(non-determinism) 4052 6562 w
(is) 4960 6562 w
(nonetheless) 970 6682 w
(encountered,) 1604 6682 w
(it) 2294 6682 w
(is) 2410 6682 w
(always) 2540 6682 w
(resolved) 2909 6682 w
(in) 3368 6682 w
(a) 3509 6682 w
(fixed) 3614 6682 w
(and) 3910 6682 w
(deterministic) 4140 6682 w
(way:) 4824 6682 w
(i.e., the first true guard in selection or repetition structures is always selected.\)) 970 6802 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 720 6958 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(No) 970 6958 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(goto) 1137 6958 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(jumps into or out of a) 1457 6958 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(d_step) 2552 6958 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(sequence are permitted.) 3016 6958 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 720 7114 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 970 7114 w
(execution) 1210 7114 w
(of) 1744 7114 w
(a) 1901 7114 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(d_step) 2015 7114 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(sequence) 2506 7114 w
(cannot) 3022 7114 w
(be) 3409 7114 w
(interrupted) 3587 7114 w
(when) 4193 7114 w
(a) 4510 7114 w
(blocking) 4625 7114 w
(statement) 970 7234 w
(is) 1489 7234 w
(encountered.) 1604 7234 w
(It) 2310 7234 w
(is) 2411 7234 w
(an) 2526 7234 w
(error) 2678 7234 w
(if) 2953 7234 w
(any) 3054 7234 w
(statement) 3258 7234 w
(other) 3777 7234 w
(than) 4068 7234 w
(the) 4318 7234 w
(first) 4507 7234 w
(one) 4736 7234 w
(in) 4949 7234 w
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11 pagesetup
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 11 \255) 2752 480 w
(a) 970 840 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(d_step) 1057 840 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(sequence is found to be unexecutable.) 1521 840 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 720 996 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(A) 970 996 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(d_step) 1076 996 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(sequence) 1545 996 w
(is) 2039 996 w
(executed) 2156 996 w
(as) 2635 996 w
(one) 2778 996 w
(single) 2994 996 w
(statement.) 3320 996 w
(In) 3905 996 w
(a) 4033 996 w
(way,) 4125 996 w
(it) 4378 996 w
(is) 4481 996 w
(a) 4598 996 w
(mecha\255) 4690 996 w
(nism for adding new types of statements to the language.) 970 1116 w
(None) 720 1272 w
(of) 1013 1272 w
(the) 1151 1272 w
(items) 1346 1272 w
(listed) 1652 1272 w
(above) 1957 1272 w
(apply) 2284 1272 w
(to) 2586 1272 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(atomic) 2724 1272 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(sequences.) 3196 1272 w
(This) 3809 1272 w
(means) 4055 1272 w
(that) 4413 1272 w
(the) 4645 1272 w
(key\255) 4841 1272 w
(word) 720 1392 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(d_step) 997 1392 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(can) 1464 1392 w
(always) 1667 1392 w
(be) 2021 1392 w
(replaced) 2175 1392 w
(with) 2624 1392 w
(the) 2864 1392 w
(keyword) 3054 1392 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(atomic) 3496 1392 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 3928 1392 w
(but) 3994 1392 w
(the) 4190 1392 w
(reverse) 4379 1392 w
(is) 4766 1392 w
(not) 4880 1392 w
(true.) 720 1512 w
(\(The) 1022 1512 w
(main,) 1278 1512 w
(perhaps) 1591 1512 w
(the) 2024 1512 w
(only,) 2221 1512 w
(reason) 2499 1512 w
(for) 2867 1512 w
(using) 3048 1512 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(d_step) 3356 1512 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(sequences) 3830 1512 w
(is) 4381 1512 w
(to) 4504 1512 w
(improve) 4645 1512 w
(the efficiency of verifications.\)) 720 1632 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.2.3.) 720 1872 w
(Selection Structures) 1051 1872 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(A) 720 2028 w
(more) 827 2028 w
(interesting) 1116 2028 w
(construct) 1676 2028 w
(is) 2167 2028 w
(the) 2285 2028 w
(selection) 2478 2028 w
(structure.) 2948 2028 w
(Using) 3488 2028 w
(the) 3799 2028 w
(relative) 3992 2028 w
(values) 4385 2028 w
(of) 4728 2028 w
(two) 4865 2028 w
(variables) 720 2148 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(a) 1183 2148 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 1287 2148 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(b) 1499 2148 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(to choose between two options, for instance, we can write:) 1603 2148 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(if) 1008 2318 w
(::) 1008 2428 w
(\(a) 1203 2428 w
(!=) 1398 2428 w
(b\)) 1593 2428 w
(->) 1788 2428 w
(option1) 1983 2428 w
(::) 1008 2538 w
(\(a) 1203 2538 w
(==) 1398 2538 w
(b\)) 1593 2538 w
(->) 1788 2538 w
(option2) 1983 2538 w
(fi) 1008 2648 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 2828 w
(selection) 950 2828 w
(structure) 1431 2828 w
(above) 1918 2828 w
(contains) 2254 2828 w
(two) 2711 2828 w
(execution) 2935 2828 w
(sequences,) 3459 2828 w
(each) 4048 2828 w
(preceded) 4321 2828 w
(by) 4820 2828 w
(a) 4985 2828 w
(double) 720 2948 w
(colon.) 1102 2948 w
(Only) 1478 2948 w
(one) 1747 2948 w
(sequence) 1974 2948 w
(from) 2479 2948 w
(the) 2759 2948 w
(list) 2962 2948 w
(will) 3156 2948 w
(be) 3367 2948 w
(executed.) 3533 2948 w
(A) 4086 2948 w
(sequence) 4202 2948 w
(can) 4706 2948 w
(be) 4921 2948 w
(selected only if) 720 3068 w
(its) 1486 3068 w
(first) 1636 3068 w
(statement) 1864 3068 w
(is) 2381 3068 w
(executable.) 2494 3068 w
(The) 3117 3068 w
(first) 3331 3068 w
(statement) 3559 3068 w
(is) 4076 3068 w
(therefore) 4189 3068 w
(called) 4669 3068 w
(a) 4985 3068 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(guard) 720 3188 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 1013 3188 w
(In) 720 3344 w
(the) 848 3344 w
(above) 1041 3344 w
(example) 1366 3344 w
(the) 1817 3344 w
(guards) 2010 3344 w
(are) 2382 3344 w
(mutually) 2572 3344 w
(exclusive,) 3029 3344 w
(but) 3546 3344 w
(they) 3746 3344 w
(need) 3991 3344 w
(not) 4266 3344 w
(be.) 4464 3344 w
(If) 4685 3344 w
(more) 4789 3344 w
(than) 720 3464 w
(one) 971 3464 w
(guard) 1185 3464 w
(is) 1503 3464 w
(executable,) 1617 3464 w
(one) 2209 3464 w
(of) 2422 3464 w
(the) 2554 3464 w
(corresponding) 2743 3464 w
(sequences) 3480 3464 w
(is) 4022 3464 w
(selected) 4136 3464 w
(nondeter\255) 4569 3464 w
(ministically.) 720 3584 w
(If) 1374 3584 w
(all) 1484 3584 w
(guards) 1641 3584 w
(are) 2019 3584 w
(unexecutable) 2215 3584 w
(the) 2909 3584 w
(process) 3109 3584 w
(will) 3528 3584 w
(block) 3737 3584 w
(until) 4044 3584 w
(at) 4308 3584 w
(least) 4445 3584 w
(one) 4718 3584 w
(of) 4942 3584 w
(them) 720 3704 w
(can) 1001 3704 w
(be) 1202 3704 w
(selected.) 1354 3704 w
(There) 1850 3704 w
(is no restriction on the type of statements that can be used) 2161 3704 w
(as) 720 3824 w
(a) 872 3824 w
(guard:) 973 3824 w
(it) 1334 3824 w
(may) 1446 3824 w
(include) 1692 3824 w
(sends) 2090 3824 w
(or) 2419 3824 w
(receives,) 2567 3824 w
(assignments,) 3038 3824 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(printf) 3726 3824 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 4158 3824 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(skip) 4237 3824 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 4525 3824 w
(etc.) 4604 3824 w
(The) 4859 3824 w
(rules) 720 3944 w
(of) 998 3944 w
(executability) 1135 3944 w
(determine) 1791 3944 w
(in) 2323 3944 w
(each) 2453 3944 w
(case) 2715 3944 w
(what) 2966 3944 w
(the) 3235 3944 w
(semantics) 3428 3944 w
(of) 3951 3944 w
(the) 4087 3944 w
(complete) 4280 3944 w
(selec\255) 4764 3944 w
(tion) 720 4064 w
(structure) 950 4064 w
(will) 1429 4064 w
(be.) 1634 4064 w
(The) 1858 4064 w
(following) 2080 4064 w
(example,) 2568 4064 w
(for) 3054 4064 w
(instance,) 3235 4064 w
(uses) 3712 4064 w
(receive) 3974 4064 w
(statements) 4357 4064 w
(as) 4934 4064 w
(guards in a selection.) 720 4184 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(mtype) 1008 4354 w
(=) 1398 4354 w
({) 1528 4354 w
(a,) 1658 4354 w
(b) 1853 4354 w
(};) 1983 4354 w
(chan) 1008 4574 w
(ch) 1333 4574 w
(=) 1528 4574 w
([1]) 1658 4574 w
(of) 1918 4574 w
({) 2113 4574 w
(byte) 2243 4574 w
(};) 2568 4574 w
(active) 1008 4794 w
(proctype) 1463 4794 w
(A\(\)) 2048 4794 w
({) 1008 4904 w
(ch!a) 1528 4904 w
(}) 1008 5014 w
(active) 1008 5244 w
(proctype) 1463 5244 w
(B\(\)) 2048 5244 w
({) 1008 5354 w
(ch!b) 1528 5354 w
(}) 1008 5464 w
(active) 1008 5694 w
(proctype) 1463 5694 w
(C\(\)) 2048 5694 w
({) 1008 5804 w
(if) 1528 5804 w
(::) 1528 5914 w
(ch?a) 1723 5914 w
(::) 1528 6024 w
(ch?b) 1723 6024 w
(fi) 1528 6134 w
(}) 1008 6244 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 6424 w
(example) 937 6424 w
(defines) 1386 6424 w
(three) 1776 6424 w
(processes) 2064 6424 w
(and) 2581 6424 w
(one) 2797 6424 w
(channel.) 3012 6424 w
(The) 3489 6424 w
(first) 3706 6424 w
(option) 3938 6424 w
(in) 4288 6424 w
(the) 4416 6424 w
(selection) 4608 6424 w
(structure) 720 6544 w
(of) 1215 6544 w
(the) 1370 6544 w
(process) 1581 6544 w
(of) 2011 6544 w
(type) 2165 6544 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(C) 2429 6544 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 2557 6544 w
(executable) 2693 6544 w
(if) 3275 6544 w
(the) 3397 6544 w
(channel) 3608 6544 w
(contains) 4041 6544 w
(a) 4505 6544 w
(message) 4616 6544 w
(named) 720 6664 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(a) 1086 6664 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 1158 6664 w
(where) 1227 6664 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(a) 1556 6664 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 1665 6664 w
(a) 1782 6664 w
(symbolic) 1874 6664 w
(constant) 2341 6664 w
(defined) 2795 6664 w
(in) 3199 6664 w
(the) 3328 6664 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(mtype) 3521 6664 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(declaration) 3919 6664 w
(at) 4496 6664 w
(the) 4626 6664 w
(start) 4819 6664 w
(of) 720 6784 w
(the) 851 6784 w
(program.) 1039 6784 w
(The) 1552 6784 w
(second) 1766 6784 w
(option) 2143 6784 w
(is) 2489 6784 w
(executable) 2602 6784 w
(if) 3161 6784 w
(it) 3260 6784 w
(contains a message) 3359 6784 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(b) 4342 6784 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(, where, sim\255) 4414 6784 w
(ilarly,) 720 6904 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(b) 1050 6904 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 1185 6904 w
(a) 1328 6904 w
(symbolic) 1446 6904 w
(constant.) 1938 6904 w
(Which) 2481 6904 w
(message) 2834 6904 w
(will) 3322 6904 w
(be) 3550 6904 w
(available) 3733 6904 w
(depends) 4220 6904 w
(on) 4698 6904 w
(the) 4885 6904 w
(unknown relative speeds of the processes.) 720 7024 w
(A) 720 7180 w
(process) 827 7180 w
(of) 1239 7180 w
(the) 1375 7180 w
(following) 1568 7180 w
(type) 2053 7180 w
(will) 2299 7180 w
(either) 2501 7180 w
(increment) 2820 7180 w
(or) 3345 7180 w
(decrement) 3485 7180 w
(the) 4038 7180 w
(value) 4231 7180 w
(of) 4523 7180 w
(variable) 4660 7180 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(count) 720 7300 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(once.) 1112 7300 w
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12 pagesetup
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 12 \255) 2752 480 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(byte) 1008 830 w
(count;) 1333 830 w
(active) 1008 1050 w
(proctype) 1463 1050 w
(counter\(\)) 2048 1050 w
({) 1008 1160 w
(if) 1528 1270 w
(::) 1528 1380 w
(count++) 1723 1380 w
(::) 1528 1490 w
(count--) 1723 1490 w
(fi) 1528 1600 w
(}) 1008 1710 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Assignments) 720 1890 w
(are) 1427 1890 w
(always) 1663 1890 w
(executable,) 2066 1890 w
(so) 2708 1890 w
(the) 2904 1890 w
(choice) 3143 1890 w
(made) 3537 1890 w
(here) 3888 1890 w
(is) 4187 1890 w
(truly) 4351 1890 w
(a) 4657 1890 w
(non-) 4797 1890 w
(deterministic) 720 2010 w
(one) 1404 2010 w
(that) 1633 2010 w
(is) 1874 2010 w
(independent) 2004 2010 w
(of) 2663 2010 w
(the) 2811 2010 w
(initial) 3016 2010 w
(value) 3336 2010 w
(of) 3640 2010 w
(the) 3788 2010 w
(variable) 3993 2010 w
(\(zero) 4423 2010 w
(in) 4721 2010 w
(this) 4861 2010 w
(case\).) 720 2130 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.2.4.) 720 2370 w
(Repetition Structures) 1051 2370 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(We) 720 2526 w
(can) 901 2526 w
(modify) 1108 2526 w
(the) 1482 2526 w
(above) 1676 2526 w
(program) 2002 2526 w
(as) 2457 2526 w
(follows,) 2602 2526 w
(to) 3018 2526 w
(obtain) 3155 2526 w
(a) 3501 2526 w
(cyclic) 3595 2526 w
(program) 3897 2526 w
(that) 4353 2526 w
(randomly) 4584 2526 w
(changes) 720 2646 w
(the) 1153 2646 w
(value) 1342 2646 w
(of) 1630 2646 w
(the) 1762 2646 w
(variable) 1951 2646 w
(up) 2365 2646 w
(or) 2524 2646 w
(down,) 2660 2646 w
(by) 2989 2646 w
(replacing) 3138 2646 w
(the) 3620 2646 w
(selection) 3809 2646 w
(structure) 4275 2646 w
(with) 4747 2646 w
(a) 4985 2646 w
(repetition.) 720 2766 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(byte) 1008 2936 w
(count;) 1333 2936 w
(active) 1008 3156 w
(proctype) 1463 3156 w
(counter\(\)) 2048 3156 w
({) 1008 3266 w
(do) 1528 3376 w
(::) 1528 3486 w
(count++) 1723 3486 w
(::) 1528 3596 w
(count--) 1723 3596 w
(::) 1528 3706 w
(\(count) 1723 3706 w
(==) 2178 3706 w
(0\)) 2373 3706 w
(->) 2568 3706 w
(break) 2763 3706 w
(od) 1528 3816 w
(}) 1008 3926 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Only one option can be selected for) 720 4106 w
(execution) 2483 4106 w
(at) 2991 4106 w
(a) 3116 4106 w
(time.) 3204 4106 w
(After) 3516 4106 w
(the) 3789 4106 w
(option) 3977 4106 w
(completes,) 4323 4106 w
(the) 4885 4106 w
(execution) 720 4226 w
(of) 1253 4226 w
(the) 1409 4226 w
(structure) 1622 4226 w
(is) 2117 4226 w
(repeated.) 2254 4226 w
(The) 2802 4226 w
(normal) 3040 4226 w
(way) 3438 4226 w
(to) 3679 4226 w
(terminate) 3834 4226 w
(the) 4357 4226 w
(repetition) 4569 4226 w
(structure is with a) 720 4346 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(break) 1626 4346 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(statement.) 2018 4346 w
(In the example, the loop) 2598 4346 w
(can) 3819 4346 w
(be) 4020 4346 w
(broken) 4172 4346 w
(only) 4546 4346 w
(when) 4783 4346 w
(the) 720 4466 w
(count) 917 4466 w
(reaches) 1232 4466 w
(zero.) 1646 4466 w
(Note,) 1967 4466 w
(however,) 2269 4466 w
(that) 2748 4466 w
(it) 2981 4466 w
(need) 3089 4466 w
(not) 3368 4466 w
(terminate) 3570 4466 w
(since) 4078 4466 w
(the) 4369 4466 w
(other) 4566 4466 w
(two) 4865 4466 w
(options) 720 4586 w
(remain) 1127 4586 w
(executable.) 1507 4586 w
(To) 2141 4586 w
(force) 2309 4586 w
(termination) 2599 4586 w
(we) 3205 4586 w
(could) 3382 4586 w
(modify) 3692 4586 w
(the) 4071 4586 w
(program) 4270 4586 w
(as) 4730 4586 w
(fol\255) 4880 4586 w
(lows.) 720 4706 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(active) 1008 4876 w
(proctype) 1463 4876 w
(counter\(\)) 2048 4876 w
({) 1008 4986 w
(do) 1528 5096 w
(::) 1528 5206 w
(\(count) 1723 5206 w
(!=) 2178 5206 w
(0\)) 2373 5206 w
(->) 2568 5206 w
(if) 2048 5316 w
(::) 2048 5426 w
(count++) 2243 5426 w
(::) 2048 5536 w
(count--) 2243 5536 w
(fi) 2048 5646 w
(::) 1528 5756 w
(\(count) 1723 5756 w
(==) 2178 5756 w
(0\)) 2373 5756 w
(->) 2568 5756 w
(break) 2763 5756 w
(od) 1528 5866 w
(}) 1008 5976 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(A) 720 6156 w
(special) 836 6156 w
(type) 1217 6156 w
(of) 1472 6156 w
(statement) 1617 6156 w
(that) 2148 6156 w
(is) 2386 6156 w
(useful) 2513 6156 w
(in) 2857 6156 w
(selection) 2995 6156 w
(and) 3474 6156 w
(repetition) 3701 6156 w
(structures) 4220 6156 w
(is) 4757 6156 w
(the) 4885 6156 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(else) 720 6276 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(statement.) 1053 6276 w
(An) 1646 6276 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(else) 1822 6276 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(statement) 2155 6276 w
(becomes) 2684 6276 w
(executable) 3160 6276 w
(only) 3730 6276 w
(if) 3978 6276 w
(no) 4088 6276 w
(other) 4255 6276 w
(statement) 4556 6276 w
(within) 720 6396 w
(the) 1052 6396 w
(same) 1243 6396 w
(process,) 1534 6396 w
(at) 1976 6396 w
(the) 2104 6396 w
(same) 2295 6396 w
(control-flow) 2587 6396 w
(point,) 3228 6396 w
(is) 3549 6396 w
(executable.) 3666 6396 w
(We) 4293 6396 w
(could) 4472 6396 w
(try) 4775 6396 w
(to) 4942 6396 w
(use it in two places in the above example:) 720 6516 w
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10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 13 \255) 2752 480 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(active) 1008 830 w
(proctype) 1463 830 w
(counter\(\)) 2048 830 w
({) 1008 940 w
(do) 1528 1050 w
(::) 1528 1160 w
(\(count) 1723 1160 w
(!=) 2178 1160 w
(0\)) 2373 1160 w
(->) 2568 1160 w
(if) 2048 1270 w
(::) 2048 1380 w
(count++) 2243 1380 w
(::) 2048 1490 w
(count--) 2243 1490 w
(::) 2048 1600 w
(else) 2243 1600 w
(fi) 2048 1710 w
(::) 1528 1820 w
(else) 1723 1820 w
(->) 2048 1820 w
(break) 2243 1820 w
(od) 1528 1930 w
(}) 1008 2040 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 2220 w
(first) 956 2220 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(else) 1206 2220 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 1494 2220 w
(inside) 1581 2220 w
(the) 1926 2220 w
(nested) 2136 2220 w
(selection) 2517 2220 w
(structure,) 3005 2220 w
(can) 3531 2220 w
(never) 3755 2220 w
(become) 4078 2220 w
(executable) 4514 2220 w
(though,) 720 2340 w
(and) 1136 2340 w
(is) 1354 2340 w
(therefore) 1472 2340 w
(redundant) 1957 2340 w
(\(both) 2496 2340 w
(alternative) 2790 2340 w
(guards) 3337 2340 w
(of) 3709 2340 w
(the) 3845 2340 w
(selection) 4038 2340 w
(are) 4508 2340 w
(assign\255) 4697 2340 w
(ments,) 720 2460 w
(which) 1123 2460 w
(are) 1476 2460 w
(always) 1700 2460 w
(executable\).) 2091 2460 w
(The) 2786 2460 w
(second) 3039 2460 w
(usage) 3455 2460 w
(of) 3813 2460 w
(the) 3983 2460 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(else) 4210 2460 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 4498 2460 w
(however,) 4603 2460 w
(becomes) 720 2580 w
(executable) 1210 2580 w
(exactly) 1795 2580 w
(when) 2195 2580 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(!\(count) 2510 2580 w
(!=) 3112 2580 w
(0\)) 3354 2580 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(or) 3556 2580 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(\(count) 3716 2580 w
(==) 4246 2580 w
(0\)) 4488 2580 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 4632 2580 w
(and) 4722 2580 w
(is) 4960 2580 w
(therefore equivalent to the latter to break from the loop.) 720 2700 w
(There) 720 2856 w
(is) 1035 2856 w
(also) 1152 2856 w
(an) 1386 2856 w
(alternative) 1541 2856 w
(way) 2088 2856 w
(to) 2310 2856 w
(exit) 2446 2856 w
(the) 2667 2856 w
(do-loop,) 2860 2856 w
(without) 3326 2856 w
(using) 3729 2856 w
(a) 4033 2856 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(break) 4126 2856 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(statement:) 4524 2856 w
(the) 720 2976 w
(infamous) 911 2976 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(goto) 1397 2976 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 1685 2976 w
(This) 1785 2976 w
(is) 2026 2976 w
(illustrated) 2142 2976 w
(in) 2666 2976 w
(the) 2792 2976 w
(following) 2982 2976 w
(implementation) 3464 2976 w
(of) 4261 2976 w
(Euclid) 4394 2976 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031) 4682 2976 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(s) 4714 2976 w
(algo\255) 4800 2976 w
(rithm for finding the greatest common divisor of two non-zero, positive numbers:) 720 3096 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(proctype) 1008 3266 w
(Euclid\(int) 1593 3266 w
(x,) 2308 3266 w
(y\)) 2503 3266 w
({) 1008 3376 w
(do) 1528 3486 w
(::) 1528 3596 w
(\(x) 1723 3596 w
(>) 1918 3596 w
(y\)) 2113 3596 w
(->) 2308 3596 w
(x) 2503 3596 w
(=) 2633 3596 w
(x) 2763 3596 w
(-) 2893 3596 w
(y) 3023 3596 w
(::) 1528 3706 w
(\(x) 1723 3706 w
(<) 1918 3706 w
(y\)) 2113 3706 w
(->) 2308 3706 w
(y) 2503 3706 w
(=) 2633 3706 w
(y) 2763 3706 w
(-) 2893 3706 w
(x) 3023 3706 w
(::) 1528 3816 w
(\(x) 1723 3816 w
(==) 1918 3816 w
(y\)) 2113 3816 w
(->) 2308 3816 w
(goto) 2503 3816 w
(done) 2828 3816 w
(od;) 1528 3926 w
(done:) 1008 4036 w
(skip) 1528 4146 w
(}) 1008 4256 w
(init) 1008 4486 w
({) 1333 4486 w
(run) 1463 4486 w
(Euclid\(36,) 1723 4486 w
(12\)) 2438 4486 w
(}) 2698 4486 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 4666 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(goto) 935 4666 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(in) 1258 4666 w
(this) 1384 4666 w
(example) 1598 4666 w
(jumps) 2046 4666 w
(to) 2380 4666 w
(a) 2513 4666 w
(label) 2603 4666 w
(named) 2870 4666 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(done) 3234 4666 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 3522 4666 w
(Since) 3621 4666 w
(a) 3908 4666 w
(label) 3998 4666 w
(can) 4265 4666 w
(only) 4468 4666 w
(appear) 4707 4666 w
(before) 720 4786 w
(a) 1071 4786 w
(statement,) 1163 4786 w
(we) 1716 4786 w
(have) 1886 4786 w
(added) 2148 4786 w
(the) 2484 4786 w
(dummy) 2675 4786 w
(statement) 3074 4786 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(skip) 3594 4786 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 3882 4786 w
(Like) 3982 4786 w
(a) 4214 4786 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(skip) 4305 4786 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 4593 4786 w
(a) 4661 4786 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(goto) 4752 4786 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(statement) 720 4906 w
(is) 1241 4906 w
(always) 1358 4906 w
(executable) 1714 4906 w
(and) 2277 4906 w
(has) 2494 4906 w
(no) 2699 4906 w
(other) 2860 4906 w
(effect) 3155 4906 w
(than) 3467 4906 w
(to) 3721 4906 w
(change) 3857 4906 w
(the) 4243 4906 w
(control-flow) 4436 4906 w
(point of the process that executes it.) 720 5026 w
(As) 720 5182 w
(a) 895 5182 w
(final) 1005 5182 w
(example,) 1272 5182 w
(consider) 1772 5182 w
(the) 2241 5182 w
(following) 2452 5182 w
(implementation) 2955 5182 w
(of) 3773 5182 w
(a) 3927 5182 w
(Dijkstra) 4038 5182 w
(semaphore,) 4470 5182 w
(which is implemented with the help of a synchronous channel.) 720 5302 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(#define) 1008 5472 w
(p) 1528 5472 w
(0) 2048 5472 w
(#define) 1008 5582 w
(v) 1528 5582 w
(1) 2048 5582 w
(chan) 1008 5802 w
(sema) 1333 5802 w
(=) 1658 5802 w
([0]) 1788 5802 w
(of) 2048 5802 w
({) 2243 5802 w
(bit) 2373 5802 w
(};) 2633 5802 w
(active) 1008 6032 w
(proctype) 1463 6032 w
(Dijkstra\(\)) 2048 6032 w
({) 1008 6142 w
(byte) 1528 6142 w
(count) 1853 6142 w
(=) 2243 6142 w
(1;) 2373 6142 w
(do) 1528 6362 w
(::) 1528 6472 w
(\(count) 1723 6472 w
(==) 2178 6472 w
(1\)) 2373 6472 w
(->) 2568 6472 w
(sema!p;) 2048 6582 w
(count) 2568 6582 w
(=) 2958 6582 w
(0) 3088 6582 w
(::) 1528 6692 w
(\(count) 1723 6692 w
(==) 2178 6692 w
(0\)) 2373 6692 w
(->) 2568 6692 w
(sema?v;) 2048 6802 w
(count) 2568 6802 w
(=) 2958 6802 w
(1) 3088 6802 w
(od) 1528 6912 w
(}) 1008 7022 w
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14 pagesetup
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 14 \255) 2752 480 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(active) 1008 830 w
([3]) 1463 830 w
(proctype) 1723 830 w
(user\(\)) 2308 830 w
({) 1008 940 w
(do) 1528 940 w
(::) 1528 1050 w
(sema?p;) 1723 1050 w
(/*) 1723 1160 w
(critical) 1918 1160 w
(section) 2503 1160 w
(*/) 3023 1160 w
(sema!v;) 1723 1270 w
(/*) 1723 1380 w
(non-critical) 1918 1380 w
(section) 2763 1380 w
(*/) 3283 1380 w
(od) 1528 1490 w
(}) 1008 1600 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 1780 w
(semaphore) 939 1780 w
(guarantees) 1515 1780 w
(that) 2090 1780 w
(only) 2319 1780 w
(one) 2561 1780 w
(of) 2778 1780 w
(the) 2914 1780 w
(three) 3107 1780 w
(user) 3397 1780 w
(processes) 3646 1780 w
(can) 4166 1780 w
(enter) 4373 1780 w
(its) 4664 1780 w
(criti\255) 4820 1780 w
(cal) 720 1900 w
(section) 896 1900 w
(at) 1284 1900 w
(a) 1417 1900 w
(time.) 1513 1900 w
(It) 1833 1900 w
(does) 1940 1900 w
(not) 2212 1900 w
(necessarily) 2413 1900 w
(prevent) 2987 1900 w
(the) 3395 1900 w
(monopolization) 3591 1900 w
(of) 4392 1900 w
(the) 4530 1900 w
(access) 4725 1900 w
(to the critical section by one of the processes.) 720 2020 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 720 2176 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(does) 1172 2176 w
(not) 1443 2176 w
(have) 1643 2176 w
(a) 1908 2176 w
(mechanism) 2003 2176 w
(for) 2595 2176 w
(defining) 2774 2176 w
(functions) 3214 2176 w
(or) 3706 2176 w
(procedures.) 3848 2176 w
(Where) 4497 2176 w
(nec\255) 4838 2176 w
(essary,) 720 2296 w
(though,) 1091 2296 w
(these) 1502 2296 w
(may) 1797 2296 w
(be) 2030 2296 w
(modeled) 2182 2296 w
(with) 2636 2296 w
(the) 2874 2296 w
(help) 3062 2296 w
(of) 3305 2296 w
(additional processes.) 3436 2296 w
(The return) 4528 2296 w
(value) 720 2416 w
(of) 1018 2416 w
(a) 1161 2416 w
(function,) 1261 2416 w
(for) 1739 2416 w
(instance,) 1923 2416 w
(can) 2403 2416 w
(be) 2616 2416 w
(passed) 2780 2416 w
(back) 3164 2416 w
(to) 3436 2416 w
(the) 3579 2416 w
(calling) 3779 2416 w
(process) 4141 2416 w
(via) 4560 2416 w
(global) 4741 2416 w
(variables) 720 2536 w
(or) 1191 2536 w
(messages.) 1332 2536 w
(The) 1910 2536 w
(following) 2130 2536 w
(program) 2616 2536 w
(illustrates) 3071 2536 w
(this) 3587 2536 w
(by) 3805 2536 w
(recursively) 3959 2536 w
(calculating) 4518 2536 w
(the factorial of a number) 720 2656 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(n) 1960 2656 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 2032 2656 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(proctype) 1008 2826 w
(fact\(int) 1593 2826 w
(n;) 2178 2826 w
(chan) 2373 2826 w
(p\)) 2698 2826 w
({) 1008 2936 w
(chan) 1528 2936 w
(child) 1853 2936 w
(=) 2243 2936 w
([1]) 2373 2936 w
(of) 2633 2936 w
({) 2828 2936 w
(int) 2958 2936 w
(};) 3218 2936 w
(int) 1528 3046 w
(result;) 1788 3046 w
(if) 1528 3266 w
(::) 1528 3376 w
(\(n) 1723 3376 w
(<=) 1918 3376 w
(1\)) 2113 3376 w
(->) 2308 3376 w
(p!1) 2503 3376 w
(::) 1528 3486 w
(\(n) 1723 3486 w
(>=) 1918 3486 w
(2\)) 2113 3486 w
(->) 2308 3486 w
(run) 2048 3596 w
(fact\(n-1,) 2308 3596 w
(child\);) 2958 3596 w
(child?result;) 2048 3706 w
(p!n*result) 2048 3816 w
(fi) 1528 3926 w
(}) 1008 4036 w
(init) 1008 4266 w
({) 1008 4376 w
(chan) 1528 4376 w
(child) 1853 4376 w
(=) 2243 4376 w
([1]) 2373 4376 w
(of) 2633 4376 w
({) 2828 4376 w
(int) 2958 4376 w
(};) 3218 4376 w
(int) 1528 4486 w
(result;) 1788 4486 w
(run) 1528 4706 w
(fact\(7,) 1788 4706 w
(child\);) 2308 4706 w
(child?result;) 1528 4816 w
(printf\("result:) 1528 4926 w
(%d\\n",) 2568 4926 w
(result\)) 3023 4926 w
(}) 1008 5036 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Each) 720 5216 w
(process) 1003 5216 w
(creates) 1438 5216 w
(a) 1846 5216 w
(private) 1962 5216 w
(channel) 2356 5216 w
(and) 2794 5216 w
(uses) 3035 5216 w
(it) 3317 5216 w
(to) 3445 5216 w
(communicate) 3605 5216 w
(with) 4317 5216 w
(its) 4584 5216 w
(direct) 4763 5216 w
(descendant.) 720 5336 w
(There are no input statements in) 1373 5336 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 2997 5336 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 3410 5336 w
(The reason is that models must) 3506 5336 w
(always) 720 5456 w
(be) 1080 5456 w
(complete) 1240 5456 w
(to) 1728 5456 w
(allow) 1868 5456 w
(for) 2161 5456 w
(logical) 2342 5456 w
(verifications,) 2700 5456 w
(and) 3364 5456 w
(input) 3586 5456 w
(statements) 3881 5456 w
(would) 4458 5456 w
(leave) 4792 5456 w
(at) 720 5576 w
(least) 848 5576 w
(the) 1112 5576 w
(source) 1303 5576 w
(of) 1661 5576 w
(some) 1794 5576 w
(information) 2090 5576 w
(unspecified.) 2692 5576 w
(A) 3350 5576 w
(way) 3454 5576 w
(to) 3673 5576 w
(read) 3806 5576 w
(input) 4056 5576 w
(would) 4344 5576 w
(presup\255) 4671 5576 w
(pose a source of information that is not part of the model.) 720 5696 w
(We) 720 5852 w
(have) 899 5852 w
(already) 1161 5852 w
(discussed) 1549 5852 w
(a) 2063 5852 w
(few) 2155 5852 w
(special) 2362 5852 w
(types) 2733 5852 w
(of) 3029 5852 w
(statement:) 3164 5852 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(skip) 3717 5852 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 4005 5852 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(break) 4074 5852 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 4434 5852 w
(and) 4503 5852 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(else) 4720 5852 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 5008 5852 w
(Another) 720 5972 w
(statement) 1142 5972 w
(in) 1660 5972 w
(this) 1785 5972 w
(class) 1998 5972 w
(is) 2268 5972 w
(the) 2381 5972 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(timeout) 2569 5972 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 3073 5972 w
(The) 3170 5972 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(timeout) 3384 5972 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 3921 5972 w
(comparable) 4034 5972 w
(to) 4634 5972 w
(a) 4765 5972 w
(sys\255) 4853 5972 w
(tem) 720 6092 w
(level) 949 6092 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(else) 1214 6092 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(statement:) 1546 6092 w
(it) 2106 6092 w
(becomes) 2216 6092 w
(executable) 2691 6092 w
(if) 3261 6092 w
(and) 3371 6092 w
(only) 3595 6092 w
(if) 3843 6092 w
(no) 3953 6092 w
(other) 4120 6092 w
(statement) 4421 6092 w
(in) 4949 6092 w
(any) 720 6212 w
(of) 933 6212 w
(the) 1075 6212 w
(processes) 1274 6212 w
(is) 1799 6212 w
(executable.) 1922 6212 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Timeout) 2555 6212 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 3102 6212 w
(a) 3225 6212 w
(modeling) 3323 6212 w
(feature) 3821 6212 w
(that) 4208 6212 w
(provides) 4442 6212 w
(for) 4901 6212 w
(an) 720 6332 w
(escape) 907 6332 w
(from) 1309 6332 w
(a) 1611 6332 w
(potential) 1736 6332 w
(deadlock) 2235 6332 w
(state.) 2741 6332 w
(The) 3111 6332 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(timeout) 3363 6332 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(takes) 3938 6332 w
(no) 4266 6332 w
(parameters,) 4460 6332 w
(because) 720 6452 w
(the) 1147 6452 w
(types) 1335 6452 w
(of properties we would like to prove for) 1627 6452 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 3586 6452 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(models must be pro\255) 4031 6452 w
(ven) 720 6572 w
(independent) 923 6572 w
(of) 1565 6572 w
(all) 1696 6572 w
(absolute) 1842 6572 w
(and) 2289 6572 w
(relative) 2502 6572 w
(timing) 2890 6572 w
(considerations.) 3235 6572 w
(In) 4041 6572 w
(particular,) 4165 6572 w
(the) 4693 6572 w
(rel\255) 4881 6572 w
(ative speeds of processes can never be known with certainty in an asynchronous system.) 720 6692 w
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15 pagesetup
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 15 \255) 2752 480 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.2.5.) 720 840 w
(Escape Sequences) 1051 840 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 996 w
(last) 947 996 w
(type) 1165 996 w
(of) 1419 996 w
(compound) 1563 996 w
(structure) 2125 996 w
(to) 2609 996 w
(be) 2754 996 w
(discussed) 2920 996 w
(is) 3444 996 w
(the) 3571 996 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(unless) 3773 996 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(statement.) 4252 996 w
(It) 4847 996 w
(is) 4960 996 w
(used as follows:) 720 1116 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
({) 1008 1286 w
(P) 1138 1286 w
(}) 1268 1286 w
(unless) 1398 1286 w
({) 1853 1286 w
(E) 1983 1286 w
(}) 2113 1286 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(where) 720 1466 w
(the) 1067 1466 w
(letters) 1277 1466 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(P) 1639 1466 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 1766 1466 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(E) 2002 1466 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(represent) 2130 1466 w
(arbitrary) 2649 1466 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 3119 1466 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(fragments.) 3588 1466 w
(Execution) 4202 1466 w
(of) 4731 1466 w
(the) 4885 1466 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(unless) 720 1586 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(statement) 1189 1586 w
(begins) 1710 1586 w
(with) 2070 1586 w
(the) 2312 1586 w
(execution) 2504 1586 w
(of) 3016 1586 w
(statements) 3151 1586 w
(from) 3723 1586 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(P) 3992 1586 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 4064 1586 w
(Before) 4165 1586 w
(each) 4511 1586 w
(state\255) 4771 1586 w
(ment) 720 1706 w
(execution) 1010 1706 w
(in) 1527 1706 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(P) 1660 1706 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(the) 1774 1706 w
(executability) 1971 1706 w
(of) 2630 1706 w
(the) 2770 1706 w
(first) 2967 1706 w
(statement) 3204 1706 w
(of) 3730 1706 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(E) 3870 1706 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 3984 1706 w
(checked,) 4106 1706 w
(using) 4577 1706 w
(the) 4885 1706 w
(normal) 720 1826 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 1106 1826 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(semantics) 1564 1826 w
(of) 2094 1826 w
(executability.) 2237 1826 w
(Execution) 2963 1826 w
(of) 3481 1826 w
(statements) 3624 1826 w
(from) 4204 1826 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(P) 4481 1826 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(proceeds) 4598 1826 w
(only) 720 1946 w
(while) 958 1946 w
(the) 1245 1946 w
(first) 1434 1946 w
(statement) 1663 1946 w
(of) 2181 1946 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(E) 2313 1946 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(remains) 2419 1946 w
(unexecutable.) 2840 1946 w
(The) 3589 1946 w
(first) 3805 1946 w
(time) 4035 1946 w
(that) 4285 1946 w
(this) 4511 1946 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\030) 4725 1946 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(guard) 4757 1946 w
(of) 720 2066 w
(the) 855 2066 w
(escape) 1047 2066 w
(sequence) 1416 2066 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031) 1873 2066 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 1942 2066 w
(found) 2059 2066 w
(to) 2381 2066 w
(be) 2516 2066 w
(executable,) 2672 2066 w
(control) 3267 2066 w
(changes) 3646 2066 w
(to) 4081 2066 w
(it,) 4215 2066 w
(and) 4349 2066 w
(execution) 4565 2066 w
(continues) 720 2186 w
(as) 1231 2186 w
(defined) 1377 2186 w
(for) 1783 2186 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(E) 1962 2186 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 2034 2186 w
(Individual) 2138 2186 w
(statement) 2651 2186 w
(executions) 3175 2186 w
(remain) 3741 2186 w
(indivisible,) 4117 2186 w
(so) 4681 2186 w
(con\255) 4833 2186 w
(trol) 720 2306 w
(can) 922 2306 w
(only) 1124 2306 w
(change) 1362 2306 w
(from) 1744 2306 w
(inside) 2010 2306 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(P) 2333 2306 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(to) 2438 2306 w
(the) 2569 2306 w
(start) 2757 2306 w
(of) 3011 2306 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(E) 3142 2306 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(in) 3247 2306 w
(between) 3371 2306 w
(individual) 3811 2306 w
(statement) 4317 2306 w
(exe\255) 4834 2306 w
(cutions.) 720 2426 w
(If) 1182 2426 w
(the) 1293 2426 w
(guard) 1493 2426 w
(of) 1821 2426 w
(the) 1964 2426 w
(escape) 2164 2426 w
(sequence) 2541 2426 w
(does) 3043 2426 w
(not) 3319 2426 w
(become) 3524 2426 w
(executable) 3949 2426 w
(during) 4520 2426 w
(the) 4885 2426 w
(execution of) 720 2546 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(P) 1357 2546 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(, then it is skipped entirely when) 1429 2546 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(P) 3050 2546 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(terminates.) 3154 2546 w
(An example of the use of escape sequences is:) 720 2702 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(A;) 1008 2872 w
(do) 1008 2982 w
(::) 1008 3092 w
(b1) 1203 3092 w
(->) 1398 3092 w
(B1) 1593 3092 w
(::) 1008 3202 w
(b2) 1203 3202 w
(->) 1398 3202 w
(B2) 1593 3202 w
(...) 1008 3312 w
(od) 1008 3422 w
(unless) 1008 3532 w
({) 1463 3532 w
(c) 1593 3532 w
(->) 1723 3532 w
(C) 1918 3532 w
(};) 2048 3532 w
(D) 1008 3642 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(As) 720 3822 w
(shown) 888 3822 w
(in) 1249 3822 w
(the) 1388 3822 w
(example,) 1591 3822 w
(the) 2084 3822 w
(curly) 2287 3822 w
(braces) 2570 3822 w
(around) 2935 3822 w
(the) 3327 3822 w
(main) 3530 3822 w
(sequence) 3817 3822 w
(\(or) 4322 3822 w
(the) 4505 3822 w
(escape) 4708 3822 w
(sequence\)) 720 3942 w
(can) 1243 3942 w
(be) 1444 3942 w
(deleted) 1596 3942 w
(if) 1989 3942 w
(there) 2088 3942 w
(can be no confusion about which statements belong to) 2373 3942 w
(those) 720 4062 w
(sequences.) 1021 4062 w
(In) 1627 4062 w
(the) 1752 4062 w
(example,) 1941 4062 w
(condition) 2420 4062 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(c) 2909 4062 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(acts) 3016 4062 w
(as) 3245 4062 w
(a) 3386 4062 w
(watchdog) 3476 4062 w
(on) 3979 4062 w
(the) 4137 4062 w
(repetition) 4327 4062 w
(con\255) 4833 4062 w
(struct) 720 4182 w
(from) 1040 4182 w
(the) 1313 4182 w
(main) 1508 4182 w
(sequence.) 1787 4182 w
(Note) 2348 4182 w
(that) 2616 4182 w
(this) 2847 4182 w
(is) 3066 4182 w
(not) 3186 4182 w
(necessarily) 3386 4182 w
(equivalent) 3959 4182 w
(to) 4500 4182 w
(the) 4638 4182 w
(con\255) 4833 4182 w
(struct) 720 4302 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(A;) 1008 4472 w
(do) 1008 4582 w
(::) 1008 4692 w
(b1) 1203 4692 w
(->) 1398 4692 w
(B1) 1593 4692 w
(::) 1008 4802 w
(b2) 1203 4802 w
(->) 1398 4802 w
(B2) 1593 4802 w
(...) 1008 4912 w
(::) 1008 5022 w
(c) 1203 5022 w
(->) 1333 5022 w
(break) 1528 5022 w
(od;) 1008 5132 w
(C;) 1008 5242 w
(D) 1203 5242 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(if) 720 5422 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(B1) 825 5422 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(or) 1008 5422 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(B2) 1149 5422 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(are) 1332 5422 w
(non-empty.) 1523 5422 w
(In) 2170 5422 w
(the) 2301 5422 w
(first) 2496 5422 w
(version) 2731 5422 w
(of) 3123 5422 w
(the) 3261 5422 w
(example,) 3456 5422 w
(execution) 3941 5422 w
(of) 4456 5422 w
(the) 4594 5422 w
(itera\255) 4789 5422 w
(tion) 720 5542 w
(can) 942 5542 w
(be) 1143 5542 w
(interrupted) 1295 5542 w
(at) 1875 5542 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(any) 2000 5542 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(point inside each option sequence.) 2210 5542 w
(In the second version,) 3970 5542 w
(execution can only be interrupted at the start of the option sequences.) 720 5662 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.3.) 720 5902 w
(Correctness Properties) 962 5902 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(There are three ways to express correctness properties in) 720 6058 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 3549 6058 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(, using:) 3962 6058 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 6214 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Assertions \(section 1.3.1\),) 1058 6214 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 6334 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Special labels \(section 1.3.2\),) 1058 6334 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 6454 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Never) 1058 6454 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claims \(section 1.3.3\).) 1450 6454 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.3.1.) 720 6730 w
(Assertions) 1051 6730 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Statements of the form) 720 6886 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(assert\(expression\)) 1008 7056 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(are) 720 7236 w
(always) 940 7236 w
(executable.) 1327 7236 w
(If) 1985 7236 w
(the) 2119 7236 w
(expression) 2342 7236 w
(evaluates) 2941 7236 w
(to) 3462 7236 w
(a) 3628 7236 w
(non-zero) 3752 7236 w
(value) 4279 7236 w
(\(i.e.,) 4602 7236 w
(the) 4885 7236 w
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16 pagesetup
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 16 \255) 2752 480 w
(corresponding) 720 840 w
(condition) 1469 840 w
(holds\),) 1970 840 w
(the) 2346 840 w
(statement) 2546 840 w
(has) 3075 840 w
(no) 3288 840 w
(effect) 3456 840 w
(when) 3775 840 w
(executed.) 4077 840 w
(The) 4628 840 w
(cor\255) 4854 840 w
(rectness) 720 960 w
(property) 1158 960 w
(expressed,) 1606 960 w
(though,) 2170 960 w
(is) 2582 960 w
(that) 2696 960 w
(it) 2921 960 w
(is) 3021 960 w
(impossible) 3135 960 w
(for) 3694 960 w
(the) 3867 960 w
(expression) 4056 960 w
(to) 4621 960 w
(evalu\255) 4753 960 w
(ate) 720 1080 w
(to) 901 1080 w
(zero) 1032 1080 w
(\(i.e.,) 1280 1080 w
(for) 1527 1080 w
(the) 1699 1080 w
(condition) 1887 1080 w
(to) 2375 1080 w
(be) 2506 1080 w
(false\).) 2658 1080 w
(A) 3016 1080 w
(failing) 3118 1080 w
(assertion) 3454 1080 w
(will) 3930 1080 w
(cause) 4127 1080 w
(execution to) 4435 1080 w
(be aborted.) 720 1200 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.3.2.) 720 1440 w
(Special Labels) 1051 1440 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Labels) 720 1596 w
(in) 1080 1596 w
(a) 1224 1596 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 1332 1596 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(specification) 1798 1596 w
(ordinarily) 2463 1596 w
(serve) 2979 1596 w
(as) 3289 1596 w
(targets) 3449 1596 w
(for) 3842 1596 w
(unconditional) 4035 1596 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(goto) 4752 1596 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(jumps,) 720 1716 w
(as) 1106 1716 w
(usual.) 1267 1716 w
(There) 1645 1716 w
(are,) 1978 1716 w
(however,) 2217 1716 w
(also) 2709 1716 w
(three) 2960 1716 w
(types) 3267 1716 w
(of) 3581 1716 w
(labels) 3734 1716 w
(that) 4072 1716 w
(have) 4318 1716 w
(a) 4597 1716 w
(special) 4706 1716 w
(meaning to the verifier.) 720 1836 w
(We discuss them in the next three subsections.) 1925 1836 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.3.2.1.) 720 2076 w
(End-State Labels) 1140 2076 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(When) 720 2232 w
(a) 1023 2232 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 1115 2232 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(model) 1565 2232 w
(is) 1904 2232 w
(checked) 2021 2232 w
(for) 2455 2232 w
(reachable) 2631 2232 w
(deadlock) 3137 2232 w
(states) 3611 2232 w
(by) 3936 2232 w
(the) 4089 2232 w
(verifier,) 4282 2232 w
(it) 4693 2232 w
(must) 4797 2232 w
(be) 720 2352 w
(able) 878 2352 w
(to) 1120 2352 w
(distinguish) 1257 2352 w
(valid) 1833 2352 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(end) 2100 2352 w
(state) 2314 2352 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(s) 2553 2352 w
(from) 2642 2352 w
(invalid) 2912 2352 w
(ones.) 3269 2352 w
(By) 3601 2352 w
(default,) 3749 2352 w
(the) 4158 2352 w
(only) 4351 2352 w
(valid) 4593 2352 w
(end) 4859 2352 w
(states) 720 2472 w
(are) 1048 2472 w
(those) 1241 2472 w
(in) 1550 2472 w
(which) 1683 2472 w
(every) 2006 2472 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 2305 2472 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(process) 2760 2472 w
(that) 3176 2472 w
(was) 3409 2472 w
(instantiated) 3634 2472 w
(has) 4249 2472 w
(reached) 4459 2472 w
(the) 4885 2472 w
(end) 720 2592 w
(of) 950 2592 w
(its) 1097 2592 w
(code.) 1263 2592 w
(Not) 1607 2592 w
(all) 1828 2592 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 1990 2592 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(processes,) 2452 2592 w
(however,) 3014 2592 w
(are) 3500 2592 w
(meant) 3700 2592 w
(to) 4051 2592 w
(reach) 4197 2592 w
(the) 4510 2592 w
(end) 4713 2592 w
(of) 4942 2592 w
(their) 720 2712 w
(code.) 980 2712 w
(Some) 1310 2712 w
(may) 1609 2712 w
(very) 1844 2712 w
(well) 2080 2712 w
(linger) 2306 2712 w
(in) 2620 2712 w
(a) 2746 2712 w
(known) 2836 2712 w
(wait) 3191 2712 w
(state,) 3424 2712 w
(or) 3727 2712 w
(they) 3864 2712 w
(may) 4106 2712 w
(sit) 4341 2712 w
(patiently) 4493 2712 w
(in) 4949 2712 w
(a loop ready to spring into action when new input arrives.) 720 2832 w
(To) 720 2988 w
(make) 893 2988 w
(it) 1204 2988 w
(clear) 1319 2988 w
(to) 1600 2988 w
(the) 1747 2988 w
(verifier) 1951 2988 w
(that) 2341 2988 w
(these) 2581 2988 w
(alternate) 2892 2988 w
(end) 3369 2988 w
(states) 3599 2988 w
(are) 3935 2988 w
(also) 4136 2988 w
(valid,) 4381 2988 w
(we) 4690 2988 w
(can) 4872 2988 w
(define) 720 3108 w
(special) 1091 3108 w
(end-state) 1493 3108 w
(labels.) 2036 3108 w
(We) 2451 3108 w
(can) 2661 3108 w
(do) 2897 3108 w
(so,) 3089 3108 w
(for) 3301 3108 w
(instance,) 3508 3108 w
(in) 4011 3108 w
(the) 4169 3108 w
(process) 4391 3108 w
(type) 4832 3108 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Dijkstra) 720 3228 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(, from an earlier example:) 1296 3228 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(proctype) 1008 3398 w
(Dijkstra\(\)) 1593 3398 w
({) 1008 3508 w
(byte) 1528 3508 w
(count) 1853 3508 w
(=) 2243 3508 w
(1;) 2373 3508 w
(end:) 1008 3728 w
(do) 1528 3728 w
(::) 1528 3838 w
(\(count) 1723 3838 w
(==) 2178 3838 w
(1\)) 2373 3838 w
(->) 2568 3838 w
(sema!p;) 2048 3948 w
(count) 2568 3948 w
(=) 2958 3948 w
(0) 3088 3948 w
(::) 1528 4058 w
(\(count) 1723 4058 w
(==) 2178 4058 w
(0\)) 2373 4058 w
(->) 2568 4058 w
(sema?v;) 2048 4168 w
(count) 2568 4168 w
(=) 2958 4168 w
(1) 3088 4168 w
(od) 1528 4278 w
(}) 1008 4388 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 4568 w
(label) 941 4568 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(end) 1213 4568 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(defines) 1469 4568 w
(that) 1863 4568 w
(it) 2094 4568 w
(is) 2200 4568 w
(not) 2320 4568 w
(an) 2520 4568 w
(error) 2677 4568 w
(if,) 2957 4568 w
(at) 3095 4568 w
(the) 3227 4568 w
(end) 3422 4568 w
(of) 3643 4568 w
(an) 3781 4568 w
(execution) 3939 4568 w
(sequence,) 4455 4568 w
(a) 4985 4568 w
(process) 720 4688 w
(of) 1137 4688 w
(this) 1278 4688 w
(type) 1500 4688 w
(has) 1751 4688 w
(not) 1962 4688 w
(reached) 2165 4688 w
(its) 2592 4688 w
(closing) 2752 4688 w
(curly) 3140 4688 w
(brace,) 3418 4688 w
(but) 3759 4688 w
(waits) 3964 4688 w
(at) 4256 4688 w
(the) 4390 4688 w
(label.) 4587 4688 w
(Of) 4925 4688 w
(course,) 720 4808 w
(such) 1111 4808 w
(a) 1374 4808 w
(state) 1466 4808 w
(could) 1739 4808 w
(still) 2042 4808 w
(be) 2254 4808 w
(part) 2410 4808 w
(of) 2643 4808 w
(a) 2778 4808 w
(deadlock) 2870 4808 w
(state,) 3343 4808 w
(but) 3648 4808 w
(if) 3847 4808 w
(so,) 3950 4808 w
(it) 4131 4808 w
(is) 4234 4808 w
(not) 4351 4808 w
(caused) 4549 4808 w
(by) 4925 4808 w
(this particular process.) 720 4928 w
(There) 720 5084 w
(may) 1040 5084 w
(be) 1282 5084 w
(more) 1443 5084 w
(than) 1736 5084 w
(one) 1994 5084 w
(end-state) 2215 5084 w
(label) 2732 5084 w
(per) 3006 5084 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 3208 5084 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(model.) 3663 5084 w
(If) 4071 5084 w
(so,) 4180 5084 w
(all) 4367 5084 w
(labels) 4523 5084 w
(that) 4849 5084 w
(occur) 720 5204 w
(within) 1025 5204 w
(the) 1360 5204 w
(same) 1554 5204 w
(process) 1848 5204 w
(body) 2261 5204 w
(must) 2539 5204 w
(be) 2821 5204 w
(unique.) 2979 5204 w
(The) 3416 5204 w
(rule) 3636 5204 w
(is) 3862 5204 w
(that) 3980 5204 w
(every) 4209 5204 w
(label) 4504 5204 w
(name) 4774 5204 w
(with the prefix) 720 5324 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(end) 1463 5324 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is taken to be an end-state label.) 1711 5324 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.3.2.2.) 720 5564 w
(Progress-State Labels) 1140 5564 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(In) 720 5720 w
(the) 848 5720 w
(same) 1040 5720 w
(spirit,) 1332 5720 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 1651 5720 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(also) 2101 5720 w
(allows) 2334 5720 w
(for) 2673 5720 w
(the) 2849 5720 w
(definition) 3041 5720 w
(of) 3543 5720 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(progress) 3678 5720 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(labels.) 4291 5720 w
(Passing) 4675 5720 w
(a) 720 5840 w
(progress) 814 5840 w
(label) 1279 5840 w
(during) 1550 5840 w
(an) 1908 5840 w
(execution) 2064 5840 w
(is) 2578 5840 w
(interpreted) 2697 5840 w
(as) 3277 5840 w
(a) 3422 5840 w
(good) 3516 5840 w
(thing:) 3802 5840 w
(the) 4157 5840 w
(process) 4350 5840 w
(is) 4762 5840 w
(not) 4880 5840 w
(just) 720 5960 w
(idling) 948 5960 w
(while) 1270 5960 w
(waiting) 1572 5960 w
(for) 1972 5960 w
(things) 2160 5960 w
(to) 2512 5960 w
(happen) 2659 5960 w
(elsewhere,) 3069 5960 w
(but) 3634 5960 w
(is) 3845 5960 w
(making) 3974 5960 w
(effective) 4382 5960 w
(pro\255) 4842 5960 w
(gress) 720 6080 w
(in) 1017 6080 w
(its) 1143 6080 w
(execution.) 1295 6080 w
(The) 1869 6080 w
(implicit) 2085 6080 w
(correctness) 2480 6080 w
(property) 3073 6080 w
(expressed) 3522 6080 w
(here) 4055 6080 w
(is) 4305 6080 w
(that) 4420 6080 w
(any) 4646 6080 w
(infi\255) 4850 6080 w
(nite) 720 6200 w
(execution) 950 6200 w
(cycle) 1471 6200 w
(allowed) 1756 6200 w
(by) 2172 6200 w
(the) 2333 6200 w
(model) 2534 6200 w
(that) 2882 6200 w
(does) 3119 6200 w
(not) 3396 6200 w
(pass) 3602 6200 w
(through) 3868 6200 w
(at) 4302 6200 w
(least) 4441 6200 w
(one) 4716 6200 w
(of) 4942 6200 w
(these) 720 6320 w
(progress) 1034 6320 w
(labels) 1512 6320 w
(is) 1847 6320 w
(a) 1979 6320 w
(potential) 2086 6320 w
(starvation) 2567 6320 w
(loop.) 3099 6320 w
(In) 3429 6320 w
(the) 3572 6320 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Dijkstra) 3778 6320 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(example,) 4405 6320 w
(for) 4901 6320 w
(instance,) 720 6440 w
(we) 1189 6440 w
(can) 1356 6440 w
(label) 1558 6440 w
(the) 1824 6440 w
(successful) 2013 6440 w
(passing) 2549 6440 w
(of) 2957 6440 w
(a) 3090 6440 w
(semaphore) 3180 6440 w
(test) 3753 6440 w
(as) 3969 6440 w
(progress) 4110 6440 w
(and) 4571 6440 w
(ask) 4786 6440 w
(a) 4985 6440 w
(verifier to make sure that there is no cycle elsewhere in the system.) 720 6560 w
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17 pagesetup
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 17 \255) 2752 480 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(proctype) 1008 830 w
(Dijkstra\(\)) 1593 830 w
({) 1008 940 w
(byte) 1528 940 w
(count) 1853 940 w
(=) 2243 940 w
(1;) 2373 940 w
(end:) 1008 1160 w
(do) 1528 1160 w
(::) 1528 1270 w
(\(count) 1723 1270 w
(==) 2178 1270 w
(1\)) 2373 1270 w
(->) 2568 1270 w
(progress:) 1008 1380 w
(sema!p;) 2048 1380 w
(count) 2568 1380 w
(=) 2958 1380 w
(0) 3088 1380 w
(::) 1528 1490 w
(\(count) 1723 1490 w
(==) 2178 1490 w
(0\)) 2373 1490 w
(->) 2568 1490 w
(sema?v;) 2048 1600 w
(count) 2568 1600 w
(=) 2958 1600 w
(1) 3088 1600 w
(od) 1528 1710 w
(}) 1008 1820 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(If) 720 2000 w
(more) 836 2000 w
(than) 1137 2000 w
(one) 1403 2000 w
(state) 1633 2000 w
(carries) 1920 2000 w
(a) 2295 2000 w
(progress) 2401 2000 w
(label,) 2878 2000 w
(variations) 3193 2000 w
(with) 3716 2000 w
(a) 3972 2000 w
(common) 4078 2000 w
(prefix) 4550 2000 w
(are) 4888 2000 w
(again valid.) 720 2120 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.3.2.3.) 720 2360 w
(Accept-State Labels) 1140 2360 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 2516 w
(last) 957 2516 w
(type) 1185 2516 w
(of) 1449 2516 w
(label,) 1603 2516 w
(the) 1923 2516 w
(accept-state) 2134 2516 w
(label,) 2797 2516 w
(is) 3117 2516 w
(used) 3253 2516 w
(primarily) 3541 2516 w
(in) 4029 2516 w
(combination) 4176 2516 w
(with) 4835 2516 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 720 2636 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claims.) 1145 2636 w
(Briefly,) 1582 2636 w
(by) 1981 2636 w
(labeling) 2161 2636 w
(a) 2610 2636 w
(state) 2729 2636 w
(with) 3029 2636 w
(any) 3298 2636 w
(label) 3531 2636 w
(starting) 3827 2636 w
(with) 4265 2636 w
(the) 4534 2636 w
(prefix) 4753 2636 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(accept) 720 2756 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(we) 1194 2756 w
(can) 1369 2756 w
(ask) 1579 2756 w
(the) 1785 2756 w
(verifier) 1982 2756 w
(to) 2365 2756 w
(find) 2505 2756 w
(all) 2738 2756 w
(cycles) 2893 2756 w
(that) 3226 2756 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(do) 3460 2756 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(pass) 3621 2756 w
(through) 3884 2756 w
(at) 4314 2756 w
(least) 4449 2756 w
(one) 4720 2756 w
(of) 4942 2756 w
(those) 720 2876 w
(labels.) 1037 2876 w
(The) 1434 2876 w
(implicit) 1665 2876 w
(correctness) 2075 2876 w
(claim) 2682 2876 w
(is) 2988 2876 w
(that) 3117 2876 w
(this) 3357 2876 w
(cannot) 3585 2876 w
(happen.) 3962 2876 w
(The) 4436 2876 w
(primary) 4666 2876 w
(place) 720 2996 w
(where) 1014 2996 w
(accept) 1346 2996 w
(labels) 1699 2996 w
(are) 2022 2996 w
(used) 2214 2996 w
(is) 2486 2996 w
(inside) 2606 2996 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 2936 2996 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claims.) 3336 2996 w
(We) 3749 2996 w
(discuss) 3932 2996 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 4331 2996 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claims) 4732 2996 w
(next.) 720 3116 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.3.3.) 720 3356 w
(Never Claims) 1051 3356 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Up) 720 3512 w
(to) 885 3512 w
(this) 1016 3512 w
(point) 1228 3512 w
(we) 1513 3512 w
(have) 1680 3512 w
(talked) 1939 3512 w
(about) 2271 3512 w
(the) 2583 3512 w
(specification) 2772 3512 w
(of) 3417 3512 w
(correctness) 3549 3512 w
(criteria) 4141 3512 w
(with) 4514 3512 w
(asser\255) 4753 3512 w
(tions) 720 3632 w
(and) 1004 3632 w
(with) 1228 3632 w
(three) 1477 3632 w
(special) 1773 3632 w
(types) 2151 3632 w
(of) 2454 3632 w
(labels.) 2595 3632 w
(Powerful) 2985 3632 w
(types) 3446 3632 w
(of) 3748 3632 w
(correctness) 3889 3632 w
(criteria) 4490 3632 w
(can) 4872 3632 w
(already) 720 3752 w
(be) 1107 3752 w
(expressed) 1262 3752 w
(with) 1796 3752 w
(these) 2037 3752 w
(tools,) 2335 3752 w
(yet) 2642 3752 w
(so) 2823 3752 w
(far) 2972 3752 w
(our) 3142 3752 w
(only) 3343 3752 w
(option) 3584 3752 w
(is) 3934 3752 w
(to) 4051 3752 w
(add) 4186 3752 w
(them) 4404 3752 w
(to) 4689 3752 w
(indi\255) 4824 3752 w
(vidual) 720 3872 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(proctype) 1050 3872 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(declarations.) 1666 3872 w
(We) 2360 3872 w
(can,) 2541 3872 w
(for) 2780 3872 w
(instance,) 2958 3872 w
(express) 3432 3872 w
(the) 3850 3872 w
(claim) 4044 3872 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\030\030) 4340 3872 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(every) 4404 3872 w
(system) 4700 3872 w
(state) 720 3992 w
(in) 994 3992 w
(which) 1123 3992 w
(property) 1442 3992 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(P) 1894 3992 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 2004 3992 w
(true) 2123 3992 w
(eventually) 2358 3992 w
(leads) 2887 3992 w
(to) 3180 3992 w
(a) 3317 3992 w
(system) 3411 3992 w
(state) 3790 3992 w
(in) 4065 3992 w
(which) 4195 3992 w
(property) 4515 3992 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Q) 4968 3992 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is true,) 720 4112 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031\031) 1060 4112 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(with an extra monitor process, such as:) 1156 4112 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(active) 1008 4282 w
(proctype) 1463 4282 w
(monitor\(\)) 2048 4282 w
({) 1008 4392 w
(progress:) 1008 4502 w
(do) 1528 4612 w
(::) 1528 4722 w
(P) 1723 4722 w
(->) 1853 4722 w
(Q) 2048 4722 w
(od) 1528 4832 w
(}) 1008 4942 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(If) 720 5122 w
(we) 826 5122 w
(require) 999 5122 w
(that) 1387 5122 w
(property) 1618 5122 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(P) 2072 5122 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(must) 2184 5122 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(remain) 2467 5122 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(true) 2853 5122 w
(while) 3089 5122 w
(we) 3382 5122 w
(are) 3555 5122 w
(waiting) 3747 5122 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Q) 4139 5122 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(to) 4252 5122 w
(become) 4391 5122 w
(true,) 4812 5122 w
(we can try to change this to:) 720 5242 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(active) 1008 5412 w
(proctype) 1463 5412 w
(monitor\(\)) 2048 5412 w
({) 1008 5522 w
(progress:) 1008 5632 w
(do) 1528 5742 w
(::) 1528 5852 w
(P) 1723 5852 w
(->) 1853 5852 w
(assert\(P) 2048 5852 w
(||) 2633 5852 w
(Q\)) 2828 5852 w
(od) 1528 5962 w
(}) 1008 6072 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(but) 720 6252 w
(this) 924 6252 w
(does) 1145 6252 w
(not) 1418 6252 w
(quite) 1620 6252 w
(do) 1909 6252 w
(the) 2076 6252 w
(job.) 2274 6252 w
(Note) 2535 6252 w
(that) 2806 6252 w
(we) 3040 6252 w
(cannot) 3216 6252 w
(make) 3587 6252 w
(any) 3892 6252 w
(assumptions) 4104 6252 w
(about) 4762 6252 w
(the) 720 6372 w
(relative) 920 6372 w
(execution) 1320 6372 w
(speeds) 1840 6372 w
(of) 2225 6372 w
(processes) 2368 6372 w
(in) 2893 6372 w
(a) 3028 6372 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 3127 6372 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(model.) 3584 6372 w
(This) 3994 6372 w
(means) 4243 6372 w
(that) 4604 6372 w
(if) 4839 6372 w
(in) 4949 6372 w
(the) 720 6492 w
(remainder) 909 6492 w
(of) 1439 6492 w
(the) 1571 6492 w
(system) 1760 6492 w
(the) 2134 6492 w
(property) 2323 6492 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(P) 2771 6492 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(becomes) 2877 6492 w
(true,) 3342 6492 w
(we) 3604 6492 w
(can) 3771 6492 w
(move) 3973 6492 w
(to) 4269 6492 w
(the) 4401 6492 w
(state) 4590 6492 w
(just) 4860 6492 w
(before) 720 6612 w
(the) 1067 6612 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(assert) 1255 6612 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 1687 6612 w
(and) 1752 6612 w
(wait) 1965 6612 w
(there) 2196 6612 w
(for) 2481 6612 w
(an) 2653 6612 w
(unknown) 2803 6612 w
(amount) 3280 6612 w
(of time \(anything between a) 3683 6612 w
(zero) 720 6732 w
(delay) 969 6732 w
(and) 1258 6732 w
(an) 1472 6732 w
(infinite) 1623 6732 w
(delay) 1998 6732 w
(is) 2287 6732 w
(possible) 2401 6732 w
(here,) 2839 6732 w
(since) 3121 6732 w
(no) 3405 6732 w
(other) 3563 6732 w
(synchronizations) 3855 6732 w
(apply\).) 4713 6732 w
(If) 720 6852 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Q) 844 6852 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(becomes) 974 6852 w
(true,) 1463 6852 w
(we) 1749 6852 w
(may) 1940 6852 w
(pass) 2198 6852 w
(the) 2476 6852 w
(assertion,) 2689 6852 w
(but) 3222 6852 w
(we) 3442 6852 w
(need) 3633 6852 w
(not) 3928 6852 w
(do) 4146 6852 w
(so.) 4328 6852 w
(Even) 4562 6852 w
(if) 4844 6852 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(P) 4968 6852 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(becomes) 720 6972 w
(false) 1192 6972 w
(only) 1461 6972 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(after) 1706 6972 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Q) 1985 6972 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(has) 2098 6972 w
(become) 2307 6972 w
(true,) 2728 6972 w
(we) 2997 6972 w
(may) 3171 6972 w
(still) 3412 6972 w
(fail) 3628 6972 w
(the) 3819 6972 w
(assertion,) 4015 6972 w
(as) 4531 6972 w
(long) 4678 6972 w
(as) 4934 6972 w
(there) 720 7092 w
(exists) 1017 7092 w
(some) 1347 7092 w
(later) 1653 7092 w
(state) 1916 7092 w
(where) 2196 7092 w
(neither) 2532 7092 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(P) 2919 7092 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(nor) 3035 7092 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Q) 3243 7092 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 3359 7092 w
(true.) 3483 7092 w
(This) 3787 7092 w
(is) 4036 7092 w
(clearly) 4160 7092 w
(unsatisfac\255) 4517 7092 w
(tory,) 720 7212 w
(and) 998 7212 w
(we) 1233 7212 w
(need) 1421 7212 w
(another) 1713 7212 w
(mechanism) 2142 7212 w
(to) 2749 7212 w
(express) 2902 7212 w
(these) 3336 7212 w
(important) 3653 7212 w
(types) 4186 7212 w
(of) 4500 7212 w
(liveness) 4654 7212 w
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18 pagesetup
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 18 \255) 2752 480 w
(properties.) 720 840 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(The Connection with Temporal Logic) 720 1080 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(A) 720 1236 w
(general) 824 1236 w
(way) 1220 1236 w
(to) 1439 1236 w
(express) 1572 1236 w
(system) 1986 1236 w
(properties) 2361 1236 w
(of) 2894 1236 w
(the) 3027 1236 w
(type) 3218 1236 w
(we) 3462 1236 w
(have) 3631 1236 w
(just) 3892 1236 w
(discussed) 4108 1236 w
(is) 4621 1236 w
(to) 4737 1236 w
(use) 4871 1236 w
(linear) 720 1356 w
(time) 1043 1356 w
(temporal) 1309 1356 w
(logic) 1795 1356 w
(\(LTL\)) 2078 1356 w
(formulae.) 2364 1356 w
(Every) 2913 1356 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 3219 1356 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(expression) 3683 1356 w
(is) 4265 1356 w
(automatically) 4395 1356 w
(also) 720 1476 w
(a) 951 1476 w
(valid) 1042 1476 w
(LTL) 1306 1476 w
(formula.) 1511 1476 w
(An) 1989 1476 w
(LTL) 2156 1476 w
(formula) 2361 1476 w
(can) 2775 1476 w
(also) 2979 1476 w
(contain) 3211 1476 w
(the) 3604 1476 w
(unary) 3795 1476 w
(temporal) 4103 1476 w
(operators) 4574 1476 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode25 f
(\241) 720 1596 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\(pronounced) 834 1596 w
(always\),) 1483 1596 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode25 f
(\312) 1901 1596 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\(pronounced) 2009 1596 w
(eventually\),) 2657 1596 w
(and) 3245 1596 w
(two) 3458 1596 w
(binary) 3666 1596 w
(temporal) 4001 1596 w
(operators) 4469 1596 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(U) 4968 1596 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\(pronounced weak until\) and) 720 1716 w
10 /Times-BoldItalic f
(U) 2141 1716 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\(pronounced strong until\).) 2245 1716 w
(Where) 720 1872 w
(the) 1070 1872 w
(value) 1274 1872 w
(of) 1577 1872 w
(a) 1724 1872 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 1828 1872 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(expression) 2290 1872 w
(without) 2871 1872 w
(temporal) 3286 1872 w
(operators) 3771 1872 w
(can) 4287 1872 w
(be) 4505 1872 w
(defined) 4674 1872 w
(uniquely) 720 1992 w
(for) 1174 1992 w
(individual) 1352 1992 w
(system) 1864 1992 w
(states,) 2243 1992 w
(without) 2601 1992 w
(further) 3005 1992 w
(context,) 3380 1992 w
(the) 3816 1992 w
(truth) 4010 1992 w
(value) 4288 1992 w
(of) 4580 1992 w
(an) 4716 1992 w
(LTL) 4871 1992 w
(formula) 720 2112 w
(is) 1133 2112 w
(defined) 1248 2112 w
(for) 1649 2112 w
(sequences) 1823 2112 w
(of) 2366 2112 w
(states:) 2499 2112 w
(specifically,) 2853 2112 w
(it) 3453 2112 w
(is) 3555 2112 w
(defined) 3671 2112 w
(for) 4073 2112 w
(the) 4248 2112 w
(first) 4439 2112 w
(state) 4670 2112 w
(of) 4942 2112 w
(a) 720 2232 w
(given) 809 2232 w
(infinite) 1104 2232 w
(sequence) 1479 2232 w
(of) 1970 2232 w
(system) 2102 2232 w
(states) 2476 2232 w
(\(a) 2797 2232 w
(trace\).) 2918 2232 w
(Given,) 3288 2232 w
(for) 3624 2232 w
(instance,) 3796 2232 w
(the) 4264 2232 w
(sequence) 4452 2232 w
(of) 4942 2232 w
(system states:) 720 2352 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(s0;s1;s2;...) 1008 2522 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(the) 720 2702 w
(LTL) 911 2702 w
(formula) 1116 2702 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pUq) 1530 2702 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 1746 2702 w
(with) 1814 2702 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(p) 2055 2702 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 2163 2702 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(q) 2379 2702 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(standard) 2487 2702 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 2951 2702 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(expressions,) 3401 2702 w
(is) 4052 2702 w
(true) 4169 2702 w
(for) 4402 2702 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(s0) 4578 2702 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(either) 4759 2702 w
(if) 720 2822 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(q) 821 2822 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 928 2822 w
(true) 1043 2822 w
(in) 1274 2822 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(s0) 1400 2822 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 1544 2822 w
(or) 1611 2822 w
(if) 1748 2822 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(p) 1849 2822 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 1956 2822 w
(true) 2071 2822 w
(in) 2302 2822 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(s0) 2428 2822 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 2606 2822 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pUq) 2820 2822 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(holds) 3070 2822 w
(for) 3370 2822 w
(the) 3543 2822 w
(remainder) 3732 2822 w
(of) 4262 2822 w
(the) 4394 2822 w
(sequence) 4583 2822 w
(after) 720 2942 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(s0) 978 2942 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 1122 2942 w
(Informally,) 720 3098 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pUq) 1272 3098 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(says that) 1520 3098 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(p) 1984 3098 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 2088 3098 w
(required) 2201 3098 w
(to) 2645 3098 w
(hold) 2776 3098 w
(at) 3024 3098 w
(least) 3149 3098 w
(until) 3410 3098 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(q) 3662 3098 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(becomes) 3767 3098 w
(true.) 4231 3098 w
(If,) 4524 3098 w
(instead,) 4655 3098 w
(we) 720 3218 w
(would) 904 3218 w
(write) 1247 3218 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(p) 1538 3218 w
10 /Times-BoldItalic f
(U) 1610 3218 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(q) 1682 3218 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 1754 3218 w
(then) 1837 3218 w
(we) 2104 3218 w
(also) 2287 3218 w
(require) 2533 3218 w
(that) 2931 3218 w
(there) 3172 3218 w
(exists) 3474 3218 w
(at) 3809 3218 w
(least) 3951 3218 w
(one) 4229 3218 w
(state) 4458 3218 w
(in) 4744 3218 w
(the) 4885 3218 w
(sequence where) 720 3338 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(q) 1533 3338 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(does indeed become true.) 1637 3338 w
(The) 720 3494 w
(temporal) 937 3494 w
(operators) 1408 3494 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode25 f
(\241) 1910 3494 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 2026 3494 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode25 f
(\312) 2242 3494 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(can) 2353 3494 w
(be) 2557 3494 w
(defined) 2712 3494 w
(in) 3114 3494 w
(terms) 3241 3494 w
(of) 3555 3494 w
(the) 3689 3494 w
(strong) 3880 3494 w
(until) 4230 3494 w
(operator) 4485 3494 w
10 /Times-BoldItalic f
(U) 4936 3494 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 5008 3494 w
(as follows.) 720 3614 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode25 f
(\241) 1008 3784 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(p) 1145 3784 w
(=) 1275 3784 w
(!) 1405 3784 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode25 f
(\312) 1470 3784 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(!p) 1603 3784 w
(=) 1798 3784 w
(!\(true) 1928 3784 w
9 /Times-BoldItalic f
(U) 2383 3784 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(!p\)) 2513 3784 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Informally,) 720 3964 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode25 f
(\241) 1274 3964 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(p) 1388 3964 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(says) 1494 3964 w
(that) 1737 3964 w
(property) 1963 3964 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(p) 2412 3964 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(must) 2519 3964 w
(hold) 2797 3964 w
(in) 3047 3964 w
(all) 3173 3964 w
(states) 3321 3964 w
(of) 3643 3964 w
(a) 3776 3964 w
(trace,) 3866 3964 w
(and) 4173 3964 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode25 f
(\312) 4388 3964 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(p) 4498 3964 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(says) 4605 3964 w
(that) 4849 3964 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(p) 720 4084 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(holds in at least one state of the trace.) 824 4084 w
(To) 720 4240 w
(express) 884 4240 w
(our) 1303 4240 w
(original) 1507 4240 w
(example) 1916 4240 w
(requirement:) 2370 4240 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\030\030) 3039 4240 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(every) 3103 4240 w
(system) 3401 4240 w
(state) 3782 4240 w
(in) 4059 4240 w
(which) 4191 4240 w
(property) 4513 4240 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(P) 4968 4240 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 720 4360 w
(true) 838 4360 w
(eventually) 1072 4360 w
(leads) 1600 4360 w
(to) 1892 4360 w
(a) 2028 4360 w
(system) 2121 4360 w
(state) 2499 4360 w
(in) 2773 4360 w
(which) 2902 4360 w
(property) 3221 4360 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Q) 3673 4360 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 3783 4360 w
(true,) 3901 4360 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031\031) 4129 4360 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(we) 4231 4360 w
(can) 4402 4360 w
(write) 4608 4360 w
(the) 4885 4360 w
(LTL formula:) 720 4480 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode25 f
(\241) 1008 4650 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(\(P) 1145 4650 w
(->) 1340 4650 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode25 f
(\312) 1535 4650 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Q\)) 1668 4650 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(where the logical implication symbol) 720 4830 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(->) 2530 4830 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is defined in the usual way as) 2706 4830 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(P) 1008 5000 w
(=>) 1138 5000 w
(Q) 1333 5000 w
(means) 1463 5000 w
(!P) 1853 5000 w
(||) 2048 5000 w
(Q) 2243 5000 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(Mapping LTL Formulae onto Never Claims) 720 5300 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 720 5456 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(does not include syntax for specifying LTL formulae) 1165 5456 w
(directly,) 3717 5456 w
(but) 4140 5456 w
(it) 4335 5456 w
(relies) 4434 5456 w
(on) 4729 5456 w
(the) 4885 5456 w
(fact) 720 5576 w
(that) 940 5576 w
(every) 1171 5576 w
(such) 1468 5576 w
(formula) 1734 5576 w
(can) 2152 5576 w
(be) 2360 5576 w
(translated) 2519 5576 w
(into) 3045 5576 w
(a) 3274 5576 w
(special) 3369 5576 w
(type) 3742 5576 w
(of) 3989 5576 w
(automaton,) 4126 5576 w
(known) 4720 5576 w
(as) 720 5696 w
(a) 879 5696 w
(B\374chi) 988 5696 w
(automaton.) 1304 5696 w
(In) 1945 5696 w
(the) 2090 5696 w
(syntax) 2299 5696 w
(of) 2671 5696 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 2823 5696 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(this) 3290 5696 w
(automaton) 3523 5696 w
(is) 4100 5696 w
(called) 4234 5696 w
(a) 4571 5696 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 4680 5696 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim.) 720 5816 w
(If) 1080 5816 w
(you) 1185 5816 w
(don) 1399 5816 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031) 1585 5816 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(t) 1617 5816 w
(care) 1693 5816 w
(too) 1935 5816 w
(much) 2133 5816 w
(about) 2440 5816 w
(the) 2757 5816 w
(details) 2951 5816 w
(of) 3310 5816 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 3447 5816 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claims,) 3846 5816 w
(you) 4225 5816 w
(can) 4439 5816 w
(skip) 4646 5816 w
(the) 4885 5816 w
(remainder) 720 5936 w
(of) 1260 5936 w
(this) 1402 5936 w
(section) 1625 5936 w
(and) 2016 5936 w
(simple) 2240 5936 w
(remember) 2605 5936 w
(that) 3148 5936 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 3383 5936 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(can) 3619 5936 w
(convert) 3831 5936 w
(any) 4235 5936 w
(LTL) 4448 5936 w
(formula) 4662 5936 w
(automatically into the proper never claim syntax with the command:) 720 6056 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(spin) 1008 6226 w
(-f) 1333 6226 w
("...formula...") 1528 6226 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Here are the details.) 720 6406 w
(The syntax of a never claim is:) 1766 6406 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 1008 6576 w
({) 1398 6576 w
(...) 1528 6686 w
(}) 1008 6796 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(where) 720 6976 w
(the) 1051 6976 w
(dots) 1245 6976 w
(can) 1496 6976 w
(contain) 1704 6976 w
(any) 2101 6976 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 2310 6976 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(fragment,) 2763 6976 w
(including) 3278 6976 w
(arbitrary) 3767 6976 w
(repetition,) 4221 6976 w
(selec\255) 4764 6976 w
(tion, unless constructs, jumps, etc.) 720 7096 w
(There) 720 7252 w
(is) 1038 7252 w
(an) 1159 7252 w
(important) 1317 7252 w
(difference) 1836 7252 w
(in) 2365 7252 w
(semantics) 2497 7252 w
(between) 3023 7252 w
(a) 3471 7252 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(proctype) 3567 7252 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(declaration) 4184 7252 w
(and) 4764 7252 w
(a) 4985 7252 w
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10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 19 \255) 2752 480 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 720 840 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim.) 1128 840 w
(Every) 1497 840 w
(statement) 1799 840 w
(inside) 2330 840 w
(a) 2667 840 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 2769 840 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim) 3176 840 w
(is) 3480 840 w
(interpreted) 3607 840 w
(as) 4195 840 w
(a) 4348 840 w
(proposition,) 4450 840 w
(i.e.,) 720 960 w
(a) 943 960 w
(condition.) 1040 960 w
(A) 1602 960 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 1714 960 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim) 2117 960 w
(should) 2417 960 w
(therefore) 2788 960 w
(only) 3278 960 w
(contain) 3525 960 w
(expressions) 3925 960 w
(and) 4550 960 w
(never) 4773 960 w
(statements) 720 1080 w
(that) 1294 1080 w
(can) 1524 1080 w
(have) 1731 1080 w
(side-effects) 1995 1080 w
(\(assignments,) 2615 1080 w
(sends) 3327 1080 w
(or) 3648 1080 w
(receives,) 3788 1080 w
(run-statements,) 4250 1080 w
(etc.\)) 720 1200 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Never) 720 1356 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claims) 1117 1356 w
(are) 1463 1356 w
(used) 1653 1356 w
(to) 1923 1356 w
(express) 2059 1356 w
(behaviors) 2476 1356 w
(that) 2984 1356 w
(are) 3213 1356 w
(considered) 3403 1356 w
(undesirable) 3974 1356 w
(or) 4579 1356 w
(illegal.) 4719 1356 w
(We) 720 1476 w
(say) 911 1476 w
(that) 1118 1476 w
(a) 1358 1476 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 1462 1476 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim) 1871 1476 w
(is) 2177 1476 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\030) 2306 1476 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(matched) 2338 1476 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031) 2755 1476 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(if) 2836 1476 w
(the) 2951 1476 w
(undesirable) 3155 1476 w
(behavior) 3771 1476 w
(can) 4239 1476 w
(be) 4455 1476 w
(realized,) 4622 1476 w
(contrary) 720 1596 w
(to) 1169 1596 w
(the) 1316 1596 w
(claim,) 1520 1596 w
(and) 1858 1596 w
(thus) 2087 1596 w
(the) 2348 1596 w
(correctness) 2552 1596 w
(requirement) 3159 1596 w
(violated.) 3804 1596 w
(The) 4299 1596 w
(claims) 4530 1596 w
(are) 4888 1596 w
(evaluated) 720 1716 w
(over) 1229 1716 w
(system) 1483 1716 w
(executions,) 1867 1716 w
(that) 2469 1716 w
(is,) 2704 1716 w
(the) 2860 1716 w
(propositions) 3059 1716 w
(that) 3712 1716 w
(are) 3947 1716 w
(listed) 4143 1716 w
(in) 4451 1716 w
(the) 4585 1716 w
(claim) 4783 1716 w
(are) 720 1836 w
(evaluated) 914 1836 w
(over) 1422 1836 w
(the) 1675 1836 w
(traces) 1873 1836 w
(from) 2207 1836 w
(the) 2482 1836 w
(remainder) 2680 1836 w
(of) 3219 1836 w
(the) 3360 1836 w
(system.) 3558 1836 w
(The) 4005 1836 w
(claim,) 4229 1836 w
(therefore,) 4561 1836 w
(should) 720 1956 w
(not) 1083 1956 w
(alter) 1278 1956 w
(that) 1531 1956 w
(behavior:) 1757 1956 w
(it) 2243 1956 w
(merely) 2344 1956 w
(monitors) 2706 1956 w
(it.) 3176 1956 w
(Every) 3341 1956 w
(time) 3631 1956 w
(that) 3880 1956 w
(the) 4105 1956 w
(system) 4294 1956 w
(reaches) 4668 1956 w
(a) 720 2076 w
(new) 827 2076 w
(state,) 1074 2076 w
(by) 1394 2076 w
(asynchronously) 1561 2076 w
(executing) 2365 2076 w
(statements) 2893 2076 w
(from) 3480 2076 w
(the) 3764 2076 w
(model,) 3971 2076 w
(the) 4358 2076 w
(claim) 4566 2076 w
(will) 4876 2076 w
(evaluate) 720 2196 w
(the) 1172 2196 w
(appropriate) 1377 2196 w
(propositions) 1991 2196 w
(to) 2650 2196 w
(determine) 2797 2196 w
(if) 3339 2196 w
(a) 3454 2196 w
(counter-example) 3558 2196 w
(can) 4448 2196 w
(be) 4665 2196 w
(con\255) 4833 2196 w
(structed to the implicit LTL formula that is specified.) 720 2316 w
(Since) 720 2472 w
(LTL) 1019 2472 w
(formulae) 1235 2472 w
(are) 1716 2472 w
(only) 1915 2472 w
(defined) 2166 2472 w
(for) 2579 2472 w
(infinite) 2766 2472 w
(executions,) 3155 2472 w
(the) 3761 2472 w
(behavior) 3964 2472 w
(of) 4431 2472 w
(a) 4577 2472 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 4680 2472 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim) 720 2592 w
(can) 1014 2592 w
(only) 1219 2592 w
(be) 1460 2592 w
(matched) 1616 2592 w
(by) 2070 2592 w
(an) 2221 2592 w
(infinite) 2374 2592 w
(system) 2751 2592 w
(execution.) 3127 2592 w
(This) 3702 2592 w
(by) 3943 2592 w
(itself) 4094 2592 w
(would) 4369 2592 w
(restrict) 4697 2592 w
(us) 720 2712 w
(to) 869 2712 w
(the) 1003 2712 w
(use) 1194 2712 w
(of) 1399 2712 w
(progress) 1533 2712 w
(labels) 1995 2712 w
(and) 2314 2712 w
(accept) 2531 2712 w
(labels) 2881 2712 w
(as) 3201 2712 w
(the) 3344 2712 w
(only) 3536 2712 w
(means) 3777 2712 w
(we) 4131 2712 w
(have) 4301 2712 w
(discussed) 4563 2712 w
(so) 720 2832 w
(far) 878 2832 w
(for) 1057 2832 w
(expressing) 1242 2832 w
(properties) 1820 2832 w
(of) 2364 2832 w
(infinite) 2508 2832 w
(behaviors.) 2895 2832 w
(To) 3475 2832 w
(conform) 3645 2832 w
(to) 4097 2832 w
(standard) 4241 2832 w
(omega) 4713 2832 w
(automata) 720 2952 w
(theory,) 1250 2952 w
(the) 1666 2952 w
(behaviors) 1896 2952 w
(of) 2441 2952 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 2614 2952 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claims) 3049 2952 w
(are) 3432 2952 w
(expressed) 3659 2952 w
(exclusively) 4232 2952 w
(with) 4835 2952 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(accept) 720 3072 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(labels) 1189 3072 w
(\(never) 1509 3072 w
(with) 1846 3072 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(progress) 2088 3072 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(labels\).) 2701 3072 w
(To) 3118 3072 w
(match) 3279 3072 w
(a) 3614 3072 w
(claim,) 3706 3072 w
(therefore,) 4031 3072 w
(an) 4546 3072 w
(infinite) 4699 3072 w
(sequence) 720 3192 w
(of) 1235 3192 w
(true) 1391 3192 w
(propositions) 1645 3192 w
(must) 2312 3192 w
(exist,) 2613 3192 w
(at) 2937 3192 w
(least) 3088 3192 w
(one) 3375 3192 w
(of) 3613 3192 w
(which) 3770 3192 w
(is) 4110 3192 w
(labeled) 4249 3192 w
(with) 4659 3192 w
(an) 4923 3192 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(accept) 720 3312 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(label \(inside the never claim\).) 1184 3312 w
(Since) 720 3468 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 1004 3468 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(models) 1450 3468 w
(can) 1836 3468 w
(also) 2037 3468 w
(express) 2266 3468 w
(terminating) 2678 3468 w
(system) 3274 3468 w
(behaviors,) 3647 3468 w
(we) 4182 3468 w
(have) 4348 3468 w
(to) 4606 3468 w
(define) 4737 3468 w
(the) 720 3588 w
(semantics) 927 3588 w
(of) 1464 3588 w
(the) 1614 3588 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 1821 3588 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claims) 2233 3588 w
(also) 2593 3588 w
(for) 2841 3588 w
(those) 3032 3588 w
(behaviors.) 3351 3588 w
(To) 3937 3588 w
(facilitate) 4113 3588 w
(this,) 4580 3588 w
(it) 4843 3588 w
(is) 4960 3588 w
(defined) 720 3708 w
(that) 1121 3708 w
(a) 1347 3708 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 1437 3708 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim) 1832 3708 w
(can) 2124 3708 w
(also) 2327 3708 w
(be) 2558 3708 w
(matched) 2713 3708 w
(when) 3166 3708 w
(it) 3459 3708 w
(reaches) 3561 3708 w
(its) 3969 3708 w
(closing) 4122 3708 w
(curly) 4503 3708 w
(brace) 4774 3708 w
(\(i.e.,) 720 3828 w
(when) 971 3828 w
(it) 1265 3828 w
(appears) 1368 3828 w
(to) 1789 3828 w
(terminate\).) 1924 3828 w
(This) 2524 3828 w
(semantics) 2766 3828 w
(is) 3288 3828 w
(based) 3405 3828 w
(on) 3730 3828 w
(what) 3890 3828 w
(is) 4157 3828 w
(usually) 4273 3828 w
(referred) 4649 3828 w
(to) 720 3948 w
(as) 853 3948 w
(a) 994 3948 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\030) 1085 3948 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(stuttering) 1117 3948 w
(semantics.) 1627 3948 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031) 2144 3948 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(With) 2244 3948 w
(stuttering) 2494 3948 w
(semantics,) 3004 3948 w
(any) 3557 3948 w
(terminating) 3762 3948 w
(execution) 4361 3948 w
(can) 4872 3948 w
(be) 720 4068 w
(extended) 888 4068 w
(into) 1391 4068 w
(an) 1629 4068 w
(equivalent) 1795 4068 w
(infinite) 2345 4068 w
(execution) 2735 4068 w
(\(for) 3259 4068 w
(the) 3479 4068 w
(purposes) 3682 4068 w
(of) 4178 4068 w
(evaluating) 4324 4068 w
(LTL) 4871 4068 w
(properties\)) 720 4188 w
(by) 1287 4188 w
(repeating) 1438 4188 w
(\(stuttering\)) 1935 4188 w
(the) 2511 4188 w
(final) 2703 4188 w
(state) 2952 4188 w
(infinitely) 3225 4188 w
(often.) 3684 4188 w
(As) 4038 4188 w
(a) 4195 4188 w
(syntactical) 4287 4188 w
(con\255) 4833 4188 w
(venience,) 720 4308 w
(the) 1220 4308 w
(final) 1419 4308 w
(state) 1675 4308 w
(of) 1955 4308 w
(a) 2097 4308 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 2196 4308 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim) 2600 4308 w
(is) 2901 4308 w
(defined) 3025 4308 w
(to) 3435 4308 w
(be) 3576 4308 w
(accepting,) 3738 4308 w
(i.e.,) 4279 4308 w
(it) 4503 4308 w
(could) 4612 4308 w
(be) 4921 4308 w
(replaced with the explicit repetition construct:) 720 4428 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(accept:) 1008 4598 w
(do) 1528 4598 w
(::) 1723 4598 w
(skip) 1918 4598 w
(od) 2243 4598 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Every) 720 4778 w
(process) 1016 4778 w
(behavior,) 1431 4778 w
(similarly,) 1923 4778 w
(is) 2404 4778 w
(\(for) 2525 4778 w
(the) 2738 4778 w
(purposes) 2934 4778 w
(of) 3423 4778 w
(evaluating) 3562 4778 w
(the) 4102 4778 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 4298 4778 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claims\)) 4699 4778 w
(thought to be extended with a dummy self-loop on all final states:) 720 4898 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(do) 1528 5068 w
(::) 1723 5068 w
(skip) 1918 5068 w
(od) 2243 5068 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\(Note the) 720 5248 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(accept) 1200 5248 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(labels only occur in the) 1664 5248 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 2823 5248 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim, not in the system.\)) 3215 5248 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(The Semantics of a Never Claim) 720 5488 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(Never) 720 5644 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claims) 1131 5644 w
(are) 1490 5644 w
(probably) 1693 5644 w
(the) 2171 5644 w
(hardest) 2377 5644 w
(part) 2793 5644 w
(of) 3040 5644 w
(the) 3190 5644 w
(language) 3397 5644 w
(to) 3892 5644 w
(understand,) 4042 5644 w
(so) 4678 5644 w
(it) 4842 5644 w
(is) 4960 5644 w
(worth) 720 5764 w
(spending) 1039 5764 w
(a) 1528 5764 w
(few) 1623 5764 w
(extra) 1833 5764 w
(words) 2123 5764 w
(on) 2456 5764 w
(them.) 2619 5764 w
(On) 2971 5764 w
(an) 3151 5764 w
(initial) 3308 5764 w
(reading,) 3618 5764 w
(feel) 4058 5764 w
(free) 4276 5764 w
(to) 4506 5764 w
(skip) 4644 5764 w
(the) 4885 5764 w
(remainder of this section.) 720 5884 w
(The) 720 6040 w
(difference) 940 6040 w
(between) 1467 6040 w
(a) 1913 6040 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 2007 6040 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim) 2406 6040 w
(and) 2702 6040 w
(the) 2921 6040 w
(remainder) 3115 6040 w
(of) 3650 6040 w
(a) 3787 6040 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 3881 6040 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(system) 4333 6040 w
(can) 4713 6040 w
(be) 4921 6040 w
(explained) 720 6160 w
(as) 1227 6160 w
(follows.) 1366 6160 w
(A) 1808 6160 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 1910 6160 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(model) 2356 6160 w
(defines) 2691 6160 w
(an asynchronous interleaving product of) 3078 6160 w
(the) 720 6280 w
(behaviors) 927 6280 w
(of) 1449 6280 w
(individual) 1599 6280 w
(processes.) 2124 6280 w
(Given) 2721 6280 w
(an) 3044 6280 w
(arbitrary) 3214 6280 w
(system) 3681 6280 w
(state,) 4074 6280 w
(its) 4395 6280 w
(successor) 4565 6280 w
(states) 720 6400 w
(are) 1051 6400 w
(conceptually) 1247 6400 w
(obtained) 1899 6400 w
(in) 2369 6400 w
(two) 2504 6400 w
(steps.) 2723 6400 w
(In) 3089 6400 w
(a) 3224 6400 w
(first) 3323 6400 w
(step,) 3562 6400 w
(all) 3845 6400 w
(the) 4002 6400 w
(executable) 4201 6400 w
(state\255) 4771 6400 w
(ments) 720 6520 w
(in) 1065 6520 w
(the) 1202 6520 w
(individual) 1403 6520 w
(processes) 1922 6520 w
(are) 2449 6520 w
(identified.) 2647 6520 w
(In) 3219 6520 w
(a) 3357 6520 w
(second) 3459 6520 w
(step,) 3850 6520 w
(each) 4136 6520 w
(one) 4407 6520 w
(of) 4633 6520 w
(these) 4778 6520 w
(statements) 720 6640 w
(is) 1311 6640 w
(executed,) 1447 6640 w
(each) 1976 6640 w
(one) 2255 6640 w
(producing) 2489 6640 w
(one) 3038 6640 w
(potential) 3272 6640 w
(successor) 3756 6640 w
(for) 4286 6640 w
(the) 4480 6640 w
(current) 4690 6640 w
(state.) 720 6760 w
(The) 1056 6760 w
(complete) 1273 6760 w
(system) 1755 6760 w
(behavior) 2132 6760 w
(is) 2588 6760 w
(thus) 2705 6760 w
(defined) 2954 6760 w
(recursively) 3357 6760 w
(and) 3914 6760 w
(represents) 4131 6760 w
(all) 4682 6760 w
(pos\255) 4832 6760 w
(sible) 720 6880 w
(interleavings) 991 6880 w
(of) 1654 6880 w
(the) 1794 6880 w
(individual) 1991 6880 w
(process) 2506 6880 w
(behaviors.) 2922 6880 w
(It) 3498 6880 w
(is) 3606 6880 w
(this) 3728 6880 w
(asynchronous) 3949 6880 w
(product) 4662 6880 w
(machine that we call the ) 720 7000 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\030) 1931 7000 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(global system behavior) 1963 7000 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031) 3085 7000 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 3117 7000 w
(The) 720 7156 w
(addition) 953 7156 w
(of) 1404 7156 w
(a) 1554 7156 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 1661 7156 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim) 2073 7156 w
(defines) 2382 7156 w
(a) 2788 7156 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(synchronous) 2895 7156 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(product) 3560 7156 w
(of) 3990 7156 w
(the) 4140 7156 w
(global) 4348 7156 w
(system) 4700 7156 w
(behavior) 720 7276 w
(with) 1187 7276 w
(the) 1440 7276 w
(behavior) 1643 7276 w
(expressed) 2110 7276 w
(in) 2656 7276 w
(the) 2795 7276 w
(claim.) 2998 7276 w
(This) 3366 7276 w
(synchronous) 3618 7276 w
(product) 4281 7276 w
(can) 4706 7276 w
(be) 4921 7276 w
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10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 20 \255) 2752 480 w
(thought) 720 840 w
(of) 1150 840 w
(as) 1295 840 w
(the) 1448 840 w
(construction) 1650 840 w
(of) 2302 840 w
(a) 2447 840 w
(new) 2549 840 w
(global) 2791 840 w
(state) 3137 840 w
(machine,) 3420 840 w
(in) 3907 840 w
(which) 4045 840 w
(every) 4373 840 w
(state) 4677 840 w
(is) 4960 840 w
(defined) 720 960 w
(as) 1122 960 w
(a) 1264 960 w
(pair) 1355 960 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(\(s,n\)) 1579 960 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(with) 1975 960 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(s) 2216 960 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(a) 2323 960 w
(state) 2413 960 w
(from) 2684 960 w
(the) 2951 960 w
(global) 3141 960 w
(system) 3475 960 w
(\(the) 3850 960 w
(asynchronous) 4073 960 w
(prod\255) 4779 960 w
(uct) 720 1080 w
(of) 924 1080 w
(processes\),) 1076 1080 w
(and) 1676 1080 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(n) 1910 1080 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(a) 2036 1080 w
(state) 2145 1080 w
(from) 2435 1080 w
(the) 2721 1080 w
(claim.) 2930 1080 w
(Every) 3306 1080 w
(transition) 3616 1080 w
(in) 4135 1080 w
(the) 4281 1080 w
(new) 4491 1080 w
(global) 4741 1080 w
(machine) 720 1200 w
(is) 1169 1200 w
(similarly) 1290 1200 w
(defined) 1739 1200 w
(by) 2146 1200 w
(a) 2302 1200 w
(pair) 2398 1200 w
(of) 2627 1200 w
(transitions,) 2766 1200 w
(with) 3354 1200 w
(the) 3600 1200 w
(first) 3796 1200 w
(element) 4032 1200 w
(a) 4461 1200 w
(statement) 4556 1200 w
(from) 720 1320 w
(the) 997 1320 w
(system,) 1197 1320 w
(and) 1614 1320 w
(the) 1839 1320 w
(second) 2039 1320 w
(a) 2428 1320 w
(proposition) 2528 1320 w
(from) 3131 1320 w
(the) 3408 1320 w
(claim.) 3608 1320 w
(In) 3974 1320 w
(other) 4110 1320 w
(words,) 4412 1320 w
(every) 4783 1320 w
(transition) 720 1440 w
(in) 1220 1440 w
(this) 1347 1440 w
(final) 1562 1440 w
(synchronous) 1810 1440 w
(product) 2462 1440 w
(is) 2876 1440 w
(defined) 2992 1440 w
(as) 3393 1440 w
(a) 3534 1440 w
(joint) 3624 1440 w
(transition) 3878 1440 w
(of) 4377 1440 w
(the) 4510 1440 w
(system) 4700 1440 w
(and) 720 1560 w
(the) 936 1560 w
(claim.) 1127 1560 w
(Of) 1484 1560 w
(course,) 1635 1560 w
(that) 2025 1560 w
(transition) 2252 1560 w
(can) 2752 1560 w
(only) 2956 1560 w
(occur) 3196 1560 w
(if) 3498 1560 w
(the) 3601 1560 w
(proposition) 3793 1560 w
(from) 4388 1560 w
(the) 4657 1560 w
(sec\255) 4849 1560 w
(ond) 720 1680 w
(half) 949 1680 w
(of) 1175 1680 w
(the) 1316 1680 w
(transition) 1514 1680 w
(pair) 2021 1680 w
(evaluates) 2252 1680 w
(to) 2748 1680 w
(true) 2889 1680 w
(in) 3128 1680 w
(the) 3262 1680 w
(current) 3460 1680 w
(state) 3853 1680 w
(of) 4132 1680 w
(the) 4273 1680 w
(system) 4470 1680 w
(\(the) 4852 1680 w
(first half of the state pair\).) 720 1800 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(Examples) 720 2040 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(To) 720 2196 w
(manually) 894 2196 w
(translate) 1381 2196 w
(an) 1854 2196 w
(LTL) 2021 2196 w
(formula) 2241 2196 w
(into) 2670 2196 w
(a) 2910 2196 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 3016 2196 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim) 3427 2196 w
(\(e.g.) 3735 2196 w
(foregoing) 4001 2196 w
(the) 4523 2196 w
(builtin) 4729 2196 w
(translation) 720 2316 w
(that) 1273 2316 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 1498 2316 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(offers\),) 1724 2316 w
(we) 2106 2316 w
(must) 2273 2316 w
(carefully) 2550 2316 w
(consider) 2996 2316 w
(whether) 3443 2316 w
(the) 3867 2316 w
(formula) 4055 2316 w
(expresses) 4466 2316 w
(a) 4985 2316 w
(positive) 720 2436 w
(or) 1136 2436 w
(a) 1277 2436 w
(negative) 1371 2436 w
(property.) 1819 2436 w
(A) 2336 2436 w
(positive) 2444 2436 w
(property) 2861 2436 w
(expresses) 3314 2436 w
(a) 3839 2436 w
(good) 3933 2436 w
(behavior) 4219 2436 w
(that) 4677 2436 w
(we) 4907 2436 w
(would) 720 2556 w
(like) 1056 2556 w
(our) 1272 2556 w
(system) 1480 2556 w
(to) 1864 2556 w
(have.) 2006 2556 w
(A) 2339 2556 w
(negative) 2451 2556 w
(property) 2903 2556 w
(expresses) 3360 2556 w
(a) 3889 2556 w
(bad) 3987 2556 w
(behavior) 4211 2556 w
(that) 4673 2556 w
(we) 4907 2556 w
(claim) 720 2676 w
(the) 1015 2676 w
(system) 1208 2676 w
(does) 1586 2676 w
(not) 1855 2676 w
(have.) 2054 2676 w
(A) 2382 2676 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 2490 2676 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim) 2889 2676 w
(can) 3185 2676 w
(express) 3392 2676 w
(only) 3810 2676 w
(negative) 4053 2676 w
(claims,) 4501 2676 w
(not) 4880 2676 w
(positive) 720 2796 w
(ones.) 1131 2796 w
(Fortunately,) 1458 2796 w
(the) 2069 2796 w
(two) 2257 2796 w
(are) 2465 2796 w
(exchangeable:) 2650 2796 w
(if) 3415 2796 w
(we want to express that a good) 3514 2796 w
(behavior) 720 2916 w
(is) 1175 2916 w
(unavoidable,) 1292 2916 w
(we) 1948 2916 w
(can) 2118 2916 w
(formalize) 2323 2916 w
(all) 2818 2916 w
(ways) 2968 2916 w
(in) 3240 2916 w
(which) 3368 2916 w
(the) 3686 2916 w
(good) 3878 2916 w
(behavior) 4162 2916 w
(could) 4618 2916 w
(be) 4921 2916 w
(violated, and express that in the) 720 3036 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 2322 3036 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim.) 2714 3036 w
(Suppose) 720 3192 w
(that) 1165 3192 w
(the) 1391 3192 w
(LTL) 1581 3192 w
(formula) 1785 3192 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode25 f
(\312\241) 2199 3192 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(p) 2390 3192 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 2462 3192 w
(with) 2530 3192 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(p) 2771 3192 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(a) 2879 3192 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 2970 3192 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(expression,) 3419 3192 w
(expresses) 4018 3192 w
(a) 4540 3192 w
(negative) 4631 3192 w
(claim) 720 3312 w
(\(i.e.,) 1011 3312 w
(it) 1259 3312 w
(is) 1359 3312 w
(considered) 1473 3312 w
(a) 2040 3312 w
(correctness) 2129 3312 w
(violation) 2721 3312 w
(if) 3170 3312 w
(there) 3270 3312 w
(exists) 3555 3312 w
(any) 3873 3312 w
(execution) 4075 3312 w
(sequence) 4583 3312 w
(in) 720 3432 w
(which) 852 3432 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(p) 1174 3432 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(can) 1287 3432 w
(eventually) 1496 3432 w
(remain) 2027 3432 w
(true) 2404 3432 w
(infinitely) 2641 3432 w
(long\).) 3104 3432 w
(This) 3456 3432 w
(can) 3702 3432 w
(be) 3911 3432 w
(written) 4071 3432 w
(in) 4451 3432 w
(a) 4583 3432 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 4680 3432 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim as:) 720 3552 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 1008 3722 w
({) 1398 3722 w
(/*) 1528 3722 w
(<>[]p) 1723 3722 w
(*/) 2113 3722 w
(do) 1528 3832 w
(::) 1528 3942 w
(skip) 1723 3942 w
(/*) 2048 3942 w
(after) 2243 3942 w
(an) 2633 3942 w
(arbitrarily) 2828 3942 w
(long) 3608 3942 w
(prefix) 3933 3942 w
(*/) 4388 3942 w
(::) 1528 4052 w
(p) 1723 4052 w
(->) 1853 4052 w
(break) 2048 4052 w
(/*) 2568 4052 w
(p) 2763 4052 w
(becomes) 2893 4052 w
(true) 3413 4052 w
(*/) 3738 4052 w
(od;) 1528 4162 w
(accept:) 1008 4272 w
(do) 1528 4272 w
(::) 1528 4382 w
(p) 1723 4382 w
(/*) 2048 4382 w
(and) 2243 4382 w
(remains) 2503 4382 w
(true) 3023 4382 w
(forever) 3348 4382 w
(after) 3868 4382 w
(*/) 4258 4382 w
(od) 1528 4492 w
(}) 1008 4602 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Note) 720 4782 w
(that) 982 4782 w
(in) 1207 4782 w
(this) 1332 4782 w
(case) 1545 4782 w
(the) 1792 4782 w
(claim) 1981 4782 w
(does) 2273 4782 w
(not) 2539 4782 w
(terminate,) 2734 4782 w
(and) 3267 4782 w
(also) 3482 4782 w
(does) 3713 4782 w
(not) 3979 4782 w
(necessarily) 4174 4782 w
(match) 4742 4782 w
(all) 720 4902 w
(system) 873 4902 w
(behaviors.) 1253 4902 w
(It) 1826 4902 w
(is) 1931 4902 w
(sufficient) 2050 4902 w
(if) 2540 4902 w
(it) 2645 4902 w
(precisely) 2750 4902 w
(captures) 3217 4902 w
(all) 3672 4902 w
(violations) 3824 4902 w
(of) 4329 4902 w
(our) 4466 4902 w
(correct\255) 4669 4902 w
(ness requirement, and no more.) 720 5022 w
(If) 720 5178 w
(the) 826 5178 w
(LTL) 1021 5178 w
(formula) 1230 5178 w
(expressed) 1648 5178 w
(a) 2186 5178 w
(positive) 2281 5178 w
(property,) 2699 5178 w
(we) 3185 5178 w
(first) 3358 5178 w
(have) 3593 5178 w
(to) 3858 5178 w
(invert) 3997 5178 w
(it) 4315 5178 w
(to) 4422 5178 w
(the) 4561 5178 w
(corre\255) 4757 5178 w
(sponding) 720 5298 w
(negative) 1219 5298 w
(property) 1674 5298 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode25 f
(\312) 2134 5298 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(!p) 2209 5298 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 2399 5298 w
(translate) 2624 5298 w
(that) 3092 5298 w
(into) 3328 5298 w
(a) 3562 5298 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 3662 5298 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim.) 4067 5298 w
(The) 4433 5298 w
(require\255) 4659 5298 w
(ment now says that it is a violation if) 720 5418 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(p) 2538 5418 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(does not hold infinitely long.) 2642 5418 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 1008 5588 w
({) 1398 5588 w
(/*) 1528 5588 w
(<>!p*/) 1723 5588 w
(do) 1528 5698 w
(::) 1528 5808 w
(skip) 1723 5808 w
(::) 1528 5918 w
(!p) 1723 5918 w
(->) 1918 5918 w
(break) 2113 5918 w
(od) 1528 6028 w
(}) 1008 6138 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(We) 720 6318 w
(have) 895 6318 w
(used) 1153 6318 w
(the) 1418 6318 w
(implicit) 1606 6318 w
(match) 1999 6318 w
(of) 2331 6318 w
(a) 2463 6318 w
(claim) 2552 6318 w
(upon) 2843 6318 w
(reaching) 3125 6318 w
(the) 3577 6318 w
(closing) 3766 6318 w
(terminating) 4145 6318 w
(brace.) 4742 6318 w
(Since) 720 6438 w
(the) 1013 6438 w
(first) 1209 6438 w
(violation) 1445 6438 w
(of) 1901 6438 w
(the) 2040 6438 w
(property) 2236 6438 w
(suffices) 2691 6438 w
(to) 3106 6438 w
(disprove) 3245 6438 w
(it,) 3702 6438 w
(we) 3841 6438 w
(could) 4015 6438 w
(also) 4322 6438 w
(have) 4558 6438 w
(writ\255) 4823 6438 w
(ten:) 720 6558 w
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21 pagesetup
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 21 \255) 2752 480 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 1008 830 w
({) 1398 830 w
(/*) 1528 830 w
(<>!p*/) 1723 830 w
(do) 1528 940 w
(::) 1528 1050 w
(p) 1723 1050 w
(::) 1528 1160 w
(!p) 1723 1160 w
(->) 1918 1160 w
(break) 2113 1160 w
(od) 1528 1270 w
(}) 1008 1380 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(or, if we abandon the connection with LTL for a moment, even more tersely as:) 720 1560 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 1008 1730 w
({) 1398 1730 w
(do) 1528 1730 w
(::) 1723 1730 w
(assert\(p\)) 1918 1730 w
(od) 2568 1730 w
(}) 2763 1730 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Suppose we wish to express that it) 720 1910 w
(is) 2441 1910 w
(a) 2554 1910 w
(violation) 2642 1910 w
(of) 3090 1910 w
(our) 3221 1910 w
(correctness) 3418 1910 w
(requirements) 4009 1910 w
(if) 4689 1910 w
(there) 4788 1910 w
(exists) 720 2030 w
(any) 1047 2030 w
(execution) 1258 2030 w
(in) 1775 2030 w
(the) 1908 2030 w
(system) 2105 2030 w
(where) 2487 2030 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode25 f
(\241) 2821 2030 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(\(p) 2983 2030 w
(->) 3209 2030 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode25 f
(\312) 3435 2030 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(q\)) 3592 2030 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 3777 2030 w
(violated) 3898 2030 w
(\(i.e.,) 4321 2030 w
(the) 4576 2030 w
(nega\255) 4772 2030 w
(tion of this formula is satisfied\).) 720 2150 w
(The following) 2341 2150 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 3033 2150 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim expresses that property:) 3425 2150 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 1008 2320 w
({) 1398 2320 w
(do) 1528 2430 w
(::) 1528 2540 w
(skip) 1723 2540 w
(::) 1528 2650 w
(p) 1723 2650 w
(&&) 1853 2650 w
(!q) 2048 2650 w
(->) 2243 2650 w
(break) 2438 2650 w
(od;) 1528 2760 w
(accept:) 1008 2870 w
(do) 1528 2980 w
(::) 1528 3090 w
(!q) 1723 3090 w
(od) 1528 3200 w
(}) 1008 3310 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Note) 720 3490 w
(that) 994 3490 w
(using) 1231 3490 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(\(!p) 1543 3490 w
(||) 1846 3490 w
(q\)) 2077 3490 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(instead) 2268 3490 w
(of) 2668 3490 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(skip) 2813 3490 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(in) 3148 3490 w
(the) 3286 3490 w
(first) 3488 3490 w
(repetition) 3730 3490 w
(construct) 4248 3490 w
(would) 4748 3490 w
(imply) 720 3610 w
(a) 1023 3610 w
(check) 1115 3610 w
(for) 1430 3610 w
(just) 1606 3610 w
(the) 1823 3610 w
(first) 2015 3610 w
(occurrence) 2247 3610 w
(of) 2816 3610 w
(proposition) 2951 3610 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(p) 3546 3610 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(becoming) 3655 3610 w
(true) 4169 3610 w
(in) 4402 3610 w
(the) 4530 3610 w
(execu\255) 4721 3610 w
(tion) 720 3730 w
(sequence,) 942 3730 w
(while) 1464 3730 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(q) 1750 3730 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 1855 3730 w
(false.) 1968 3730 w
(The) 2293 3730 w
(above) 2507 3730 w
(formalization) 2827 3730 w
(checks) 3506 3730 w
(for) 3869 3730 w
(all) 4042 3730 w
(occurrences,) 4189 3730 w
(any\255) 4838 3730 w
(where in a trace.) 720 3850 w
(Finally,) 720 4006 w
(consider) 1095 4006 w
(a) 1542 4006 w
(formalization) 1630 4006 w
(of) 2309 4006 w
(the) 2440 4006 w
(LTL) 2628 4006 w
(property) 2830 4006 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode25 f
(\241) 3277 4006 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(\(p) 3430 4006 w
(->) 3647 4006 w
(\(q) 3864 4006 w
(U) 4082 4006 w
(r\)\)) 4228 4006 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 4444 4006 w
(The) 4542 4006 w
(corre\255) 4757 4006 w
(sponding claim is:) 720 4126 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 1008 4296 w
({) 1398 4296 w
(do) 1528 4406 w
(::) 1528 4516 w
(skip) 1723 4516 w
(/*) 2568 4516 w
(to) 2763 4516 w
(match) 2958 4516 w
(any) 3348 4516 w
(occurrence) 3608 4516 w
(*/) 4323 4516 w
(::) 1528 4626 w
(p) 1723 4626 w
(&&) 1853 4626 w
(q) 2113 4626 w
(&&) 2243 4626 w
(!r) 2438 4626 w
(->) 2633 4626 w
(break) 2828 4626 w
(::) 1528 4736 w
(p) 1723 4736 w
(&&) 1853 4736 w
(!q) 2048 4736 w
(&&) 2243 4736 w
(!r) 2438 4736 w
(->) 2633 4736 w
(goto) 2828 4736 w
(error) 3153 4736 w
(od;) 1528 4846 w
(do) 1528 4956 w
(::) 1528 5066 w
(q) 1788 5066 w
(&&) 1918 5066 w
(!r) 2113 5066 w
(::) 1528 5176 w
(!q) 1723 5176 w
(&&) 1918 5176 w
(!r) 2113 5176 w
(->) 2308 5176 w
(break) 2503 5176 w
(od;) 1528 5286 w
(error:) 1008 5396 w
(skip) 1528 5396 w
(}) 1008 5506 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Note) 720 5686 w
(again) 994 5686 w
(the) 1303 5686 w
(use) 1504 5686 w
(of) 1719 5686 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(skip) 1863 5686 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(instead) 2197 5686 w
(of) 2596 5686 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(\(!p) 2741 5686 w
(||) 3044 5686 w
(r\)) 3275 5686 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(to) 3466 5686 w
(avoid) 3611 5686 w
(matching) 3918 5686 w
(just) 4416 5686 w
(the) 4643 5686 w
(first) 4845 5686 w
(occurrence of) 720 5806 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(\(p && !r\)) 1414 5806 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(in a trace.) 2094 5806 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(1.4.) 720 6046 w
(Predefined Variables and Functions) 962 6046 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 6202 w
(following) 955 6202 w
(predefined) 1456 6202 w
(variables) 2036 6202 w
(and) 2521 6202 w
(functions) 2755 6202 w
(can) 3261 6202 w
(be) 3483 6202 w
(especially) 3656 6202 w
(useful) 4182 6202 w
(in) 4534 6202 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 4680 6202 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claims.) 720 6322 w
(The predefined variables are:) 720 6478 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(_pid) 2170 6478 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 2490 6478 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(_last) 2702 6478 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 3062 6478 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(_pid) 720 6634 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 1048 6634 w
(a) 1168 6634 w
(predefined) 1263 6634 w
(local) 1829 6634 w
(variable) 2094 6634 w
(in) 2514 6634 w
(each) 2645 6634 w
(process) 2909 6634 w
(that) 3324 6634 w
(holds) 3556 6634 w
(the) 3863 6634 w
(unique) 4059 6634 w
(instantiation) 4434 6634 w
(number for that process.) 720 6754 w
(It is always a non-negative number.) 1993 6754 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(_last) 720 6910 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 1114 6910 w
(a) 1228 6910 w
(predefined) 1318 6910 w
(global) 1879 6910 w
(variable) 2213 6910 w
(that) 2628 6910 w
(always) 2854 6910 w
(holds) 3208 6910 w
(the) 3509 6910 w
(instantiation) 3699 6910 w
(number) 4340 6910 w
(of) 4752 6910 w
(the) 4885 6910 w
(process) 720 7030 w
(that) 1131 7030 w
(performed) 1359 7030 w
(the) 1907 7030 w
(last) 2098 7030 w
(step) 2306 7030 w
(in) 2549 7030 w
(the) 2676 7030 w
(current) 2867 7030 w
(execution) 3253 7030 w
(sequence.) 3764 7030 w
(Its) 4321 7030 w
(value) 4474 7030 w
(is) 4764 7030 w
(not) 4880 7030 w
(part of the system state unless it is explicitly used in a specification.) 720 7150 w
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10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 22 \255) 2752 480 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 1008 830 w
({) 1398 830 w
(/*) 1528 940 w
(it) 1723 940 w
(is) 1918 940 w
(not) 2113 940 w
(possible) 2373 940 w
(for) 2958 940 w
(the) 3218 940 w
(process) 3478 940 w
(with) 3998 940 w
(pid=1) 4323 940 w
(*) 1593 1050 w
(to) 1723 1050 w
(execute) 1918 1050 w
(precisely) 2438 1050 w
(every) 3088 1050 w
(other) 3478 1050 w
(step) 3868 1050 w
(forever) 4193 1050 w
(*/) 1593 1160 w
(accept:) 1008 1270 w
(do) 1528 1380 w
(::) 1528 1490 w
(_last) 1723 1490 w
(!=) 2113 1490 w
(1) 2308 1490 w
(->) 2438 1490 w
(_last) 2633 1490 w
(==) 3023 1490 w
(1) 3218 1490 w
(od) 1528 1600 w
(}) 1008 1710 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The initial value of) 720 1890 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(_last) 1651 1890 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is zero.) 2043 1890 w
(Three) 720 2046 w
(predefined) 1042 2046 w
(functions) 1612 2046 w
(are) 2108 2046 w
(specifically) 2304 2046 w
(intended) 2880 2046 w
(to) 3352 2046 w
(be) 3494 2046 w
(used) 3657 2046 w
(in) 3934 2046 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 4070 2046 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claims,) 4475 2046 w
(and) 4860 2046 w
(may) 720 2166 w
(not) 1007 2166 w
(be) 1254 2166 w
(used) 1460 2166 w
(elsewhere) 1779 2166 w
(in) 2350 2166 w
(a) 2528 2166 w
(model:) 2670 2166 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pc_value\(pid\)) 3090 2166 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 4026 2166 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(enabled\(pid\)) 4144 2166 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 5008 2166 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(procname[pid]@label) 720 2286 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 2088 2286 w
(The) 720 2442 w
(function) 949 2442 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pc_value\(pid\)) 1398 2442 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(returns) 2383 2442 w
(the) 2782 2442 w
(current) 2986 2442 w
(control) 3385 2442 w
(state) 3776 2442 w
(of) 4061 2442 w
(the) 4208 2442 w
(process) 4412 2442 w
(with) 4835 2442 w
(instantiation number) 720 2562 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pid) 1767 2562 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(, or zero if no such process exists.) 1983 2562 w
(Example:) 720 2718 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 1008 2888 w
({) 1398 2888 w
(/*) 1528 2998 w
(Whimsical) 1723 2998 w
(use:) 2373 2998 w
(claim) 2698 2998 w
(that) 3088 2998 w
(it) 3413 2998 w
(is) 3608 2998 w
(impossible) 3803 2998 w
(*) 1593 3108 w
(for) 1723 3108 w
(process) 1983 3108 w
(1) 2503 3108 w
(to) 2633 3108 w
(remain) 2828 3108 w
(in) 3283 3108 w
(the) 3478 3108 w
(same) 3738 3108 w
(control) 4063 3108 w
(*) 1593 3218 w
(state) 1723 3218 w
(as) 2113 3218 w
(process) 2308 3218 w
(2,) 2828 3218 w
(or) 3023 3218 w
(one) 3218 3218 w
(with) 3478 3218 w
(smaller) 3803 3218 w
(value.) 4323 3218 w
(*/) 1593 3328 w
(accept:) 1008 3438 w
(do) 1528 3438 w
(::) 1528 3548 w
(pc_value\(1\)) 1723 3548 w
(<=) 2503 3548 w
(pc_value\(2\)) 2698 3548 w
(od) 1528 3658 w
(}) 1008 3768 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 3948 w
(function) 935 3948 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(enabled\(pid\)) 1370 3948 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(tells) 2269 3948 w
(whether) 2506 3948 w
(the) 2932 3948 w
(process) 3122 3948 w
(with) 3531 3948 w
(instantiation) 3771 3948 w
(number) 4412 3948 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pid) 4824 3948 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(has an executable statement that it can execute next.) 720 4068 w
(Example:) 720 4224 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 1008 4394 w
({) 1398 4394 w
(/*) 1528 4504 w
(it) 1723 4504 w
(is) 1918 4504 w
(not) 2113 4504 w
(possible) 2373 4504 w
(for) 2958 4504 w
(the) 3218 4504 w
(process) 3478 4504 w
(with) 3998 4504 w
(pid=1) 4323 4504 w
(*) 1593 4614 w
(to) 1723 4614 w
(remain) 1918 4614 w
(enabled) 2373 4614 w
(without) 2893 4614 w
(ever) 3413 4614 w
(executing) 3738 4614 w
(*/) 1593 4724 w
(accept:) 1008 4834 w
(do) 1528 4944 w
(::) 1528 5054 w
(_last) 1723 5054 w
(!=) 2113 5054 w
(1) 2308 5054 w
(&&) 2438 5054 w
(enabled\(1\)) 2633 5054 w
(od) 1528 5164 w
(}) 1008 5274 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 5454 w
(last) 947 5454 w
(function) 1165 5454 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(procname[pid]@label) 1613 5454 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(tells) 3028 5454 w
(whether) 3277 5454 w
(the) 3715 5454 w
(process) 3917 5454 w
(with) 4338 5454 w
(instantia\255) 4590 5454 w
(tion) 720 5574 w
(number) 953 5574 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pid) 1374 5574 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 1634 5574 w
(currently) 1757 5574 w
(in) 2231 5574 w
(the) 2365 5574 w
(state) 2563 5574 w
(labeled) 2842 5574 w
(with) 3236 5574 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(label) 3484 5574 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(in) 3887 5574 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(proctype) 4021 5574 w
(proc\255) 4680 5574 w
(name) 720 5694 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 1008 5694 w
(It is an error if the process referred to is not an instantiation of that proctype.) 1104 5694 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(2.) 720 5934 w
(Verifications with) 873 5934 w
9 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(SPIN) 1817 5934 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 6090 w
(easiest) 945 6090 w
(way) 1324 6090 w
(to) 1552 6090 w
(use) 1694 6090 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 1907 6090 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 2143 6090 w
(probably) 2267 6090 w
(on) 2738 6090 w
(a) 2905 6090 w
(Windows) 3004 6090 w
(terminal) 3478 6090 w
(with) 3925 6090 w
(the) 4175 6090 w
(Tcl/Tk) 4375 6090 w
(imple\255) 4737 6090 w
(mentation) 720 6210 w
(of) 1248 6210 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(XSPIN) 1382 6210 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 1631 6210 w
(All) 1731 6210 w
(functionality) 1894 6210 w
(of) 2533 6210 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 2667 6210 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 2859 6210 w
(however,) 2927 6210 w
(is) 3400 6210 w
(accessible) 3516 6210 w
(from) 4044 6210 w
(any) 4312 6210 w
(plain) 4517 6210 w
(ASCII) 4790 6210 w
(terminal, and there is something to be said for directly interacting with the tool itself.) 720 6330 w
(The) 720 6486 w
(description) 941 6486 w
(in) 1525 6486 w
(this) 1657 6486 w
(paper) 1877 6486 w
(gives) 2196 6486 w
(a) 2487 6486 w
(short) 2583 6486 w
(walk-through) 2876 6486 w
(of) 3581 6486 w
(a) 3720 6486 w
(common) 3816 6486 w
(mode) 4278 6486 w
(of) 4592 6486 w
(opera\255) 4731 6486 w
(tion) 720 6606 w
(in) 956 6606 w
(using) 1094 6606 w
(the) 1407 6606 w
(verifier.) 1609 6606 w
(A) 2061 6606 w
(more) 2177 6606 w
(tutorial) 2475 6606 w
(style) 2873 6606 w
(description) 3145 6606 w
(of) 3735 6606 w
(the) 3880 6606 w
(verification) 4081 6606 w
(process) 4666 6606 w
(can) 720 6726 w
(be) 921 6726 w
(found) 1073 6726 w
(in) 1391 6726 w
([Ho93].) 1515 6726 w
(More) 1939 6726 w
(detail) 2216 6726 w
(on) 2518 6726 w
(the) 2674 6726 w
(verification) 2863 6726 w
(of) 3436 6726 w
(large) 3568 6726 w
(systems) 3845 6726 w
(with) 4270 6726 w
(the) 4509 6726 w
(help) 4698 6726 w
(of) 4942 6726 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 720 6846 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031) 912 6846 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(s supertrace \(bitstate\) verification algorithm can be found in [Ho95].) 944 6846 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 7002 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Random and interactive simulations \(section 2.1\),) 1058 7002 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 7122 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Generating a verifier \(section 2.2\),) 1058 7122 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 7242 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Compilation for different types of searches \(section 2.3\),) 1058 7242 w
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10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 23 \255) 2752 480 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 840 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Performing the verification \(section 2.4\),) 1058 840 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 960 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Inspecting error traces produced by the verifier \(section 2.5\),) 1058 960 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode22 f
(\031) 970 1080 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Exploiting partial order reductions \(section 2.6\).) 1058 1080 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(2.1.) 720 1356 w
(Random and Interactive Simulations) 962 1356 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Given) 720 1512 w
(a) 1029 1512 w
(model) 1122 1512 w
(in) 1462 1512 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 1591 1512 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 2004 1512 w
(say) 2074 1512 w
(stored) 2271 1512 w
(in) 2619 1512 w
(a) 2749 1512 w
(file) 2843 1512 w
(called) 3033 1512 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(spec) 3355 1512 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 3643 1512 w
(the) 3714 1512 w
(easiest) 3908 1512 w
(mode) 4282 1512 w
(of) 4594 1512 w
(opera\255) 4731 1512 w
(tion is to perform a random simulation.) 720 1632 w
(For instance,) 2705 1632 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(spin) 1008 1802 w
(-p) 1333 1802 w
(spec) 1528 1802 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(tells) 720 1982 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 956 1982 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(to) 1182 1982 w
(perform) 1314 1982 w
(a) 1740 1982 w
(random) 1829 1982 w
(simulation,) 2238 1982 w
(while) 2812 1982 w
(printing) 3100 1982 w
(the) 3520 1982 w
(process) 3710 1982 w
(moves) 4119 1982 w
(selected) 4467 1982 w
(for) 4901 1982 w
(execution) 720 2102 w
(at) 1231 2102 w
(each) 1359 2102 w
(step) 1619 2102 w
(\(by) 1862 2102 w
(default) 2046 2102 w
(nothing) 2421 2102 w
(is) 2832 2102 w
(printed,) 2948 2102 w
(other) 3367 2102 w
(than) 3660 2102 w
(explicit) 3912 2102 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(printf) 4303 2102 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(state\255) 4771 2102 w
(ments) 720 2222 w
(that) 1066 2222 w
(appear) 1304 2222 w
(in) 1684 2222 w
(the) 1822 2222 w
(model) 2024 2222 w
(itself\).) 2374 2222 w
(A) 2758 2222 w
(range) 2875 2222 w
(of) 3199 2222 w
(options) 3345 2222 w
(exists) 3757 2222 w
(to) 4090 2222 w
(make) 4236 2222 w
(the) 4546 2222 w
(traces) 4749 2222 w
(more) 720 2342 w
(verbose,) 1014 2342 w
(e.g.,) 1469 2342 w
(by) 1726 2342 w
(adding) 1884 2342 w
(printouts) 2261 2342 w
(of) 2747 2342 w
(local) 2887 2342 w
(variables) 3154 2342 w
(\(add) 3627 2342 w
(option) 3883 2342 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(-l) 4238 2342 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\),) 4382 2342 w
(global) 4489 2342 w
(vari\255) 4830 2342 w
(ables) 720 2462 w
(\(add) 1026 2462 w
(option) 1293 2462 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(-g) 1659 2462 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\),) 1803 2462 w
(send) 1921 2462 w
(statements) 2206 2462 w
(\(add) 2794 2462 w
(option) 3061 2462 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(-s) 3427 2462 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\),) 3571 2462 w
(or) 3689 2462 w
(receive) 3844 2462 w
(statements) 4238 2462 w
(\(add) 4826 2462 w
(option) 720 2582 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(-r) 1071 2582 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\).) 1215 2582 w
(Use) 1350 2582 w
(option) 1564 2582 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(-n) 1915 2582 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(N) 2059 2582 w
(\(with) 2171 2582 w
(N) 2447 2582 w
(any) 2559 2582 w
(number\)) 2766 2582 w
(to) 3214 2582 w
(fix) 3350 2582 w
(the) 3514 2582 w
(seed) 3706 2582 w
(on) 3969 2582 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 4129 2582 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031) 4321 2582 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(s) 4353 2582 w
(internal) 4441 2582 w
(ran\255) 4849 2582 w
(dom) 720 2702 w
(number) 970 2702 w
(generator,) 1381 2702 w
(and) 1918 2702 w
(thus) 2132 2702 w
(make) 2378 2702 w
(the) 2674 2702 w
(simulation) 2863 2702 w
(runs) 3405 2702 w
(reproducible.) 3655 2702 w
(By) 4368 2702 w
(default) 4512 2702 w
(the) 4885 2702 w
(current time is used to seed the random number generator.) 720 2822 w
(For instance:) 3683 2822 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(spin) 1008 2992 w
(-p) 1333 2992 w
(-l) 1528 2992 w
(-g) 1723 2992 w
(-r) 1918 2992 w
(-s) 2113 2992 w
(-n1) 2308 2992 w
(spec) 2568 2992 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(If) 720 3208 w
(you) 827 3208 w
(don) 1043 3208 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031) 1229 3208 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(t) 1261 3208 w
(like) 1339 3208 w
(the) 1552 3208 w
(system) 1748 3208 w
(randomly) 2130 3208 w
(resolving) 2628 3208 w
(non-deterministic) 3113 3208 w
(choices) 4032 3208 w
(for) 4435 3208 w
(you,) 4616 3208 w
(you) 4865 3208 w
(can select an interactive simulation:) 720 3328 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(spin) 1008 3498 w
(-i) 1333 3498 w
(-p) 1528 3498 w
(spec) 1723 3498 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(In) 720 3678 w
(this) 848 3678 w
(case) 1064 3678 w
(you) 1314 3678 w
(will) 1526 3678 w
(be) 1727 3678 w
(offered) 1883 3678 w
(a) 2271 3678 w
(menu) 2364 3678 w
(with) 2675 3678 w
(choices) 2918 3678 w
(each) 3317 3678 w
(time) 3579 3678 w
(the) 3832 3678 w
(execution) 4025 3678 w
(could) 4538 3678 w
(pro\255) 4842 3678 w
(ceed in more than one way.) 720 3798 w
(Simulations,) 720 3954 w
(of) 1352 3954 w
(course,) 1488 3954 w
(are) 1880 3954 w
(intended) 2070 3954 w
(primarily) 2536 3954 w
(for) 3006 3954 w
(the) 3183 3954 w
(debugging) 3376 3954 w
(of) 3935 3954 w
(a) 4071 3954 w
(model.) 4164 3954 w
(They) 4568 3954 w
(can\255) 4839 3954 w
(not) 720 4074 w
(prove) 926 4074 w
(anything) 1245 4074 w
(about) 1712 4074 w
(it.) 2036 4074 w
(Assertions) 2212 4074 w
(will) 2766 4074 w
(be) 2976 4074 w
(evaluated) 3140 4074 w
(during) 3650 4074 w
(simulation) 4014 4074 w
(runs,) 4567 4074 w
(and) 4860 4074 w
(any) 720 4194 w
(violations) 937 4194 w
(that) 1451 4194 w
(result) 1690 4194 w
(will) 2014 4194 w
(be) 2227 4194 w
(reported,) 2395 4194 w
(but) 2894 4194 w
(none) 3105 4194 w
(of) 3395 4194 w
(the) 3542 4194 w
(other) 3746 4194 w
(correctness) 4052 4194 w
(require\255) 4659 4194 w
(ments can be checked in this way.) 720 4314 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(2.2.) 720 4554 w
(Generating the Verifier) 962 4554 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(A model-specific verifier is generated as follows:) 720 4710 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(spin) 1008 4880 w
(-a) 1333 4880 w
(spec) 1528 4880 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(This generates a C program in a number of files \(with names starting with) 720 5060 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pan) 4346 5060 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\).) 4562 5060 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(2.3.) 720 5300 w
(Compiling the Verifier) 962 5300 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(At) 720 5456 w
(this) 860 5456 w
(point) 1073 5456 w
(it) 1359 5456 w
(is) 1459 5456 w
(good) 1573 5456 w
(to) 1854 5456 w
(know) 1986 5456 w
(the) 2278 5456 w
(physical) 2468 5456 w
(limitations) 2895 5456 w
(of) 3442 5456 w
(the) 3575 5456 w
(computer) 3765 5456 w
(system) 4264 5456 w
(that) 4639 5456 w
(you) 4865 5456 w
(will) 720 5576 w
(run) 928 5576 w
(the) 1137 5576 w
(verification) 1336 5576 w
(on.) 1919 5576 w
(If) 2150 5576 w
(you) 2260 5576 w
(know) 2478 5576 w
(how) 2779 5576 w
(much) 3022 5576 w
(physical) 3333 5576 w
(\(not) 3768 5576 w
(virtual\)) 4004 5576 w
(memory) 4385 5576 w
(your) 4824 5576 w
(system has, you) 720 5696 w
(can) 1532 5696 w
(take) 1733 5696 w
(advantage) 1972 5696 w
(of) 2502 5696 w
(that.) 2633 5696 w
(Initially,) 2921 5696 w
(you) 3337 5696 w
(can) 3545 5696 w
(simply) 3746 5696 w
(compile) 4096 5696 w
(the) 4511 5696 w
(verifier) 4699 5696 w
(for) 720 5816 w
(a) 906 5816 w
(straight) 1008 5816 w
(exhaustive) 1428 5816 w
(verification) 1995 5816 w
(run) 2580 5816 w
(\(constituting) 2791 5816 w
(the) 3450 5816 w
(strongest) 3651 5816 w
(type) 4155 5816 w
(of) 4409 5816 w
(proof) 4553 5816 w
(if) 4862 5816 w
(it) 4974 5816 w
(can be completed\).) 720 5936 w
(Compile as follows.) 1709 5936 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pcc) 1008 6106 w
(-o) 1268 6106 w
(pan) 1463 6106 w
(pan.c) 1723 6106 w
(#) 3088 6106 w
(standard) 3218 6106 w
(exhaustive) 3803 6106 w
(search) 4518 6106 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(If) 720 6286 w
(you) 821 6286 w
(know) 1031 6286 w
(a) 1324 6286 w
(memory) 1414 6286 w
(bound) 1845 6286 w
(that) 2191 6286 w
(you) 2417 6286 w
(want) 2627 6286 w
(to) 2893 6286 w
(restrict) 3026 6286 w
(the) 3404 6286 w
(run) 3594 6286 w
(to) 3795 6286 w
(\(e.g.,) 3929 6286 w
(to) 4212 6286 w
(avoid) 4346 6286 w
(paging\),) 4642 6286 w
(find the nearest power of 2 \(e.g., 23 for the bound 2) 720 6406 w
7 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(23) 3281 6366 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(bytes\) and compile as follows.) 3409 6406 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pcc) 1008 6576 w
('-DMEMCNT=23') 1268 6576 w
(-o) 2178 6576 w
(pan) 2373 6576 w
(pan.c) 2633 6576 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(or equivalently in terms of MegaBytes:) 720 6756 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pcc) 1008 6926 w
('-DMEMLIM=8') 1268 6926 w
(-o) 2113 6926 w
(pan) 2308 6926 w
(pan.c) 2568 6926 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(If) 720 7106 w
(the) 820 7106 w
(verifier) 1009 7106 w
(runs) 1384 7106 w
(out) 1634 7106 w
(of) 1829 7106 w
(memory) 1962 7106 w
(before) 2393 7106 w
(completing) 2742 7106 w
(its) 3320 7106 w
(task,) 3472 7106 w
(you) 3740 7106 w
(can) 3950 7106 w
(decide) 4153 7106 w
(to) 4506 7106 w
(increase) 4639 7106 w
(the) 720 7226 w
(bound) 913 7226 w
(or) 1262 7226 w
(to) 1402 7226 w
(switch) 1537 7226 w
(to) 1881 7226 w
(a) 2016 7226 w
(frugal) 2108 7226 w
(supertrace) 2431 7226 w
(verification.) 2981 7226 w
(In) 3621 7226 w
(the) 3749 7226 w
(latter) 3941 7226 w
(case,) 4233 7226 w
(compile) 4515 7226 w
(as) 4934 7226 w
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10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 24 \255) 2752 480 w
(follows.) 720 840 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pcc) 1008 1010 w
(-DBITSTATE) 1268 1010 w
(-o) 1983 1010 w
(pan) 2178 1010 w
(pan.c) 2438 1010 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(2.4.) 720 1310 w
(Performing the Verification) 962 1310 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(There) 720 1466 w
(are) 1033 1466 w
(three) 1220 1466 w
(specific) 1507 1466 w
(decisions) 1909 1466 w
(to) 2397 1466 w
(make) 2530 1466 w
(to) 2827 1466 w
(perform) 2960 1466 w
(verifications) 3387 1466 w
(optimally:) 4013 1466 w
(estimating) 4529 1466 w
(the) 720 1586 w
(size) 913 1586 w
(of) 1144 1586 w
(the) 1279 1586 w
(reachable) 1471 1586 w
(state) 1976 1586 w
(space) 2249 1586 w
(\(section) 2562 1586 w
(2.4.1\),) 2979 1586 w
(estimating) 3334 1586 w
(the) 3882 1586 w
(maximum) 4074 1586 w
(length) 4597 1586 w
(of) 4942 1586 w
(a) 720 1706 w
(unique) 829 1706 w
(execution) 1217 1706 w
(sequence) 1746 1706 w
(\(2.4.2\),) 2258 1706 w
(and) 2664 1706 w
(selecting) 2899 1706 w
(the) 3387 1706 w
(type) 3597 1706 w
(of) 3860 1706 w
(correctness) 4013 1706 w
(property) 4626 1706 w
(\(2.4.3\).) 720 1826 w
(No) 1150 1826 w
(great) 1332 1826 w
(harm) 1630 1826 w
(is) 1928 1826 w
(done) 2055 1826 w
(if) 2344 1826 w
(the) 2457 1826 w
(estimates) 2659 1826 w
(from) 3171 1826 w
(the) 3449 1826 w
(first) 3650 1826 w
(two) 3891 1826 w
(steps) 4112 1826 w
(are) 4416 1826 w
(off.) 4614 1826 w
(The) 4859 1826 w
(feedback) 720 1946 w
(from) 1197 1946 w
(the) 1467 1946 w
(verifier) 1660 1946 w
(usually) 2039 1946 w
(provides) 2417 1946 w
(enough) 2871 1946 w
(clues) 3275 1946 w
(to) 3563 1946 w
(determine) 3700 1946 w
(quickly) 4232 1946 w
(what) 4615 1946 w
(the) 4885 1946 w
(optimal settings for peak performance should be.) 720 2066 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(2.4.1.) 720 2306 w
(Reachable States) 1051 2306 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(For) 720 2462 w
(a) 918 2462 w
(standard) 1015 2462 w
(exhaustive) 1484 2462 w
(run,) 2047 2462 w
(you) 2286 2462 w
(can) 2503 2462 w
(override) 2713 2462 w
(the) 3154 2462 w
(default) 3352 2462 w
(choice) 3734 2462 w
(for) 4087 2462 w
(the) 4269 2462 w
(size) 4467 2462 w
(for) 4703 2462 w
(the) 4885 2462 w
(hash table \(2) 720 2582 w
7 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(18) 1355 2542 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(slots\) with option) 1483 2582 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(-w) 2359 2582 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 2503 2582 w
(For instance,) 2599 2582 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pan) 1008 2752 w
(-w23) 1268 2752 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(selects) 720 2932 w
(2) 1088 2932 w
7 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(23) 1156 2892 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(slots.) 1289 2932 w
(The) 1619 2932 w
(hash) 1838 2932 w
(table) 2106 2932 w
(size) 2384 2932 w
(should) 2615 2932 w
(optimally) 2981 2932 w
(be) 3467 2932 w
(roughly) 3624 2932 w
(equal) 4031 2932 w
(to) 4334 2932 w
(the) 4470 2932 w
(number) 4663 2932 w
(of) 720 3052 w
(reachable) 853 3052 w
(states) 1356 3052 w
(you) 1678 3052 w
(expect) 1888 3052 w
(\(within) 2247 3052 w
(say) 2611 3052 w
(a) 2804 3052 w
(factor) 2894 3052 w
(of) 3211 3052 w
(two) 3344 3052 w
(or) 3554 3052 w
(three\).) 3691 3052 w
(Too) 4075 3052 w
(large) 4295 3052 w
(a) 4573 3052 w
(number) 4663 3052 w
(merely) 720 3172 w
(wastes) 1090 3172 w
(memory,) 1460 3172 w
(too) 1931 3172 w
(low) 2133 3172 w
(a) 2344 3172 w
(number) 2443 3172 w
(wastes) 2864 3172 w
(CPU) 3235 3172 w
(time,) 3472 3172 w
(but) 3763 3172 w
(neither) 3969 3172 w
(can) 4356 3172 w
(affect) 4568 3172 w
(the) 4885 3172 w
(correctness of the result.) 720 3292 w
(For) 720 3532 w
(a) 927 3532 w
(supertrace) 1033 3532 w
(run,) 1597 3532 w
(the) 1845 3532 w
(hash) 2051 3532 w
(table) 2332 3532 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(is) 2623 3532 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(the) 2752 3532 w
(memory) 2958 3532 w
(arena,) 3405 3532 w
(and) 3757 3532 w
(you) 3988 3532 w
(can) 4214 3532 w
(override) 4434 3532 w
(the) 4885 3532 w
(default) 720 3652 w
(of) 1094 3652 w
(2) 1227 3652 w
7 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(22) 1295 3612 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(bits) 1426 3652 w
(with) 1641 3652 w
(any) 1881 3652 w
(other) 2085 3652 w
(number.) 2377 3652 w
(Set) 2853 3652 w
(it) 3035 3652 w
(to) 3136 3652 w
(the) 3269 3652 w
(maximum) 3459 3652 w
(size) 3980 3652 w
(of) 4207 3652 w
(physical) 4339 3652 w
(mem\255) 4765 3652 w
(ory) 720 3772 w
(you) 916 3772 w
(can) 1133 3772 w
(grab) 1344 3772 w
(without) 1608 3772 w
(making) 2016 3772 w
(the) 2418 3772 w
(system) 2616 3772 w
(page,) 2999 3772 w
(again) 3310 3772 w
(within) 3616 3772 w
(a) 3955 3772 w
(factor) 4053 3772 w
(of) 4378 3772 w
(say) 4519 3772 w
(two) 4720 3772 w
(or) 4938 3772 w
(three.) 720 3892 w
(Use,) 1074 3892 w
(for) 1320 3892 w
(instance) 1497 3892 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(-w23) 1938 3892 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(if) 2264 3892 w
(you) 2368 3892 w
(expect) 2581 3892 w
(8) 2943 3892 w
(million) 3044 3892 w
(reachable) 3414 3892 w
(states) 3920 3892 w
(and) 4245 3892 w
(have) 4463 3892 w
(access) 4725 3892 w
(to at least 8 million \(2) 720 4012 w
7 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(23) 1794 3972 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\) bits of memory \(i.e., 2) 1890 4012 w
7 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(20) 3039 3972 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(or 1 Megabyte of RAM\).) 3167 4012 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(2.4.2.) 720 4252 w
(Search Depth) 1051 4252 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(By) 720 4408 w
(default) 877 4408 w
(the) 1263 4408 w
(analyzers) 1465 4408 w
(have) 1970 4408 w
(a) 2242 4408 w
(search) 2344 4408 w
(depth) 2707 4408 w
(restriction) 3035 4408 w
(of) 3577 4408 w
(10,000) 3723 4408 w
(steps.) 4118 4408 w
(If) 4488 4408 w
(this) 4602 4408 w
(isn) 4829 4408 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031) 4971 4408 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(t) 5003 4408 w
(enough,) 720 4528 w
(the) 1159 4528 w
(search) 1356 4528 w
(will) 1714 4528 w
(truncate) 1920 4528 w
(at) 2363 4528 w
(9,999) 2497 4528 w
(steps) 2823 4528 w
(\(watch) 3123 4528 w
(for) 3480 4528 w
(it) 3661 4528 w
(in) 3769 4528 w
(the) 3902 4528 w
(printout\).) 4099 4528 w
(Define) 4629 4528 w
(a) 4985 4528 w
(different search depth with the -m flag.) 720 4648 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pan) 1008 4818 w
(-m100000) 1268 4818 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(If) 720 4998 w
(you) 831 4998 w
(exceed) 1051 4998 w
(also) 1439 4998 w
(this) 1681 4998 w
(limit,) 1906 4998 w
(it) 2201 4998 w
(is) 2313 4998 w
(probably) 2439 4998 w
(good) 2912 4998 w
(to) 3205 4998 w
(take) 3349 4998 w
(some) 3601 4998 w
(time) 3908 4998 w
(to) 4169 4998 w
(consider) 4313 4998 w
(if) 4773 4998 w
(the) 4885 4998 w
(model) 720 5118 w
(you) 1056 5118 w
(have) 1265 5118 w
(specified) 1524 5118 w
(is) 1993 5118 w
(indeed) 2107 5118 w
(finite.) 2470 5118 w
(Check,) 2818 5118 w
(for) 3180 5118 w
(instance,) 3353 5118 w
(if) 3821 5118 w
(no) 3920 5118 w
(unbounded) 4076 5118 w
(number) 4663 5118 w
(of) 720 5238 w
(processes) 851 5238 w
(is) 1366 5238 w
(created.) 1480 5238 w
(If) 1937 5238 w
(satisfied) 2037 5238 w
(that) 2479 5238 w
(the) 2704 5238 w
(model) 2893 5238 w
(is) 3229 5238 w
(finite,) 3343 5238 w
(increase) 3659 5238 w
(the) 4094 5238 w
(search) 4283 5238 w
(depth) 4633 5238 w
(at) 4948 5238 w
(least as far as is required to avoid truncation completely.) 720 5358 w
(If) 720 5514 w
(you) 826 5514 w
(find) 1041 5514 w
(a) 1272 5514 w
(particularly) 1367 5514 w
(nasty) 1951 5514 w
(error) 2248 5514 w
(that) 2528 5514 w
(takes) 2759 5514 w
(a) 3056 5514 w
(large) 3151 5514 w
(number) 3434 5514 w
(of) 3851 5514 w
(steps) 3989 5514 w
(to) 4287 5514 w
(hit,) 4425 5514 w
(you) 4625 5514 w
(may) 4840 5514 w
(also set lower search depths to find the shortest variant of an error sequence.) 720 5634 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pan) 1008 5804 w
(-m40) 1268 5804 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Go) 720 5984 w
(up) 886 5984 w
(or) 1044 5984 w
(down) 1179 5984 w
(by) 1475 5984 w
(powers) 1623 5984 w
(of) 2005 5984 w
(two) 2136 5984 w
(until) 2344 5984 w
(you) 2596 5984 w
(find) 2804 5984 w
(the) 3028 5984 w
(place) 3216 5984 w
(where) 3503 5984 w
(the) 3828 5984 w
(error) 4017 5984 w
(first) 4291 5984 w
(appears) 4520 5984 w
(or) 4938 5984 w
(disappears) 720 6104 w
(and) 1284 6104 w
(then) 1501 6104 w
(home) 1755 6104 w
(in) 2064 6104 w
(on) 2192 6104 w
(the) 2352 6104 w
(first) 2544 6104 w
(depth) 2776 6104 w
(where) 3094 6104 w
(the) 3423 6104 w
(error) 3615 6104 w
(becomes) 3892 6104 w
(apparent,) 4360 6104 w
(and) 4860 6104 w
(use the error trail of that verification run for guided simulation.) 720 6224 w
(Note that if) 720 6464 w
(a) 1302 6464 w
(run) 1390 6464 w
(with) 1588 6464 w
(a) 1826 6464 w
(given) 1914 6464 w
(search) 2208 6464 w
(depth) 2557 6464 w
(fails) 2871 6464 w
(to) 3105 6464 w
(find) 3236 6464 w
(an) 3460 6464 w
(error,) 3610 6464 w
(this) 3915 6464 w
(does) 4127 6464 w
(not) 4391 6464 w
(necessar\255) 4584 6464 w
(ily) 720 6584 w
(mean) 864 6584 w
(that) 1163 6584 w
(no) 1387 6584 w
(violation) 1543 6584 w
(of) 1991 6584 w
(a) 2122 6584 w
(correctness) 2210 6584 w
(requirement) 2801 6584 w
(is) 3430 6584 w
(possible) 3543 6584 w
(within) 3979 6584 w
(that) 4308 6584 w
(number) 4532 6584 w
(of) 4942 6584 w
(steps.) 720 6704 w
(The) 1079 6704 w
(verifier) 1297 6704 w
(performs) 1675 6704 w
(its) 2155 6704 w
(search) 2310 6704 w
(for) 2664 6704 w
(errors) 2841 6704 w
(by) 3170 6704 w
(using) 3323 6704 w
(a) 3627 6704 w
(standard) 3720 6704 w
(depth-first) 4185 6704 w
(graph) 4757 6704 w
(search.) 720 6824 w
(If) 1147 6824 w
(the) 1260 6824 w
(search) 1462 6824 w
(is) 1825 6824 w
(truncated) 1952 6824 w
(at) 2463 6824 w
(N) 2602 6824 w
(steps,) 2723 6824 w
(and) 3060 6824 w
(a) 3287 6824 w
(state) 3389 6824 w
(at) 3672 6824 w
(level) 3810 6824 w
(N-1) 4078 6824 w
(happens) 4319 6824 w
(to) 4777 6824 w
(be) 4921 6824 w
(reachable) 720 6944 w
(also) 1228 6944 w
(within) 1464 6944 w
(fewer) 1800 6944 w
(steps) 2107 6944 w
(from) 2405 6944 w
(the) 2677 6944 w
(initial) 2872 6944 w
(state,) 3182 6944 w
(the) 3490 6944 w
(second) 3685 6944 w
(time) 4069 6944 w
(it) 4324 6944 w
(is) 4430 6944 w
(reached) 4550 6944 w
(it) 4974 6944 w
(will) 720 7064 w
(not) 925 7064 w
(be) 1126 7064 w
(explored) 1286 7064 w
(again,) 1757 7064 w
(and) 2093 7064 w
(thus) 2314 7064 w
(neither) 2567 7064 w
(will) 2950 7064 w
(its) 3154 7064 w
(successors.) 3311 7064 w
(Those) 3941 7064 w
(successors) 4274 7064 w
(may) 4840 7064 w
(contain) 720 7184 w
(errors) 1117 7184 w
(states) 1448 7184 w
(that) 1775 7184 w
(are) 2006 7184 w
(reachable) 2198 7184 w
(within) 2706 7184 w
(N) 3042 7184 w
(steps) 3156 7184 w
(from) 3454 7184 w
(the) 3726 7184 w
(initial) 3922 7184 w
(state.) 4233 7184 w
(Normally,) 4574 7184 w
(the) 720 7304 w
(verification) 917 7304 w
(should) 1498 7304 w
(be) 1868 7304 w
(run) 2028 7304 w
(in) 2234 7304 w
(such) 2366 7304 w
(a) 2633 7304 w
(way) 2729 7304 w
(that) 2954 7304 w
(no) 3186 7304 w
(execution) 3350 7304 w
(paths) 3866 7304 w
(can) 4175 7304 w
(be) 4384 7304 w
(truncated,) 4544 7304 w
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10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 25 \255) 2752 480 w
(but) 720 840 w
(to) 926 840 w
(force) 1068 840 w
(the) 1358 840 w
(complete) 1557 840 w
(exploration) 2047 840 w
(of) 2646 840 w
(also) 2788 840 w
(truncated) 3028 840 w
(searches) 3536 840 w
(one) 4004 840 w
(can) 4228 840 w
(override) 4441 840 w
(the) 4885 840 w
(defaults) 720 960 w
(with) 1159 960 w
(a) 1413 960 w
(compile-time) 1517 960 w
(flag) 2221 960 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(-DREACH) 2453 960 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 2957 960 w
(When) 3069 960 w
(the) 3383 960 w
(verifier) 3586 960 w
(is) 3975 960 w
(compiled) 4103 960 w
(with) 4596 960 w
(that) 4849 960 w
(additional) 720 1080 w
(directive,) 1240 1080 w
(the) 1723 1080 w
(depth) 1915 1080 w
(at) 2233 1080 w
(which) 2362 1080 w
(each) 2680 1080 w
(state) 2941 1080 w
(is) 3214 1080 w
(visited) 3332 1080 w
(is) 3687 1080 w
(remembered,) 3805 1080 w
(and) 4493 1080 w
(a) 4711 1080 w
(state) 4804 1080 w
(is) 720 1200 w
(now) 838 1200 w
(considered) 1076 1200 w
(unvisited) 1647 1200 w
(if) 2126 1200 w
(it) 2230 1200 w
(is) 2334 1200 w
(revisited) 2452 1200 w
(via) 2904 1200 w
(a) 3078 1200 w
(shorter) 3170 1200 w
(path) 3556 1200 w
(later) 3810 1200 w
(in) 4065 1200 w
(the) 4193 1200 w
(search.) 4385 1200 w
(\(This) 4802 1200 w
(option cannot be used with a supertrace search.\)) 720 1320 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(2.4.3.) 720 1560 w
(Liveness or Safety Verification) 1051 1560 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(For) 720 1716 w
(the) 918 1716 w
(last,) 1115 1716 w
(and) 1361 1716 w
(perhaps) 1583 1716 w
(the) 2016 1716 w
(most) 2213 1716 w
(critical,) 2498 1716 w
(runtime) 2895 1716 w
(decision:) 3318 1716 w
(it) 3795 1716 w
(must) 3904 1716 w
(be) 4190 1716 w
(decided) 4352 1716 w
(if) 4776 1716 w
(the) 4885 1716 w
(system is to be checked for safety violations or for liveness violations.) 720 1836 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pan) 1008 2006 w
(-l) 1268 2006 w
(#) 1528 2006 w
(search) 1658 2006 w
(for) 2113 2006 w
(non-progress) 2373 2006 w
(cycles) 3218 2006 w
(pan) 1008 2116 w
(-a) 1268 2116 w
(#) 1528 2116 w
(search) 1658 2116 w
(for) 2113 2116 w
(acceptance) 2373 2116 w
(cycles) 3088 2116 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\(In) 720 2296 w
(the) 882 2296 w
(first) 1075 2296 w
(case,) 1308 2296 w
(though,) 1591 2296 w
(you) 2007 2296 w
(must) 2221 2296 w
(compile) 2503 2296 w
(pan.c) 2924 2296 w
(with) 3226 2296 w
(-DNP) 3470 2296 w
(as) 3771 2296 w
(an) 3916 2296 w
(additional) 4072 2296 w
(directive.) 4594 2296 w
(If) 720 2416 w
(you) 826 2416 w
(forget,) 1041 2416 w
(the) 1407 2416 w
(executable) 1602 2416 w
(will) 2168 2416 w
(remind) 2372 2416 w
(you.\)) 2756 2416 w
(If) 3067 2416 w
(you) 3172 2416 w
(don) 3386 2416 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031) 3572 2416 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(t) 3604 2416 w
(use) 3680 2416 w
(either) 3888 2416 w
(of) 4208 2416 w
(the) 4345 2416 w
(above) 4539 2416 w
(two) 4865 2416 w
(options,) 720 2536 w
(the) 1165 2536 w
(default) 1369 2536 w
(types) 1757 2536 w
(of) 2065 2536 w
(correctness) 2212 2536 w
(properties) 2819 2536 w
(are) 3367 2536 w
(checked) 3569 2536 w
(\(assertion) 4016 2536 w
(violations,) 4542 2536 w
(completeness,) 720 2656 w
(race) 1457 2656 w
(conditions,) 1699 2656 w
(etc.\).) 2275 2656 w
(Note) 2586 2656 w
(that) 2852 2656 w
(the) 3081 2656 w
(use) 3274 2656 w
(of) 3481 2656 w
(a) 3617 2656 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(never) 3710 2656 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim) 4108 2656 w
(that) 4403 2656 w
(contains) 4632 2656 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(accept) 720 2776 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(labels requires the use of the) 1184 2776 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(-a) 2635 2776 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(flag for complete verification.) 2811 2776 w
(Adding) 720 2932 w
(option) 1111 2932 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(-f) 1467 2932 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(restricts) 1654 2932 w
(the) 2092 2932 w
(search) 2291 2932 w
(for) 2651 2932 w
(liveness) 2834 2932 w
(properties) 3264 2932 w
(further) 3806 2932 w
(under) 4186 2932 w
(a) 4514 2932 w
(standard) 4613 2932 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(weak fairness) 720 3052 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(constraint:) 1423 3052 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pan) 1008 3222 w
(-f) 1268 3222 w
(-l) 1463 3222 w
(#) 2048 3222 w
(search) 2178 3222 w
(for) 2633 3222 w
(weakly) 2893 3222 w
(fair) 3348 3222 w
(non-progress) 3673 3222 w
(cycles) 4518 3222 w
(pan) 1008 3332 w
(-f) 1268 3332 w
(-a) 1463 3332 w
(#) 2048 3332 w
(search) 2178 3332 w
(for) 2633 3332 w
(weakly) 2893 3332 w
(fair) 3348 3332 w
(acceptance) 3673 3332 w
(cycles) 4388 3332 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(With) 720 3512 w
(this) 982 3512 w
(constraint,) 1209 3512 w
(each) 1775 3512 w
(process) 2047 3512 w
(is) 2469 3512 w
(required) 2597 3512 w
(to) 3056 3512 w
(appear) 3202 3512 w
(infinitely) 3583 3512 w
(often) 4053 3512 w
(in) 4355 3512 w
(the) 4495 3512 w
(infinite) 4699 3512 w
(trace) 720 3632 w
(that) 1000 3632 w
(constitutes) 1231 3632 w
(the) 1805 3632 w
(violation) 2000 3632 w
(of) 2455 3632 w
(a) 2593 3632 w
(liveness) 2688 3632 w
(property) 3114 3632 w
(\(e.g.,) 3568 3632 w
(a) 3855 3632 w
(non-progress) 3950 3632 w
(cycle) 4659 3632 w
(or) 4938 3632 w
(an) 720 3752 w
(acceptance) 888 3752 w
(cycle\),) 1476 3752 w
(unless) 1831 3752 w
(it) 2193 3752 w
(is) 2310 3752 w
(permanently) 2441 3752 w
(blocked) 3099 3752 w
(\(i.e.,) 3532 3752 w
(has) 3798 3752 w
(no) 4018 3752 w
(executable) 4193 3752 w
(state\255) 4771 3752 w
(ments) 720 3872 w
(after) 1076 3872 w
(a) 1359 3872 w
(certain) 1471 3872 w
(point) 1859 3872 w
(in) 2168 3872 w
(the) 2316 3872 w
(trace) 2528 3872 w
(is) 2825 3872 w
(reached\).) 2962 3872 w
(Adding) 3500 3872 w
(the) 3905 3872 w
(fairness) 4116 3872 w
(constraint) 4554 3872 w
(increases) 720 3992 w
(the) 1209 3992 w
(time) 1401 3992 w
(complexity) 1653 3992 w
(of) 2222 3992 w
(the) 2357 3992 w
(verification) 2549 3992 w
(by) 3125 3992 w
(a) 3277 3992 w
(factor) 3369 3992 w
(that) 3688 3992 w
(is) 3916 3992 w
(linear) 4033 3992 w
(in) 4342 3992 w
(the) 4470 3992 w
(number) 4663 3992 w
(of active processes.) 720 4112 w
(By default, the verifier will report on unreachable code) 720 4268 w
(in) 3395 4268 w
(the) 3519 4268 w
(model) 3707 4268 w
(only) 4042 4268 w
(when) 4279 4268 w
(a) 4569 4268 w
(verifica\255) 4657 4268 w
(tion) 720 4388 w
(run) 943 4388 w
(is) 1142 4388 w
(successfully) 1256 4388 w
(completed.) 1872 4388 w
(This) 2479 4388 w
(default) 2717 4388 w
(behavior) 3089 4388 w
(can) 3541 4388 w
(be) 3742 4388 w
(turned) 3894 4388 w
(off) 4248 4388 w
(with) 4416 4388 w
(the) 4654 4388 w
(run\255) 4842 4388 w
(time option) 720 4508 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(-n) 1312 4508 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(, as in:) 1456 4508 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pan) 1008 4678 w
(-n) 1268 4678 w
(-f) 1463 4678 w
(-a) 1658 4678 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\(The) 720 4858 w
(order) 980 4858 w
(in) 1288 4858 w
(which) 1425 4858 w
(the) 1752 4858 w
(options) 1953 4858 w
(such) 2363 4858 w
(as) 2635 4858 w
(these) 2787 4858 w
(are) 3095 4858 w
(listed) 3293 4858 w
(is) 3604 4858 w
(always) 3730 4858 w
(irrelevant.\)) 4096 4858 w
(A) 4698 4858 w
(brief) 4814 4858 w
(explanation of these and other runtime options can be determined by typing:) 720 4978 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pan) 1008 5148 w
(--) 1268 5148 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(2.5.) 720 5448 w
(Inspecting Error Traces) 962 5448 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(If) 720 5604 w
(the) 832 5604 w
(verification) 1033 5604 w
(run) 1618 5604 w
(reports) 1829 5604 w
(an) 2226 5604 w
(error,) 2390 5604 w
(any) 2709 5604 w
(error,) 2925 5604 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 3244 5604 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(dumps) 3483 5604 w
(an) 3862 5604 w
(error) 4026 5604 w
(trail) 4313 5604 w
(into) 4551 5604 w
(a) 4787 5604 w
(file) 4889 5604 w
(named) 720 5724 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(spec.trail) 1110 5724 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 1830 5724 w
(where) 1923 5724 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(spec) 2276 5724 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 2625 5724 w
(the) 2765 5724 w
(name) 2980 5724 w
(of) 3306 5724 w
(your) 3464 5724 w
(original) 3740 5724 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 4168 5724 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(file.) 4641 5724 w
(To) 4916 5724 w
(inspect) 720 5844 w
(the) 1104 5844 w
(trail,) 1294 5844 w
(and) 1552 5844 w
(determine) 1767 5844 w
(the) 2296 5844 w
(cause) 2487 5844 w
(of) 2798 5844 w
(the) 2932 5844 w
(error,) 3123 5844 w
(you) 3431 5844 w
(must) 3642 5844 w
(use) 3921 5844 w
(the) 4126 5844 w
(guided) 4317 5844 w
(simula\255) 4688 5844 w
(tion option.) 720 5964 w
(For instance:) 1350 5964 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(spin) 1008 6134 w
(-t) 1333 6134 w
(-c) 1528 6134 w
(spec) 1723 6134 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(gives you a summary of message exchanges in the trail, or) 720 6314 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(spin) 1008 6484 w
(-t) 1333 6484 w
(-p) 1528 6484 w
(spec) 1723 6484 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(gives) 720 6664 w
(a) 1010 6664 w
(printout) 1105 6664 w
(of) 1537 6664 w
(every) 1675 6664 w
(single) 1972 6664 w
(step) 2302 6664 w
(executed.) 2550 6664 w
(Add) 3097 6664 w
(as) 3333 6664 w
(many) 3480 6664 w
(extra) 3783 6664 w
(or) 4074 6664 w
(different) 4217 6664 w
(options) 4676 6664 w
(as you need to pin down the error:) 720 6784 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(spin) 1008 6954 w
(-t) 1333 6954 w
(-r) 1528 6954 w
(-s) 1723 6954 w
(-l) 1918 6954 w
(-g) 2113 6954 w
(spec) 2308 6954 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Make sure the file) 720 7134 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(spec) 1619 7134 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(didn) 1939 7134 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031) 2156 7134 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(t change since you generated the analyzer from it.) 2188 7134 w
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26 pagesetup
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 26 \255) 2752 480 w
(If you find non-progress) 720 840 w
(cycles,) 1950 840 w
(add) 2305 840 w
(or) 2519 840 w
(delete) 2654 840 w
(progress) 2984 840 w
(labels) 3443 840 w
(and) 3759 840 w
(repeat) 3972 840 w
(the) 4313 840 w
(verification) 4501 840 w
(until you are content that you have found what you were looking for.) 720 960 w
(If) 720 1200 w
(you) 822 1200 w
(are) 1033 1200 w
(not) 1221 1200 w
(interested) 1417 1200 w
(in) 1941 1200 w
(the) 2068 1200 w
(first) 2259 1200 w
(error) 2490 1200 w
(reported,) 2766 1200 w
(use) 3252 1200 w
(pan) 3458 1200 w
(option) 3675 1200 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(-c) 4025 1200 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(to) 4206 1200 w
(report) 4341 1200 w
(on) 4677 1200 w
(spe\255) 4837 1200 w
(cific others:) 720 1320 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pan) 1008 1490 w
(-c3) 1268 1490 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(ignores) 720 1670 w
(the) 1122 1670 w
(first) 1317 1670 w
(two) 1552 1670 w
(errors) 1767 1670 w
(and) 2098 1670 w
(reports) 2318 1670 w
(on) 2708 1670 w
(the) 2871 1670 w
(third) 3066 1670 w
(one) 3338 1670 w
(that) 3557 1670 w
(is) 3788 1670 w
(discovered.) 3909 1670 w
(If) 4537 1670 w
(you) 4644 1670 w
(just) 4860 1670 w
(want to count all errors and not see them, use) 720 1790 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pan) 1008 1960 w
(-c0) 1268 1960 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(State Assignments) 720 2260 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Internally, the verifiers produced by) 720 2416 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 2486 2416 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(deal with a) 2710 2416 w
(formalization) 3270 2416 w
(of) 3949 2416 w
(a) 4080 2416 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 4168 2416 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(model) 4614 2416 w
(in) 4949 2416 w
(terms) 720 2536 w
(of) 1049 2536 w
(extended) 1198 2536 w
(finite) 1703 2536 w
(state) 2004 2536 w
(machines.) 2291 2536 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 2859 2536 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(therefore) 3102 2536 w
(assigns) 3600 2536 w
(state) 4012 2536 w
(numbers) 4299 2536 w
(to) 4778 2536 w
(all) 4927 2536 w
(statements in the model.) 720 2656 w
(The state numbers are listed in all the relevant output) 1995 2656 w
(to) 4647 2656 w
(make) 4778 2656 w
(it) 720 2776 w
(completely) 824 2776 w
(unambiguous) 1389 2776 w
(\(source) 2089 2776 w
(line) 2482 2776 w
(references) 2696 2776 w
(unfortunately) 3241 2776 w
(do) 3931 2776 w
(not) 4092 2776 w
(have) 4289 2776 w
(that) 4551 2776 w
(prop\255) 4779 2776 w
(erty\).) 720 2896 w
(To) 1047 2896 w
(confirm) 1215 2896 w
(the) 1633 2896 w
(precise) 1832 2896 w
(state) 2223 2896 w
(assignments,) 2503 2896 w
(there) 3188 2896 w
(is) 3484 2896 w
(a) 3609 2896 w
(runtime) 3709 2896 w
(option) 4134 2896 w
(to) 4492 2896 w
(the) 4635 2896 w
(ana\255) 4835 2896 w
(lyzer generated:) 720 3016 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(pan) 1008 3186 w
(-d) 1268 3186 w
(#) 1528 3186 w
(print) 1658 3186 w
(state) 2048 3186 w
(machines) 2438 3186 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(which will print out a table with all state assignments for each) 720 3366 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(proctype) 3762 3366 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(in the model.) 4370 3366 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(2.6.) 720 3606 w
(Exploiting Partial Order Reductions) 962 3606 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(The) 720 3762 w
(search) 938 3762 w
(algorithm) 1291 3762 w
(used) 1797 3762 w
(by) 2066 3762 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(SPIN) 2218 3762 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 2447 3762 w
(optimized) 2564 3762 w
(according) 3089 3762 w
(to) 3601 3762 w
(the) 3736 3762 w
(rules) 3928 3762 w
(of) 4204 3762 w
(a) 4339 3762 w
(partial) 4431 3762 w
(order) 4778 3762 w
(theory) 720 3882 w
(explained) 1076 3882 w
(in) 1597 3882 w
([HoPe94].) 1734 3882 w
(The) 2282 3882 w
(effect) 2509 3882 w
(of) 2829 3882 w
(the) 2973 3882 w
(reduction,) 3174 3882 w
(however,) 3714 3882 w
(can) 4197 3882 w
(be) 4411 3882 w
(increased) 4576 3882 w
(considerably) 720 4002 w
(if) 1366 4002 w
(the) 1465 4002 w
(verifier) 1653 4002 w
(has) 2027 4002 w
(extra) 2228 4002 w
(information) 2511 4002 w
(about) 3112 4002 w
(the) 3424 4002 w
(access) 3613 4002 w
(of) 3962 4002 w
(processes) 4094 4002 w
(to) 4609 4002 w
(global) 4741 4002 w
(message) 720 4122 w
(channels.) 1181 4122 w
(For) 1710 4122 w
(this) 1903 4122 w
(purpose,) 2118 4122 w
(there) 2583 4122 w
(are) 2871 4122 w
(two) 3059 4122 w
(keywords) 3270 4122 w
(in) 3765 4122 w
(the) 3892 4122 w
(language) 4083 4122 w
(that) 4562 4122 w
(allow) 4789 4122 w
(one) 720 4242 w
(to) 954 4242 w
(assert) 1108 4242 w
(that) 1455 4242 w
(specific) 1702 4242 w
(channels) 2125 4242 w
(are) 2609 4242 w
(used) 2817 4242 w
(exclusively) 3105 4242 w
(by) 3689 4242 w
(specific) 3860 4242 w
(processes.) 4283 4242 w
(For) 4884 4242 w
(example, the assertions) 720 4362 w
9 /LucidaTypewriter f
(xr) 1008 4532 w
(q1;) 1203 4532 w
(xs) 1008 4642 w
(q2;) 1203 4642 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(claim) 720 4822 w
(that) 1012 4822 w
(the) 1238 4822 w
(process) 1428 4822 w
(that) 1837 4822 w
(executes) 2063 4822 w
(them) 2528 4822 w
(is) 2811 4822 w
(the) 2926 4822 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(only) 3116 4822 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(process) 3354 4822 w
(that) 3763 4822 w
(will) 3989 4822 w
(receive) 4188 4822 w
(messages) 4565 4822 w
(from channel) 720 4942 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(q1) 1393 4942 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(, and the) 1537 4942 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(only) 2000 4942 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(process that will send messages to channel) 2235 4942 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(q2) 4370 4942 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 4514 4942 w
(If) 720 5098 w
(an) 823 5098 w
(exclusive) 977 5098 w
(usage) 1461 5098 w
(assertion) 1784 5098 w
(turns) 2264 5098 w
(out) 2554 5098 w
(to) 2751 5098 w
(be) 2886 5098 w
(invalid,) 3043 5098 w
(the) 3432 5098 w
(verifier) 3625 5098 w
(will) 4004 5098 w
(be) 4206 5098 w
(able) 4363 5098 w
(to) 4604 5098 w
(detect) 4740 5098 w
(this, and report it as a violation of an implicit correctness requirement.) 720 5218 w
(Every) 720 5374 w
(read) 1017 5374 w
(or) 1274 5374 w
(write) 1418 5374 w
(access) 1700 5374 w
(to) 2058 5374 w
(a) 2199 5374 w
(message) 2297 5374 w
(channel) 2764 5374 w
(can) 3184 5374 w
(introduce) 3395 5374 w
(new) 3900 5374 w
(dependencies) 4138 5374 w
(that) 4849 5374 w
(may) 720 5494 w
(diminish) 981 5494 w
(the) 1460 5494 w
(maximum) 1676 5494 w
(effect) 2223 5494 w
(of) 2558 5494 w
(the) 2716 5494 w
(partial) 2931 5494 w
(order) 3300 5494 w
(reduction) 3622 5494 w
(strategies.) 4144 5494 w
(If,) 4743 5494 w
(for) 4901 5494 w
(instance,) 720 5614 w
(a) 1190 5614 w
(process) 1280 5614 w
(uses) 1689 5614 w
(the) 1944 5614 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(len) 2134 5614 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(function) 2385 5614 w
(to) 2821 5614 w
(check) 2954 5614 w
(the) 3267 5614 w
(number) 3457 5614 w
(of) 3869 5614 w
(messages) 4002 5614 w
(stored) 4513 5614 w
(in) 4858 5614 w
(a) 4985 5614 w
(channel,) 720 5734 w
(this) 1172 5734 w
(counts) 1393 5734 w
(as) 1759 5734 w
(a) 1907 5734 w
(read) 2004 5734 w
(access,) 2261 5734 w
(which) 2650 5734 w
(can) 2973 5734 w
(in) 3183 5734 w
(some) 3316 5734 w
(cases) 3619 5734 w
(invalidate) 3925 5734 w
(an) 4434 5734 w
(exclusive) 4593 5734 w
(access) 720 5854 w
(pattern) 1076 5854 w
(that) 1468 5854 w
(might) 1700 5854 w
(otherwise) 2025 5854 w
(exist.) 2537 5854 w
(There) 2877 5854 w
(are) 3197 5854 w
(two) 3391 5854 w
(special) 3608 5854 w
(functions) 3984 5854 w
(that) 4478 5854 w
(can) 4711 5854 w
(be) 4921 5854 w
(used) 720 5974 w
(to) 998 5974 w
(poll) 1142 5974 w
(the) 1370 5974 w
(size) 1571 5974 w
(of) 1810 5974 w
(a) 1954 5974 w
(channel) 2054 5974 w
(in) 2476 5974 w
(a) 2612 5974 w
(safe) 2712 5974 w
(way) 2956 5974 w
(that) 3185 5974 w
(is) 3421 5974 w
(compatible) 3546 5974 w
(with) 4128 5974 w
(the) 4378 5974 w
(reduction) 4578 5974 w
(strategy.) 720 6094 w
(The) 720 6250 w
(expression) 972 6250 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(nfull\(qname\)) 1574 6250 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(returns) 2509 6250 w
(true) 2930 6250 w
(if) 3197 6250 w
(channel) 3334 6250 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(qname) 3783 6250 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(is) 4215 6250 w
(not) 4367 6250 w
(full,) 4599 6250 w
(and) 4860 6250 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(nempty\(qname\)) 720 6370 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(returns) 1694 6370 w
(true) 2082 6370 w
(if) 2316 6370 w
(channel) 2420 6370 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(qname) 2835 6370 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(contains) 3232 6370 w
(at) 3677 6370 w
(least) 3806 6370 w
(one) 4071 6370 w
(message.) 4287 6370 w
(Note) 4812 6370 w
(that) 720 6490 w
(the) 971 6490 w
(parser) 1186 6490 w
(will) 1553 6490 w
(not) 1777 6490 w
(recognize) 1997 6490 w
(the) 2532 6490 w
(free) 2748 6490 w
(form) 2999 6490 w
(expressions) 3292 6490 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(!full\(qname\)) 3935 6490 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(and) 4860 6490 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(!empty\(qname\)) 720 6610 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(as) 1757 6610 w
(equally) 1964 6610 w
(safe,) 2411 6610 w
(and) 2743 6610 w
(it) 3024 6610 w
(will) 3191 6610 w
(forbid) 3456 6610 w
(constructions) 3851 6610 w
(such) 4608 6610 w
(as) 4934 6610 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(!nfull\(qname\)) 720 6730 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(or) 1692 6730 w
10 /LucidaTypewriter f
(!nempty\(qname\)) 1830 6730 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(.) 2838 6730 w
(More) 2938 6730 w
(detail) 3219 6730 w
(on) 3525 6730 w
(this) 3685 6730 w
(aspect) 3901 6730 w
(of) 4251 6730 w
(the) 4386 6730 w
(reduction) 4578 6730 w
(algorithms can be found in [HoPe94].) 720 6850 w
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27 pagesetup
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(\255 27 \255) 2752 480 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(Keywords) 720 840 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(For) 720 996 w
(reference,) 918 996 w
(the) 1448 996 w
(following) 1645 996 w
(table) 2134 996 w
(contains) 2416 996 w
(all) 2866 996 w
(the) 3021 996 w
(keywords,) 3218 996 w
(predefined) 3751 996 w
(functions,) 4320 996 w
(pre\255) 4847 996 w
(defined) 720 1116 w
(variables,) 1123 1116 w
(and) 1623 1116 w
(special) 1840 1116 w
(label-prefixes) 2211 1116 w
(of) 2932 1116 w
(the) 3066 1116 w
(language) 3257 1116 w
9 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PROMELA) 3736 1116 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(,) 4149 1116 w
(and) 4217 1116 w
(refers) 4433 1116 w
(to) 4751 1116 w
(the) 4885 1116 w
(section of this paper in which they were discussed.) 720 1236 w
(_last \(1.4\)) 970 1416 w
(_pid \(1.1.1\)) 2222 1416 w
(accept \(1.3.2\)) 3147 1416 w
(active \(1.1.1\)) 4074 1416 w
(assert \(1.3.1\)) 970 1536 w
(atomic \(1.2.1\)) 2222 1536 w
(bit \(1.1.2\)) 3147 1536 w
(bool \(1.1.2\)) 4074 1536 w
(break \(1.2.4\)) 970 1656 w
(byte \(1.1.2\)) 2222 1656 w
(chan \(1.1.3\)) 3147 1656 w
(d_step \(1.2.2\)) 4074 1656 w
(do \(1.2.4\)) 970 1776 w
(else \(1.2.4\)) 2222 1776 w
(empty \(1.1.3\)) 3147 1776 w
(enabled \(1.4\)) 4074 1776 w
(end \(1.3.2\)) 970 1896 w
(fi \(1.2.3\)) 2222 1896 w
(full \(1.1.3\)) 3147 1896 w
(goto \(1.2.2\)) 4074 1896 w
(hidden \(not discussed\)) 970 2016 w
(if \(1.2.3\)) 2222 2016 w
(init \(1.1.1\)) 3147 2016 w
(int \(1.1.2\)) 4074 2016 w
(len \(1.1.3\)) 970 2136 w
(mtype \(1.1.3\)) 2222 2136 w
(nempty \(2.6\)) 3147 2136 w
(never \(1.3.3\)) 4074 2136 w
(nfull \(2.6\)) 970 2256 w
(od \(1.2.4\)) 2222 2256 w
(of \(1.1.3\)) 3147 2256 w
(pc_value \(1.4\)) 4074 2256 w
(printf \(1.1.1\)) 970 2376 w
(proctype \(1.1.1\)) 2222 2376 w
(progress \(1.3.2\)) 3147 2376 w
(run \(1.1.1\)) 4074 2376 w
(short \(1.1.2\)) 970 2496 w
(skip \(1.2\)) 2222 2496 w
(timeout \(1.2.4\)) 3147 2496 w
(typedef \(1.1.2\)) 4074 2496 w
(unless \(1.2.5\)) 970 2616 w
(xr \(2.6\)) 2222 2616 w
(xs \(2.6\)) 3147 2616 w
10 /LucidaSans-Demi f
(References) 720 2916 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
([Ho91] G.J. Holzmann,) 720 3072 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(Design and Validation of Computer Protocols,) 1835 3072 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Prentice Hall, 1991.) 4085 3072 w
([Ho93]) 720 3228 w
(G.J.) 1125 3228 w
(Holzmann,) 1370 3228 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\030\030) 1973 3228 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Tutorial:) 2037 3228 w
(Design) 2524 3228 w
(and) 2938 3228 w
(Validation) 3197 3228 w
(of) 3761 3228 w
(Protocols,) 3938 3228 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031\031) 4417 3228 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(Computer) 4560 3228 w
(Networks and ISDN Systems,) 720 3348 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(1993, Vol. 25, No. 9, pp. 981-1017.) 2143 3348 w
([HoPe94]) 720 3504 w
(G.J.) 1196 3504 w
(Holzmann) 1401 3504 w
(and) 1932 3504 w
(D.A.) 2150 3504 w
(Peled,) 2396 3504 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\030\030) 2725 3504 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(An) 2789 3504 w
(improvement) 2958 3504 w
(in) 3639 3504 w
(formal) 3768 3504 w
(verification,) 4122 3504 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031\031) 4693 3504 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(Proc.) 4795 3504 w
(7th) 720 3624 w
(Int.) 923 3624 w
(Conf.) 1124 3624 w
(on) 1421 3624 w
(Formal) 1580 3624 w
(Description) 1962 3624 w
(Techniques,) 2552 3624 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(FORTE94,) 3167 3624 w
(Berne,) 3677 3624 w
(Switzerland.) 4022 3624 w
(October) 4653 3624 w
(1994.) 720 3744 w
([Ho95]) 720 3900 w
(G.J.) 1092 3900 w
(Holzmann,) 1304 3900 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\030\030) 1874 3900 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(An) 1938 3900 w
(Analysis) 2114 3900 w
(of) 2557 3900 w
(Bitstate) 2701 3900 w
(Hashing,) 3107 3900 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031\031) 3534 3900 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(technical) 3644 3900 w
(report) 4122 3900 w
(2/95,) 4467 3900 w
(avail\255) 4787 3900 w
(able from author.) 720 4020 w
([HS99]) 720 4176 w
(G.J.) 1089 4176 w
(Holzmann,) 1305 4176 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\030\030) 1879 4176 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(Software) 1943 4176 w
(model) 2410 4176 w
(checking:) 2762 4176 w
(extracting) 3275 4176 w
(verification) 3816 4176 w
(models) 4405 4176 w
(from) 4808 4176 w
(source) 720 4296 w
(code,) 1086 4296 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(\031\031) 1349 4296 w
10 /LucidaSans-Italic f
(Proc.) 1457 4296 w
(Formal) 1746 4296 w
(Methods) 2132 4296 w
(in) 2579 4296 w
(Software) 2714 4296 w
(Engineering) 3186 4296 w
(and) 3804 4296 w
(Distributed) 4031 4296 w
(Systems,) 4616 4296 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode00 f
(PSTV/FORTE99, Beijng, China, Oct. 1999, Kluwer,pp. 481-497.) 720 4416 w
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